Psalm 78
Legacy Standard Bible
That the Generation to Come Might Know
A [a]Maskil of Asaph.
78 (A)Give ear, O my people, to my [b]instruction;
(B)Incline your ears to the words of my mouth.
2 I will (C)open my mouth in a parable;
I will pour forth (D)dark sayings of old,
3 Which we have heard and known,
And (E)our fathers have recounted to us.
4 We will (F)not conceal them from their children,
But (G)recount to the generation to come the praises of Yahweh,
And His strength and His (H)wondrous deeds that He has done.
5 For He established a (I)testimony in Jacob
And set a (J)law in Israel,
Which He (K)commanded our fathers
That they should [c](L)teach them to their children,
6 (M)That the generation to come might know, even (N)the children yet to be born,
That they may arise and (O)recount them to their children,
7 That they should set their confidence in God
And (P)not forget the deeds of God,
But (Q)observe His commandments,
8 And (R)not be like their fathers,
A (S)stubborn and rebellious generation,
A generation that (T)did not [d]prepare its heart
And whose spirit was not (U)faithful to God.
9 The sons of Ephraim [e]were (V)archers equipped with bows,
Yet (W)they turned back in the day of battle.
10 They (X)did not keep the covenant of God
And refused to (Y)walk in His law;
11 So they (Z)forgot His acts
And His [f]wondrous deeds that He had shown them.
12 (AA)He did wonders before their fathers
In the land of Egypt, in the (AB)field of Zoan.
13 He (AC)split the sea and caused them to pass through,
And He made the waters stand (AD)up like a heap.
14 Then He led them with the cloud by (AE)day
And all the night with a (AF)light of fire.
15 He was (AG)splitting the rocks in the wilderness
And so gave them abundant drink like the ocean depths.
16 He (AH)brought forth streams also from the cliff face
And caused waters to run down like rivers.
17 Yet they still continued to sin against Him,
To (AI)rebel against the Most High in the desert.
18 And in their heart they (AJ)put God to the test
By asking for (AK)food according to their desire.
19 Then they spoke against God;
They said, “(AL)Can God prepare a table in the wilderness?
20 Behold, He (AM)struck the rock so that waters gushed out,
And streams were overflowing;
Can He give bread also?
Will He prepare [g](AN)meat for His people?”
21 Therefore Yahweh heard and [h]was (AO)full of wrath;
And a fire was kindled against Jacob
And anger also mounted against Israel,
22 Because they (AP)did not believe in God
And did not trust in His salvation.
23 Yet He commanded the skies above
And (AQ)opened the doors of heaven;
24 He (AR)rained down manna upon them to eat
And gave them (AS)grain from heaven.
25 Man ate the bread of [i]angels;
He sent them provision (AT)to satisfy.
26 He (AU)led forth the east wind in the heavens
And by His strength He guided the south wind.
27 Then He rained [j]meat upon them like the dust,
Even (AV)winged fowl like the sand of the seas,
28 He caused them to fall in the midst of His camp,
All around His dwelling places.
29 So they (AW)ate and were very satisfied,
And their desire He brought to them.
30 [k]Before they had satisfied their desire,
(AX)While their food was in their mouths,
31 The (AY)anger of God rose against them
And killed [l]some of their (AZ)stoutest ones,
And [m]subdued the choice men of Israel.
32 In spite of all this they (BA)still sinned
And (BB)did not believe in His wondrous deeds.
33 So He brought (BC)their days to an end in [n]futility
And their years in sudden terror.
34 When He killed them, then they (BD)sought Him,
And returned and sought (BE)earnestly for God;
35 And they remembered that God was their (BF)rock,
And the Most High God their (BG)Redeemer.
36 But they (BH)deceived Him with their mouth
And (BI)lied to Him with their tongue.
37 For their heart was not (BJ)prepared to remain with Him,
Nor were they faithful in His covenant.
38 But He, being (BK)compassionate, (BL)atoned for their iniquity and did not destroy them;
And He abounded in (BM)turning back His anger
And did not arouse all His wrath.
39 Thus (BN)He remembered that they were but (BO)flesh,
A [o](BP)wind that goes and does not return.
40 How often they (BQ)rebelled against Him in the wilderness
And (BR)grieved Him in the (BS)wasteland!
41 Again and again they [p](BT)tested God,
And pained the (BU)Holy One of Israel.
42 They (BV)did not remember (BW)His [q]power,
The day when He (BX)redeemed them from the adversary,
43 When He performed His (BY)signs in Egypt
And His (BZ)miracles in the field of Zoan,
44 And (CA)turned their rivers to blood,
And their streams, they could not drink.
45 He sent among them swarms of (CB)flies which devoured them,
And (CC)frogs which destroyed them.
46 He gave also their crops to the (CD)grasshopper
And the fruit of their labor to the (CE)locust.
47 He killed their vines with (CF)hailstones
And their sycamore trees with frost.
48 He gave over their (CG)cattle also to the hailstones
And their herds to bolts of lightning.
49 He (CH)sent upon them His burning anger,
Fury and indignation and [r]distress,
[s]A band of destroying angels.
50 He leveled a path for His anger;
He did not hold back their soul from death,
But (CI)gave over their life to the plague,
51 So He (CJ)struck all the firstborn in Egypt,
The (CK)first of their vigor in the tents of (CL)Ham.
52 But He (CM)led forth His own people like sheep
And guided them in the wilderness (CN)like a flock;
53 He led them (CO)safely, so that they did not fear;
But (CP)the sea covered their enemies.
54 So (CQ)He brought them to His holy [t]land,
To this [u](CR)hill country (CS)which His right hand had acquired.
55 He also (CT)drove out the nations before them
And (CU)apportioned them for an inheritance by measurement,
And made the tribes of Israel dwell in their tents.
56 Yet they [v](CV)tested and (CW)rebelled against the Most High God
And did not keep His testimonies,
57 But turned back and (CX)acted treacherously like their fathers;
They (CY)turned aside like a treacherous bow.
58 For they (CZ)provoked Him with their (DA)high places
And (DB)aroused His jealousy with their (DC)graven images.
59 God heard and [w]was filled with (DD)wrath
And greatly (DE)rejected Israel;
60 So that He (DF)abandoned the (DG)dwelling place at Shiloh,
The tent [x]which He caused to dwell among men,
61 And gave up His (DH)strength to captivity
And His beauty (DI)into the hand of the adversary.
62 He also (DJ)gave over His people to the sword,
And [y]was filled with wrath at His inheritance.
63 (DK)Fire devoured [z]His choice men,
And [aa]His (DL)virgins had no wedding songs.
64 [ab]His (DM)priests fell by the sword,
And [ac]His (DN)widows could not weep.
65 Then the Lord (DO)awoke as if from sleep,
As if He were a (DP)warrior [ad]overcome by wine.
66 He (DQ)struck His adversaries backward;
He put on them an everlasting reproach.
67 He also (DR)rejected the tent of Joseph,
And did not choose the tribe of Ephraim,
68 But chose the tribe of Judah,
Mount (DS)Zion which He loved.
69 And He (DT)built His sanctuary like the heights,
Like the earth which He has founded forever.
70 He also (DU)chose David His servant
And took him from the sheepfolds;
71 From (DV)following the [ae](DW)nursing ewes He brought him
To (DX)shepherd Jacob His people,
And Israel (DY)His inheritance.
72 So he shepherded them according to the (DZ)integrity of his heart,
And led them with his skillful hands.
Footnotes
- Psalm 78 Title Possibly Contemplative, Didactic, Skillful Psalm
- Psalm 78:1 Or law
- Psalm 78:5 Lit make them known
- Psalm 78:8 Or put right
- Psalm 78:9 Or being
- Psalm 78:11 Or miracles
- Psalm 78:20 Lit flesh
- Psalm 78:21 Or became infuriated
- Psalm 78:25 Lit mighty ones
- Psalm 78:27 Lit flesh
- Psalm 78:30 Lit They were not estranged from
- Psalm 78:31 Lit among their fat ones
- Psalm 78:31 Lit caused to bow down
- Psalm 78:33 Lit vanity, a mere breath
- Psalm 78:39 Or breath
- Psalm 78:41 Or put God to the test
- Psalm 78:42 Lit hand
- Psalm 78:49 Or trouble
- Psalm 78:49 Lit A deputation of angels of evil
- Psalm 78:54 Lit border, territory
- Psalm 78:54 Or mountain
- Psalm 78:56 Or put to the test
- Psalm 78:59 Or became infuriated
- Psalm 78:60 Some ancient versions where He dwelt
- Psalm 78:62 Or became infuriated
- Psalm 78:63 Or their
- Psalm 78:63 Or their
- Psalm 78:64 Or Their
- Psalm 78:64 Or their
- Psalm 78:65 Or sobered up from
- Psalm 78:71 Lit ewes which gave suck
Salmos 78
Palabra de Dios para Todos
Dios siempre protege a su pueblo
Un poema de Asaf.
1 Pueblo mío, escucha mi enseñanza;
presta atención a lo que te digo.
2 Contaré una historia;
hablaré de misterios de la antigüedad.
3 Nosotros ya hemos escuchado esa historia y la conocemos muy bien;
porque nuestros padres nos la contaron.
4 No la esconderemos a nuestros descendientes;
se la contaremos a las siguientes generaciones.
Siempre alabaremos al SEÑOR
y hablaremos de las grandes maravillas que ha hecho.
5 Decretó un pacto con Jacob;
le dio su enseñanza al pueblo de Israel,
y les ordenó a nuestros antepasados
que se la enseñaran a sus descendientes.
6 Así la conocerían las futuras generaciones,
los hijos que habrían de nacer,
y ellos a su vez se la enseñarían a sus hijos.
7 Esas generaciones pondrán su confianza en Dios;
nunca olvidarán lo que él hizo
y obedecerán sus mandamientos.
8 No se rebelarán contra Dios
como lo hicieron sus antepasados.
Ellos no obedecieron a Dios,
sino que fueron tercos y rebeldes.
9 Los de la tribu de Efraín con sus expertos arqueros
salieron huyendo el día de la batalla.
10 Ellos no cumplieron su pacto con Dios;
se negaron a seguir sus enseñanzas.
11 Se olvidaron de las maravillas que Dios había hecho;
las que él les había mostrado,
12 los milagros que Dios hizo a la vista de sus antepasados
en la tierra de Zoán, en Egipto.
13 Dios abrió el mar Rojo y le ayudó a la gente a cruzarlo
mientras retenía las aguas como un dique.
14 Todos los días Dios los guiaba con una nube
y todas las noches con la luz del fuego.
15 En el desierto, partió las rocas en dos,
y de lo profundo de la tierra les dio agua para beber.
16 De la tierra Dios hizo salir agua a torrentes;
y de la roca la hizo bajar como ríos.
17 Sin embargo, ellos seguían pecando aun más contra él;
se rebelaron contra el Altísimo en el desierto.
18 Cuando pasaron hambre y le pidieron comida,
en su corazón lo estaban poniendo a prueba.
19 Ellos se quejaron de Dios y dijeron:
«¿Será capaz Dios de darnos comida en el desierto?
20 Está bien que haya golpeado la roca
e hiciera que de ella salieran ríos de agua,
pero, veamos si puede darnos también pan y carne».
21 Cuando el SEÑOR escuchó eso,
su enojo se encendió contra Jacob;
su ira se acrecentó contra Israel
22 porque ellos no confiaron en Dios,
porque no creyeron que él podía salvarlos.
23 Así y todo, él dio mandamiento a los cielos,
abriendo sus compuertas,
24 e hizo que de él lloviera maná para que el pueblo comiera;
les dio pan del cielo.
25 Los mortales comieron pan de los ángeles.
Dios les envió comida abundante.
26 Luego, Dios hizo que soplara en el cielo un fuerte viento del oriente
y sacó el viento del sur.
27 Hizo que sobre ellos lloviera carne;
llovieron pájaros como la arena del mar.
28 Dios hizo que cayeran en medio del campamento,
alrededor de las carpas.
29 Ellos comieron hasta quedar más que satisfechos,
y así él les cumplió su capricho.
30 Pero cuando todavía no acababan de hartarse,
y con la comida todavía en su boca,
31 Dios se enojó con ellos y mató a los más fuertes.
Hizo que murieran hasta los más jóvenes y saludables.
32 Pero a pesar de eso, ellos seguían pecando
y no creían que Dios puede hacer lo imposible.
33 Entonces, Dios hizo que su vida acabara
como un suspiro y con mucho sufrimiento.
34 Cuando Dios mataba a unos,
los otros corrían a él en busca de ayuda;
ansiosos regresaban a Dios.
35 Recordaban que Dios era su roca,
que el Dios Altísimo era el que los rescataba.
36 Pero trataban de ganar su favor hablando bien de Dios;
pero todo lo que salía de su boca era pura mentira.
37 Su corazón no era sincero;
no fueron leales a su pacto.
38 Pero Dios tuvo misericordia de ellos,
les perdonó sus pecados y no los destruyó.
Una y otra vez, Dios contuvo su ira;
no permitió que se apoderara de él.
39 Dios se acordó de que ellos eran tan sólo seres humanos,
como el viento que sopla y se va para no volver.
40 Esa gente se rebeló muchas veces contra Dios en el desierto,
le dieron mucha tristeza.
41 Pusieron a prueba una y otra vez la paciencia de Dios;
afligían al Santo de Israel.
42 Se olvidaron de su poder,
de todas las veces que él los salvó del peligro.
43 Se olvidaron de las señales poderosas que él hizo en Egipto,
y de los milagros en los campos de Zoán.
44 Dios convirtió los ríos en sangre,
y los egipcios no pudieron beber de esa agua.
45 Dios envió miles de moscas que los picaban,
y ranas que los arruinaban.
46 Envió saltamontes a sus cultivos,
y langostas que acabaran con sus cosechas.
47 Destruyó sus viñas con granizo
y sus árboles con agua helada.
48 Destruyó con granizo el ganado,
y con rayos sus rebaños.
49 Dio rienda suelta a su furia e indignación.
Quiso descargar su ira ardiente contra los egipcios,
y envió a sus ángeles destructores.
50 Dirigió toda su furia contra ellos
y no los salvó de la muerte,
sino que los hizo víctimas de la plaga.
51 Acabó con la vida de todos los hijos mayores de Egipto.
Hizo morir cada primer hijo de la familia de Cam[a].
52 Entonces, él guió a Israel como un pastor;
llevó a su pueblo por el desierto como a un rebaño de ovejas.
53 Él guió a su pueblo con seguridad
para que no tuvieran nada que temer,
pero ahogó a sus enemigos en el mar.
54 Llevó a su pueblo a su tierra santa,
al monte que él mismo conquistó con su poder.
55 Expulsó de esa tierra a otras naciones
y se la repartió por medida a su pueblo como posesión.
De esa manera estableció las carpas de las tribus de Israel.
56 Pero los israelitas siguieron rebelándose contra el Dios altísimo,
poniéndolo a prueba y desobedeciendo sus mandatos.
57 Los israelitas se voltearon como un bumerán y traicionaron a Dios;
cambiaron de parecer al igual que sus antepasados.
58 Despertaron su ira al construir altares
para adorar a otros dioses.
Hicieron dar celos a Dios
al hacer estatuas de dioses falsos.
59 Dios se enteró de eso y se enojó bastante
así que rechazó por completo a Israel.
60 Él abandonó el lugar de adoración que había en Siló[b],
que era su habitación entre los seres humanos.
61 Permitió que capturaran el símbolo de su poder;
dejó que el enemigo se apoderara del símbolo de su gloria.
62 Dejó que mataran a su pueblo con la espada.
Mostró toda su ira contra los que son su posesión.
63 Los jóvenes fueron consumidos por el fuego
y no hubo canciones de bodas para sus novias.
64 Los sacerdotes fueron muertos por la espada,
y sus viudas no pudieron hacer duelo por ellos.
65 Finalmente, nuestro Señor se levantó
como despertando de un sueño profundo.
Como soldado borracho salió gritando,
66 forzó al enemigo a retroceder.
Venció a sus enemigos,
causándoles para siempre profunda humillación.
67 Pero rechazó a la familia de José,
y no aceptó a la tribu de Efraín.
68 En lugar de ellos eligió a la tribu de Judá
y a su querido monte Sion.
69 Construyó su santuario en lo alto de ese monte,
y lo afirmó para siempre al igual que la tierra.
70 Dios eligió como su siervo a David,
y lo sacó de los rediles de ovejas.
71 Lo quitó de andar cuidando los rebaños
y le encargó ser pastor de su pueblo Jacob,
y de Israel, su posesión.
72 Y David cuidó y dirigió al pueblo de Dios
con honestidad e inteligencia.
Psalm 78
New Catholic Bible
Psalm 78[a]
God’s Goodness in the Face of Ingratitude
1 A maskil[b] of Asaph.
[c]Give ear, my people, to my teaching;
pay attention to the words of my mouth.
2 I will open my mouth in parables[d]
and expound the mysteries of the past.
3 [e]These things we have heard and know,
for our ancestors have related them to us.
4 We will not conceal them from our children;
we will relate them to the next generation,
the glorious and powerful deeds of the Lord
and the wonders he has performed.
5 He instituted a decree in Jacob
and established a law in Israel,
which he commanded our ancestors
to make known to their descendants,
6 so that they would be known to future generations,
to children yet to be born.
In turn they were to tell their children,
7 so that they would place their trust in God,
and never forget his works
but keep his commandments.
8 Nor were they to imitate their ancestors,
a stubborn and rebellious generation,
a generation whose heart[f] was not steadfast
and whose spirit was unfaithful to God.
9 [g]The Ephraimites, who were skilled archers,
fled in terror on the day of battle.[h]
10 They failed to keep God’s covenant
and refused to live in accord with his law.
11 They forgot the works he had done,
the wonders he had performed for them.
12 He worked marvels in the sight of their ancestors
in the land of Egypt, in the Plain of Zoan.[i]
13 He divided the sea so that they could pass,
heaping up the waters as a mound.
14 He led them with a cloud by day,
and with the light of a fire by night.
15 He split open rocks in the wilderness
and gave them water to drink from limitless depths.
16 He brought forth streams from a rocky crag
and caused water to flow down in torrents.
17 [j]But they still sinned[k] against him,
rebelling against the Most High in the wilderness.
18 They tested God’s patience
by demanding the food they craved.[l]
19 They railed against God, saying:
“Can God provide a banquet in the wilderness?
20 Certainly when he struck the rock,
water gushed forth and the streams overflowed.
But can he also give us bread
or provide meat for his people?”[m]
21 When the Lord heard this, he was filled with anger;
his fire blazed forth against Jacob,
and his wrath mounted against Israel,
22 because they had no faith in God
and put no trust in his saving might.
23 Yet he issued a command to the skies above
and opened the doors of the heavens.
24 He rained down manna for them to eat,
giving them the grain of heaven.
25 Mere mortals ate the bread of angels;[n]
he sent them an abundance of provisions.
26 He made the east wind blow in the heavens
and brought forth the south wind in force.
27 He rained down meat upon them like dust,
winged birds like the sands on the seashore.
28 He let them fall within the camp,
all around their tents.
29 They ate and were completely satisfied,
for he had given them what they desired.
30 But when they did not curb their cravings,
even while the food was in their mouths,
31 the anger of God blazed up against them;
he slew their strongest warriors
and laid low the chosen of Israel.
32 [o]Despite this, they continued to sin;
they put no faith in his wonders.
33 So he brought their days to an abrupt end
and cut off their years with sudden terror.[p]
34 When death afflicted them,
they sought him;
they searched eagerly for God.
35 They remembered that God was their Rock,[q]
that God Most High was their Redeemer.
36 However, while they flattered him with their mouths
and lied to him with their tongues,
37 their hearts[r] were not right with him,
nor were they faithful to his covenant.
38 Even so, he was compassionate toward them;
he forgave their guilt
and did not destroy them.
Time after time he held back his anger,
unwilling to stir up his rage.
39 For he remembered that they were flesh,
like a breath of wind that does not return.
40 [s]How often they rebelled against him in the wilderness
and pained him in the wasteland.
41 Again and again they tested God’s patience,
provoking the Holy One of Israel.[t]
42 They did not keep in mind his power
or the day when he delivered them from their oppressor,
43 when he manifested his wonders in Egypt
and his portents in the Plain of Zoan.
44 [u]He turned their rivers into blood;
they could not drink from their streams.
45 He sent swarms of flies that devoured them
and frogs that devastated them.
46 He assigned their harvest to the caterpillars
and their produce to the locusts.
47 He destroyed their vines with hail
and their sycamore trees with frost.
48 He exposed their cattle to hailstones
and their flocks to bolts of lightning.
49 He sent upon them his blazing anger,
wrath, fury, and hostility,
a band of destroying angels.[v]
50 He gave his anger free rein;
he did not spare them from death
but delivered their lives to the plague.
51 He struck down all the firstborn in Egypt,
the firstfruits of their manhood in the tents of Ham.[w]
52 Then he led forth his people like sheep
and guided them through the wilderness like a flock.
53 He led them in safety, and they were not afraid,
while the sea engulfed their enemies.
54 He brought them to his holy land,
to the mountain his right hand had purchased.
55 He drove out the nations before them,
apportioning a heritage for each of them
and settling the tribes of Israel in their tents.[x]
56 [y]Even so, they put God to the test
and rebelled against the Most High,
refusing to observe his decrees.
57 They turned away and were disloyal like their ancestors;
they were as unreliable as a faulty bow.
58 They angered him with their high places[z]
and made him jealous with their idols.
59 When God saw this, he became enraged
and rejected Israel totally.[aa]
60 He forsook his dwelling in Shiloh,[ab]
the tent where he dwelt among mortals.
61 He surrendered his might into captivity
and his glory[ac] into the hands of the enemy.
62 He abandoned his people to the sword
and vented his wrath on his own heritage.
63 Fire devoured their young men,
and their maidens had no wedding song.
64 Their priests fell by the sword,
and their widows sang no lamentation.
65 [ad]Then the Lord awakened as from sleep,
like a warrior flushed from the effects of wine.
66 He struck his enemies and routed them,
inflicting perpetual shame on them.
67 He rejected the tent of Joseph
and did not choose the tribe of Ephraim.
68 Rather, he chose the tribe of Judah,
Mount Zion,[ae] which he loved.
69 He built his sanctuary like the high heavens,
and like the earth[af] that he founded forever.
70 He chose David[ag] to be his servant
and took him from the sheepfolds.
71 From tending sheep he brought him
to be the shepherd of his people Jacob,
of Israel, his heritage.
72 He shepherded them with an unblemished heart
and guided them with a knowing hand.[ah]
Footnotes
- Psalm 78:1 This lengthy sermon is given us as a lesson in wisdom: if the People of God wish to understand their destiny, they must reflect on their origins and meditate on the Exodus, which is a history of divine grace and human infidelity. In effect, their ancestors never responded with anything but ingratitude to the miracles that God multiplied for them. He rolls back the sea and brings water from a rock; the people already clamor for another prodigy (vv. 12-20). Filled with the manna and the quail, the people still murmur (vv. 23-30)! Then the Lord becomes angry and metes out punishment, but he soon grants pardon to them out of pity for their human weakness (vv. 31-39). On their behalf, he had also brought about the plagues (vv. 43-51), and guided them through the wilderness and into the Promised Land (vv. 52-56). Still, offenses multiplied; so he also resorted anew to chastisement. But ultimately, he reserved for his people the privileged holy place, Zion, and the shepherd after his own heart, David (vv. 59-72).
Thus, the psalm emphasizes the infidelity of Ephraim (the ancestor of the Samaritans), the choice of Judah, and the call of David. Its lesson is that in spite of the successive about-faces of the people, God accomplished his design.
Is this not also our history? To acknowledge God’s love does not keep us from infidelities; at such times, the word of God challenges us but also brings pardon, and the Eucharist is given to sustain our steps. In Jesus, the new David and Good Shepherd, the People of God find a model and perfect guide to the new Promised Land, the heavenly Jerusalem, where the Father waits. - Psalm 78:1 Maskil: see note on Ps 32:1a. Asaph: see notes on Pss 73–89.
- Psalm 78:1 Remembrance of the great deeds of the Lord should serve to strengthen the people’s faith in his power and fidelity. Thus, they will not forget what the Lord has done for their ancestors, which was a blessing for their descendants, and what God has demanded from his covenant people.
- Psalm 78:2 Parables in Hebrew means comparisons, or any sayings with deeper meaning, which are to be understood via the hidden comparison; in this case, the parable is the whole psalm. This passage is used by Mt 13:35 as a foreshadowing of Christ’s teaching in parables (see also Ps 49:5; Ezek 17:2; 24:3).
- Psalm 78:3 Israel is the people of tradition (see Deut 4:9; 32:7; Job 8:8; 15:18; Isa 38:19; Joel 1:3); what its people hand down is, above all, the remembrance of the Exodus (see Ex 10:2; 13:14) and the covenant statutes (Deut 4:9-14; 6:20-25).
- Psalm 78:8 Heart: see note on Ps 4:8.
- Psalm 78:9 The psalmist stresses that the northern kingdom, in which Ephraim had the lead, has been unfaithful to the covenant (a theme of the prophets Amos and Hosea). It constitutes the last in a series of infidelities committed by Israel.
- Psalm 78:9 There is no record of flight from battle on the part of the Ephraimites; it may be a metaphor for Ephraim’s failure to keep the covenant.
- Psalm 78:12 Zoan: a city in the Nile delta, capital of Egypt at the time of the Exodus.
- Psalm 78:17 The psalmist indicates that the Israelites rebelled against the Lord in the wilderness despite all kinds of marvels that he worked on their behalf. This led to the Lord’s anger against them.
- Psalm 78:17 Still sinned: the psalmist has mentioned no sin, but because of the theme of water in verse 16, he is reminded of the people’s murmuring over the lack of water at Marah (see Ex 15:24).
- Psalm 78:18 See Ex 16:2f.
- Psalm 78:20 See Ex 16:2f; Num 11:4.
- Psalm 78:25 Bread of angels: literally, “bread of mighty ones,” which clearly refers to angels (see Ps 103:20; Wis 16:20; see also Jn 6:32, 50; 1 Cor 10:3). Psalm 105:40 speaks of “bread from heaven” (see Deut 8:3).
- Psalm 78:32 The people’s infidelity to the Lord continued unabated throughout the entire sojourn in the wilderness (see Isa 26:16; 29:13; Hos 5:15; 8:1). However, the Lord tempered his punishment, for he knew they shared the inherent weakness of human beings (see Pss 65:4; 85:4; 103:13f; Ex 32:14; Num 14:20; 21:7ff; Isa 48:9; Ezek 20:22).
- Psalm 78:33 Nonetheless, the Lord decreed that the faithless generation of the Exodus would never set foot on the Promised Land (see Num 14:22f, 28-35).
- Psalm 78:35 Rock: see note on Ps 18:3.
- Psalm 78:37 Hearts: see note on Ps 4:8.
- Psalm 78:40 The Israelites continued to rebel against God in the wilderness. They failed to recall how he had delivered them from Egypt by such wonders as the plagues and the passage through the Red Sea. Nonetheless, the Lord went on to lead them to the conquest and settlement of the Promised Land.
- Psalm 78:41 Holy One of Israel: see note on Ps 71:22.
- Psalm 78:44 The psalmist is not concerned about a complete, chronological, and exact narrative of the plagues. He gives them in a different order and enumeration, while also omitting the third, fifth, sixth, and ninth (see Ex 7–12).
- Psalm 78:49 Destroying angels: the psalmist here generalizes the theme of the “destroyer” of the firstborn (see Ex 12:23), personifying the Lord’s wrath, fury, and hostility as agents of his anger (see Ex 9:14; Deut 32:24; Job 20:23).
- Psalm 78:51 Tents of Ham: usually linked with Egypt (see Pss 105:23, 27; 106:21f; Gen 10:6).
- Psalm 78:55 The psalmist here summarizes the story of the Conquest told in Joshua.
- Psalm 78:56 This part, like its predecessors, begins with the remembrance of Israel’s sins and evokes the time of Samuel and Saul in the Book of Judges. Because of the people’s infidelity, God rejected Israel (see Jer 7:12ff).
- Psalm 78:58 High places: the Canaanites were accustomed to building altars to their gods on hills (high places), a custom followed by the Israelites who built altars to Yahweh on hills. However, this led to the adoption of pagan practices and idols by God’s people. Jealous: see Ex 20:5 (“I . . . am . . . a jealous God.”).
- Psalm 78:59 The psalmist is not speaking here of a permanent abandonment of Israel by God.
- Psalm 78:60 Shiloh: a shrine located in Ephraim (see Jdg 21:19) that was the center of Israelite worship from the time of Joshua (see Jos 18:1, 8; 21:1f; Jdg 18:31; 1 Sam 1:3; Jer 7:12; 26:6). It was destroyed by the Philistines when the Ark of the Covenant was captured (see 1 Sam 4:1-11).
- Psalm 78:61 His might . . . his glory: the divine attributes of which the Ark of the Covenant was the symbol (see Ps 132:17; 1 Sam 4:19ff; 2 Chr 6:41).
- Psalm 78:65 After the Israelites had been cleansed by the divine chastisement, the Lord had mercy on them and fought by their side once more in vanquishing their enemies. But afterward, God chose Judah instead of Ephraim as the leading tribe, Mount Zion instead of Shiloh as the royal seat (the place of his sanctuary), and David instead of Saul as his king and regent. David is the ideal shepherd (see Ezek 34:23; 37:24), the Lord’s anointed (see Ps 89:21), and the type of the Messiah to come (see Ps 110). What the Lord did for the people in the wilderness, David did in his name for the people of Judah.
- Psalm 78:68 He chose . . . Mount Zion: see Ps 132:11, 17.
- Psalm 78:69 High heavens . . . earth: the Lord built his sanctuary to last like the heavens and the earth (see note on Ps 24:2) and to reflect his glory as they do (see Pss 19:2; 29:9; 97:6).
- Psalm 78:70 He chose David: see Ps 132.
- Psalm 78:72 The Prophets regarded Israel, led by David, as the hope of God’s people (see Ezek 34:23; 37:24; Mic 5:2)—fulfilled in Jesus (see Mt 2:6; Jn 10:11; Rev 7:17).
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