Footnotes

1. Luke 24:1 sn The first day of the week is the day after the Sabbath.
2. Luke 24:1 tn Grk “they”; the referent (the women mentioned in 23:55) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
3. Luke 24:1 tn On this term see BDAG 140-41 s.v. ἄρωμα. See also the note on “aromatic spices” in 23:56.
4. Luke 24:2 tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.
5. Luke 24:2 sn Luke tells the story of the empty tomb with little drama. He simply notes that when they arrived the stone had been rolled away in a position where the tomb could be entered. This large stone was often placed in a channel so that it could be easily moved by rolling it aside. The other possibility is that it was merely placed over the opening in a position from which it had now been moved.
6. Luke 24:3 tc The translation follows the much better attested longer reading here, “body of the Lord Jesus” (found in {P⁷⁵ א A B C L W Θ Ψ ƒ^1,13 33 565 700 M}), rather than simply “the body” (found in D it) or “the body of Jesus” (found in 579 1241). Further, although this is the only time that “Lord Jesus” occurs in Luke, it seems to be Luke’s normal designation for the Lord after his resurrection (note the many references to Christ in this manner in Acts, e.g., 1:21; 4:33; 7:59; 8:16; 11:17; 15:11; 16:31; 19:5; 20:21; 28:31). Although such a longer reading as this would normally be suspect, in this case some scribes, accustomed to Luke’s more abbreviated style, did not take the resurrection into account.sn What they found was not what they expected—an empty tomb.
7. Luke 24:4 tn Grk “And it happened that while.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
8. Luke 24:4 tn Or “bewildered.” The term refers to a high state of confusion and anxiety.
9. Luke 24:4 tn Grk “behold.”
10. Luke 24:4 sn The brilliantly shining clothing (dazzling attire) points to the fact that these are angels (see 24:23).
11. Luke 24:5 tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.
12. Luke 24:5 tn Grk “they”; the referent (the women) has been specified in the translation for clarity (the same has been done in v. 8).
13. Luke 24:5 tn Or “They were extremely afraid.”
14. Luke 24:5 sn Bowed their faces to the ground. Such respect for angels is common: Dan 7:28; 10:9, 15.
15. Luke 24:5 sn By referring to Jesus as the living, the angels make it clear that he is alive. There should be no surprise.
16. Luke 24:6 tc The phrase “He is not here, but has been raised” is omitted by a few mss (D it), but it has wide ms support and differs slightly from the similar statement in Matt 28:6 and Mark 16:6. Although NA²⁸ places the phrase at the beginning of v. 6, as do most modern English translations, it is omitted from the RSV and placed at the end of v. 5 in the NRSV.tn The verb here is passive (ἠγέρθη, ēgerthē). This “divine passive” (see ExSyn 437-38) points to the fact that Jesus was raised by God, and such activity by God is a consistent Lukan theological emphasis: Luke 20:37; 24:34; Acts 3:15; 4:10; 5:30; 10:40; 13:30, 37. A passive construction is also used to refer to Jesus’ exaltation: Luke 24:51; Acts 1:11, 22.
17. Luke 24:6 sn While he was still in Galilee looks back to the beginning of Jesus’ ministry. So the point is that this was announced long ago, and should come as no surprise.
18. Luke 24:7 tn Grk “saying that,” but this would be redundant in English. Although the translation represents this sentence as indirect discourse, the Greek could equally be taken as direct discourse: “Remember how he told you, while he was still in Galilee: ‘the Son of Man must be delivered into the hands of sinful men, and be crucified, and on the third day rise again.’”
19. Luke 24:7 tn See Luke 9:22, 44; 13:33.
20. Luke 24:7 tn Because in the historical context the individuals who were primarily responsible for the death of Jesus (the Jewish leadership in Jerusalem in Luke’s view [see Luke 9:22]) would have been men, the translation “sinful men” for ἀνθρώπων ἁμαρτωλῶν (anthrōpōn hamartōlōn) is retained here.
21. Luke 24:7 sn See the note on crucify in 23:21.
22. Luke 24:7 tn Here the infinitive ἀναστῆναι (anastēnai) is active rather than passive.
23. Luke 24:8 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
24. Luke 24:8 sn On his words see Luke 9:22.
25. Luke 24:9 sn Judas is now absent and “the twelve” have now become “the eleven.” Other disciples are also gathered with the remaining eleven.
26. Luke 24:10 sn Mary Magdalene is always noted first in the appearance lists in the gospels. It is unusual that the first appearance would involve women as in this culture their role as witnesses would not be well accepted. It is a sign of the veracity of the account, because if an ancient were to create such a story he would never have it start with women.
27. Luke 24:10 sn On Joanna see Luke 8:1-3.
28. Luke 24:11 sn The term pure nonsense can describe idle talk or a tale. The point is important, since the disciples reacted with disbelief that a resurrection was possible. Sometimes it is thought the ancients were gullible enough to believe anything. But these disciples needed convincing about the resurrection.
29. Luke 24:12 sn While the others dismissed the report of the women, Peter got up and ran to the tomb, for he had learned to believe in what the Lord had said.
30. Luke 24:12 sn In most instances the entrance to such tombs was less than 3 ft (1 m) high, so that an adult would have to bend down and practically crawl inside.
31. Luke 24:12 tn In the NT this term is used only for strips of cloth used to wrap a body for burial (LN 6.154; BDAG 693 s.v. ὀθόνιον).
32. Luke 24:12 tn Or “went away, wondering to himself.” The prepositional phrase πρὸς ἑαυτόν (pros heauton) can be understood with the preceding verb ἀπῆλθεν (apēlthen) or with the following participle θαυμάζων (thaumazōn), but it more likely belongs with the former (cf. John 20:10, where the phrase can only refer to the verb).
33. Luke 24:12 sn Peter’s wondering was not a lack of faith, but struggling in an attempt to understand what could have happened.
34. Luke 24:12 tc Some Western mss (D it) lack 24:12. The verse has been called a Western noninterpolation, meaning that it reflects a shorter authentic reading in D and other Western witnesses. Many regard all such shorter readings as original (the verse is omitted in the RSV), but the ms evidence for omission is far too slight for the verse to be rejected as secondary. It is included in P⁷⁵ and the rest of the ms tradition.
35. Luke 24:13 tn Grk “And behold.” Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the transition to a new topic. The Greek word ἰδού (idou) at the beginning of this statement has not been translated because it has no exact English equivalent here, but adds interest and emphasis (BDAG 468 s.v. 1).
36. Luke 24:13 tn These are disciples as they know about the empty tomb and do not know what to make of it all.
37. Luke 24:13 tn Grk “sixty stades” or about 11 kilometers. A stade (στάδιον, stadion) was a unit of distance about 607 feet (185 meters) long.
38. Luke 24:14 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
39. Luke 24:15 tn Grk “And it happened that while.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
40. Luke 24:15 tn This term suggests emotional dialogue and can thus be translated “debated.”
41. Luke 24:15 tn The phrase “these things” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were frequently omitted in Greek when clear from the context.
42. Luke 24:16 sn The two disciples will not be allowed to recognize Jesus until v. 31.
43. Luke 24:16 tn This is an epexegetical (i.e., explanatory) infinitive in Greek.
44. Luke 24:16 sn This parenthetical remark by the author is necessary so the reader will understand the account.
45. Luke 24:17 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
46. Luke 24:17 tn Grk “words,” but the term λόγος (logos) can refer to “matters” rather than only “words” (BDAG 600 s.v. 1.a.ε).
47. Luke 24:17 tn “Discussing so intently” translates the reciprocal idea conveyed by πρὸς ἀλλήλους (pros allēlous). The term ἀντιβάλλω (antiballō), used only here in the NT, has the nuance of “arguing” or “debating” a point (the English idiom “to exchange words” also comes close).
48. Luke 24:18 tn Grk “answering him, said.” This is redundant in English and has been simplified in the translation.
49. Luke 24:18 sn There is irony and almost a sense of mocking disbelief as the question “Are you the only visitor to Jerusalem who doesn’t know the things that have happened there in these days?” comes to Jesus, but, of course, the readers know what the travelers do not.
50. Luke 24:18 tn Grk “in it” (referring to the city of Jerusalem).
51. Luke 24:19 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
52. Luke 24:19 tn This translates the Greek term ἀνήρ (anēr).
53. Luke 24:19 sn The role of Jesus as prophet is a function Luke frequently mentions: 4:25-27; 9:35; 13:31-35.
54. Luke 24:20 sn Handed him over is another summary of the passion like Luke 9:22.
55. Luke 24:20 sn See the note on crucify in 23:21.
56. Luke 24:21 tn The imperfect verb looks back to the view that they held during Jesus’ past ministry.
57. Luke 24:21 sn Their messianic hope concerning Jesus is expressed by the phrase who was going to redeem Israel.
58. Luke 24:22 sn The account in 24:1-12 is repeated here, and it is clear that the other disciples were not convinced by the women, but could not explain the events either.
59. Luke 24:22 tn In the Greek text this is a continuation of the previous sentence, but because of the length and complexity of the construction a new sentence was started here in the translation.
60. Luke 24:23 sn The men in dazzling attire mentioned in v. 4 are identified as angels here.
61. Luke 24:24 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
62. Luke 24:24 tn Here the pronoun αὐτόν (auton), referring to Jesus, is in an emphatic position. The one thing they lacked was solid evidence that he was alive.
63. Luke 24:25 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the disciples’ inability to believe in Jesus’ resurrection.
64. Luke 24:25 tn Grk “O,” an interjection used both in address and emotion (BDAG 1101 s.v. 1).
65. Luke 24:25 tn The word “people” is not in the Greek text, but is supplied to complete the interjection.
66. Luke 24:25 sn The rebuke is for failure to believe the promise of scripture, a theme that will appear in vv. 43-47 as well.
67. Luke 24:25 tn On the syntax of this infinitival construction, see BDAG 364-65 s.v. ἐπί 6.b.
68. Luke 24:26 tn This Greek particle (οὐχί, ouchi) expects a positive reply.
69. Luke 24:26 sn The statement Wasn’t it necessary is a reference to the design of God’s plan (see Luke 24:7). Suffering must precede glory (see Luke 17:25).
70. Luke 24:26 tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”sn See the note on Christ in 2:11.
71. Luke 24:27 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
72. Luke 24:27 sn The reference to Moses and all the prophets is a way to say the promise of Messiah runs throughout OT scripture from first to last.
73. Luke 24:27 tn Or “regarding,” “concerning.” “Written” is implied by the mention of the scriptures in context; “said” could also be used here, referring to the original utterances, but by now these things had been committed to writing.
74. Luke 24:28 sn He acted as though he wanted to go farther. This is written in a way that gives the impression Jesus knew they would ask him to stay.
75. Luke 24:29 tn Grk “urged him, saying.” The participle λέγοντες (legontes, “saying”) has not been translated because it is redundant in contemporary English.
76. Luke 24:29 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the disciples’ request.
77. Luke 24:30 tn Grk “And it happened that when.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
78. Luke 24:30 tn Grk “had reclined at table,” as 1st century middle eastern meals were not eaten while sitting at a table, but while reclining on one’s side on the floor with the head closest to the low table and the feet farthest away.
79. Luke 24:30 tn The pronoun “it” is not in the Greek text here or in the following clause, but is implied. Direct objects were frequently omitted in Greek when clear from the context.
80. Luke 24:31 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “At this point” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative. “Then,” which is normally used to indicate this, would be redundant with the following clause.
81. Luke 24:31 sn They recognized him. Other than this cryptic remark, it is not told how the two disciples were now able to recognize Jesus.
82. Luke 24:31 tn This pronoun is somewhat emphatic.
83. Luke 24:31 tn This translates a καί (kai, “and”) that has clear sequential force.
84. Luke 24:32 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
85. Luke 24:32 tn This question uses a Greek particle (οὐχί, ouchi) that expects a positive reply.
86. Luke 24:32 tn This is a collective singular use of the term καρδία (kardia), so each of their hearts were burning, a reference itself to the intense emotion of their response.
87. Luke 24:32 tc ‡ Most mss have the phrase ἐν ἡμῖν (en hēmin, “within us”) after οὐχὶ ἡ καρδία ἡμῶν καιομένη ἦν (ouchi hē kardia hēmōn kaiomenē ēn, “Didn’t our hearts burn”). The phrase “within us” is lacking in some early mss (P⁷⁵ B D c e sy^s,c). These early witnesses could have overlooked the words, since there are several occurrences of ἡμῖν in the context. But it seems likely that other scribes wanted to clarify the abrupt expression “Didn’t our hearts burn,” even as the translation has done here. NA²⁸ includes the words in brackets, indicating doubts as to their authenticity.sn Even though it is most likely not original (see tc note above), the phrase within us has been included in the translation for clarity.
88. Luke 24:32 tn Grk “opening” (cf. Acts 17:3).
89. Luke 24:33 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the Lord’s appearance to them.
90. Luke 24:33 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
91. Luke 24:34 tn Here the word “and” has been supplied to make it clear that the disciples who had been to Emmaus found the eleven plus the others gathered and saying this.
92. Luke 24:34 sn The Lord…has appeared to Simon. Jesus had made another appearance besides the one on the road. The excitement was rising. Simon refers to Simon Peter.
93. Luke 24:35 sn Now with the recounting of what had happened on the road two sets of witnesses corroborate the women’s report.
94. Luke 24:35 tn Grk “how he was made known to them”; or “how he was recognized by them.” Here the passive construction has been converted to an active one in the translation in keeping with contemporary English style.
95. Luke 24:36 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
96. Luke 24:36 tc The words “and said to them, ‘Peace be with you’” are lacking in some Western mss (D it). But the clause is otherwise well attested, being found in P⁷⁵ and the rest of the ms tradition, and should be considered an original part of Luke.
97. Luke 24:37 sn The disciples were still not comfortable at this point thinking that this could be Jesus raised from the dead. Instead they thought they saw a spirit.
98. Luke 24:37 tc This is not a reference to “a phantom” as read by the Western ms D. For πνεῦμα (pneuma) having the force of “ghost,” or “an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses,” see BDAG 833-34 s.v. πνεῦμα 4.
99. Luke 24:38 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
100. Luke 24:38 tn Or “disturbed,” “troubled.”
101. Luke 24:38 tn The expression here is an idiom; see BDAG 58 s.v. ἀναβαίνω 2. Here καρδία (kardia) is a collective singular; the expression has been translated as plural in English.sn Jesus calls the disciples to faith with a gentle rebuke about doubts and a gracious invitation to see for themselves the evidence of his resurrection.
102. Luke 24:39 tn Grk “that it is I myself.”
103. Luke 24:39 tn See tc note on “ghost” in v. 37.
104. Luke 24:40 tc Some Western mss (D it) lack 24:40. However, it is present in all other mss, including P⁷⁵, and should thus be regarded as an original part of Luke’s Gospel.
105. Luke 24:41 sn They still could not believe it. Is this a continued statement of unbelief? Or is it a rhetorical expression of their amazement? They are being moved to faith, so a rhetorical force is more likely here.
106. Luke 24:41 sn Amazement is the common response to unusual activity: 1:63; 2:18; 4:22; 7:9; 8:25; 9:43; 11:14; 20:26.
107. Luke 24:41 sn Do you have anything here to eat? Eating would remove the idea that a phantom was present. Angelic spirits refused a meal in Judg 13:16 and Tob 12:19, but accepted it in Gen 18:8; 19:3 and Tob 6:6. (Tobit, a book of the OT Apocrypha, reflects views during the intertestamental period.)
108. Luke 24:42 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of Jesus’ request for food.
109. Luke 24:44 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
110. Luke 24:44 sn Everything written about me. The divine plan, events, and scripture itself are seen here as being one.
111. Luke 24:44 sn For a similar threefold division of the OT scriptures, see the prologue to Sirach, lines 8-10, and from Qumran, the epilogue to 4QMMT, line 10.
112. Luke 24:45 sn Luke does not mention specific texts here, but it is likely that many of the scriptures he mentioned elsewhere in Luke-Acts would have been among those he had in mind.
113. Luke 24:46 tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”
114. Luke 24:46 tn Three Greek infinitives are the key to this summary: (1) to suffer, (2) to rise, and (3) to be preached. The Christ (Messiah) would be slain, would be raised, and a message about repentance would go out into all the world as a result. All of this was recorded in the scripture. The remark shows the continuity between Jesus’ ministry, the scripture, and what disciples would be doing as they declared the Lord risen.
115. Luke 24:47 sn This repentance has its roots in declarations of the Old Testament. It is the Hebrew concept of a turning of direction.
116. Luke 24:47 tn Or “preached,” “announced.”
117. Luke 24:47 sn To all nations. The same Greek term (τὰ ἔθνη, ta ethnē) may be translated “the Gentiles” or “the nations.” The hope of God in Christ was for all the nations from the beginning.
118. Luke 24:47 sn Beginning from Jerusalem. See Acts 2, which is where it all starts.
119. Luke 24:48 sn You are witnesses. This becomes a key concept of testimony in Acts. See Acts 1:8.
120. Luke 24:49 tn Grk “sending on you.”
121. Luke 24:49 tn Grk “the promise of my Father,” with τοῦ πατρός (tou patros) translated as a subjective genitive. This is a reference to the Holy Spirit and looks back to how one could see Messiah had come with the promise of old (Luke 3:15-18). The promise is rooted in Jer 31:31 and Ezek 36:26.
122. Luke 24:49 sn The city refers to Jerusalem.
123. Luke 24:49 sn Until you have been clothed with power refers to the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. What the Spirit supplies is enablement. See Luke 12:11-12; 21:12-15. The difference the Spirit makes can be seen in Peter (compare Luke 22:54-62 with Acts 2:14-41).
124. Luke 24:50 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
125. Luke 24:50 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
126. Luke 24:50 sn Bethany was village on the Mount of Olives about 2 mi (3 km) from Jerusalem; see John 11:1, 18.
127. Luke 24:51 tn Grk “And it happened that while.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.
128. Luke 24:51 tn Grk “while he blessed them.”
129. Luke 24:51 tn Grk “he departed from them.”
130. Luke 24:51 tc The reference to the ascension (“and was taken up into heaven”) is lacking in א* D it sy^s, but it is found in P⁷⁵ and the rest of the ms tradition. The authenticity of the statement here seems to be presupposed in Acts 1:2, for otherwise it is difficult to account for Luke’s reference to the ascension there. For a helpful discussion, see TCGNT 162-63.tn For the translation of ἀνεφέρετο (anephereto) as “was taken up” see BDAG 75 s.v. ἀναφέρω 1.sn There is great debate whether this event equals Acts 1:9-11 so that Luke has telescoped something here that he describes in more detail later. The text can be read in this way because the temporal marker in v. 50 is vague.
131. Luke 24:52 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the result of Jesus’ ascension and the concluding summary of Luke’s Gospel.
132. Luke 24:52 tc The reference to worship is lacking in the Western ms D, its last major omission in this Gospel.
133. Luke 24:52 sn Joy is another key theme for Luke: 1:14; 2:10; 8:13; 10:17; 15:7, 10; 24:41.
134. Luke 24:53 tn Grk “in the temple.”sn Luke’s gospel story proper ends where it began, in the temple courts (Luke 1:4-22). The conclusion is open-ended, because the story continues in Acts with what happened from Jerusalem onwards, once the promise of the Father (v. 49) came.
135. Luke 24:53 tc The Western text (D it) has αἰνοῦντες (ainountes, “praising”) here, while the Alexandrian mss (P⁷⁵ א B C* L) have εὐλογοῦντες (eulogountes, “blessing”). Most mss, especially the later Byzantine mss, evidently combine these two readings with αἰνοῦντες καὶ εὐλογοῦντες (A C² W Θ Ψ ƒ^1,13 33 M lat). It is more difficult to decide between the two earlier readings. Internal arguments can go either way, but what seems decisive in this instance are the superior witnesses for εὐλογοῦντες.
136. Luke 24:53 tc The majority of Greek mss, some of which are significant witnesses (A B C² Θ Ψ ƒ¹³ M lat), add “Amen” to note the Gospel’s end. Such a conclusion is routinely added by scribes to NT books because a few of these books originally had such an ending (cf. Rom 16:27; Gal 6:18; Jude 25). A majority of Greek witnesses have the concluding ἀμήν in every NT book except Acts, James, and 3 John (and even in these books, ἀμήν is found in some witnesses). It is thus a predictable variant. Further, since significant witnesses lack the word (P⁷⁵ א C* D L W 1 33 it co), it is evidently not original.