Beginning
Elijah Meets the King’s Servant
18 Some time later, in the third year of the famine,[a] the Lord’s message came to Elijah, “Go, make an appearance before Ahab, so I may send rain on the surface of the ground.” 2 So Elijah went to make an appearance before Ahab.
Now the famine was severe in Samaria. 3 So Ahab summoned Obadiah, who supervised the palace. (Now Obadiah was a very loyal follower of the Lord.[b] 4 When Jezebel was killing[c] the Lord’s prophets, Obadiah took 100 prophets and hid them in two caves in two groups of fifty. He also brought them food and water.) 5 Ahab told Obadiah, “Go through the land to all the springs and valleys. Maybe we can find some grazing areas[d] so we can keep the horses and mules alive and not have to kill[e] some of the animals.” 6 They divided up the land between them to search it; Ahab went one way by himself and Obadiah went the other way by himself.
7 As Obadiah was traveling along, Elijah met him.[f] When he recognized him, he fell facedown to the ground and said, “Is it really you, my master, Elijah?” 8 He replied, “Yes,[g] go and say to your master, ‘Elijah is back.’”[h] 9 Obadiah[i] said, “What sin have I committed that you are ready to hand your servant over to Ahab for execution?[j] 10 As certainly as the Lord your God lives, my master has sent to every nation and kingdom in an effort to find you. When they say, ‘He’s not here,’ he makes them[k] swear an oath that they could not find you. 11 Now you say, ‘Go and say to your master, “Elijah is back.”’[l] 12 But when I leave you, the Lord’s Spirit will carry you away so I can’t find you.[m] If I go tell Ahab I’ve seen you, he won’t be able to find you and he will kill me.[n] That would not be fair,[o] because your servant has been a loyal follower of[p] the Lord from my youth. 13 Certainly my master is aware of what I did[q] when Jezebel was killing the Lord’s prophets. I hid 100 of the Lord’s prophets in two caves in two groups of fifty and I brought them food and water. 14 Now you say, ‘Go and say to your master, “Elijah is back,”’[r] but he will kill me.” 15 But Elijah said, “As certainly as the Lord of Heaven’s Armies[s] lives (whom I serve),[t] I will make an appearance before him today.”
Elijah Confronts Baal’s Prophets
16 When Obadiah went and informed Ahab, the king went to meet Elijah.[u] 17 When Ahab saw Elijah, he[v] said to him, “Is it really you, the one who brings disaster on[w] Israel?” 18 Elijah[x] replied, “I have not brought disaster on[y] Israel. But you and your father’s dynasty have, by abandoning the Lord’s commandments and following the Baals. 19 Now send out messengers[z] and assemble all Israel before me at Mount Carmel, as well as the 450 prophets of Baal and 400 prophets of Asherah whom Jezebel supports.”[aa]
20 Ahab sent messengers to all the Israelites and had the prophets assemble at Mount Carmel. 21 Elijah approached all the people and said, “How long are you going to be paralyzed by indecision?[ab] If the Lord is the true God,[ac] then follow him, but if Baal is, follow him!” But the people did not say a word. 22 Elijah said to them:[ad] “I am the only prophet of the Lord who is left, but there are 450 prophets of Baal. 23 Let them bring us two bulls. Let them choose one of the bulls for themselves, cut it up into pieces, and place it on the wood. But they must not set it on fire. I will do the same to the other bull and place it on the wood. But I will not set it on fire. 24 Then you[ae] will invoke the name of your god, and I will invoke the name of the Lord. The god who responds with fire will demonstrate that he is the true God.”[af] All the people responded, “This will be a fair test.”[ag]
25 Elijah told the prophets of Baal, “Choose one of the bulls for yourselves and go first, for you are the majority. Invoke the name of your god, but do not light a fire.”[ah] 26 So they took a bull, as he had suggested,[ai] and prepared it. They invoked the name of Baal from morning until noon, saying, “Baal, answer us.” But there was no sound and no answer. They jumped[aj] around on the altar they had made.[ak] 27 At noon Elijah mocked them, “Yell louder! After all, he is a god; he may be deep in thought, or perhaps he stepped out for a moment or has taken a trip. Perhaps he is sleeping and needs to be awakened.”[al] 28 So they yelled louder and, in accordance with their prescribed ritual,[am] mutilated themselves with swords and spears until their bodies were covered with blood.[an] 29 Throughout the afternoon they were in an ecstatic frenzy,[ao] but there was no sound, no answer, and no response.[ap]
30 Elijah then told all the people, “Approach me.” So all the people approached him. He repaired the altar of the Lord that had been torn down.[aq] 31 Then Elijah took twelve stones, corresponding to the number of tribes that descended from Jacob, to whom the Lord’s message had come, “Israel will be your name.”[ar] 32 With the stones he constructed an altar for the Lord.[as] Around the altar he made a trench large enough to contain two seahs[at] of seed. 33 He arranged the wood, cut up the bull, and placed it on the wood. Then he said, “Fill four water jars and pour the water on the offering and the wood.” 34 When they had done so,[au] he said, “Do it again.” So they did it again. Then he said, “Do it a third time.” So they did it a third time. 35 The water flowed down all sides of the altar and filled the trench. 36 When it was time for the evening offering,[av] Elijah the prophet approached the altar[aw] and prayed: “O Lord God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, prove[ax] today that you are God in Israel and that I am your servant and have done all these things at your command. 37 Answer me, O Lord, answer me, so these people will know that you, O Lord, are the true God[ay] and that you are winning back their allegiance.”[az] 38 Then fire from the Lord fell from the sky.[ba] It consumed the offering, the wood, the stones, and the dirt, and licked up the water in the trench. 39 When all the people saw this, they threw themselves down with their faces to the ground and said, “The Lord is the true God![bb] The Lord is the true God!” 40 Elijah told them, “Seize the prophets of Baal! Don’t let even one of them escape!” So they seized them, and Elijah led them down to the Kishon Valley and executed[bc] them there.
41 Then Elijah told Ahab, “Go on up and eat and drink, for the sound of a heavy rainstorm can be heard.”[bd] 42 So Ahab went on up to eat and drink, while Elijah climbed to the top of Carmel. He bent down toward the ground and put his face between his knees. 43 He told his servant, “Go on up and look in the direction of the sea.” So he went on up, looked, and reported, “There is nothing.”[be] Seven times Elijah sent him to look.[bf] 44 The seventh time the servant[bg] said, “Look, a small cloud, the size of the palm of a man’s hand, is rising up from the sea.” Elijah[bh] then said, “Go and tell Ahab, ‘Hitch up the chariots and go down, so that the rain won’t overtake you.’”[bi] 45 Meanwhile the sky was covered with dark clouds, the wind blew, and there was a heavy rainstorm. Ahab rode toward[bj] Jezreel. 46 Now the Lord energized Elijah with power;[bk] he tucked his robe into his belt[bl] and ran ahead of Ahab all the way to Jezreel.
Elijah Runs for His Life
19 Ahab told Jezebel all that Elijah had done, including a detailed account of how he killed all the prophets with the sword. 2 Jezebel sent a messenger to Elijah with this warning,[bm] “May the gods judge me severely[bn] if by this time tomorrow I do not take your life as you did theirs!”[bo]
3 Elijah was afraid,[bp] so he got up and fled for his life to Beer Sheba in Judah. He left his servant there, 4 while he went a day’s journey into the wilderness. He went and sat down under a shrub[bq] and asked the Lord to take his life:[br] “I’ve had enough! Now, O Lord, take my life. After all, I’m no better than my ancestors.”[bs] 5 He stretched out[bt] and fell asleep under the shrub. Suddenly an angelic messenger[bu] touched him and said, “Get up and eat.” 6 He looked and right there by his head was a cake baking on hot coals and a jug of water. He ate and drank and then slept some more.[bv] 7 The angel of the Lord came back again, touched him, and said, “Get up and eat, for otherwise you won’t be able to make the journey.”[bw] 8 So he got up and ate and drank. That meal gave him the strength to travel forty days and forty nights until he reached Horeb, the mountain of God.
9 He went into a cave there and spent the night. Suddenly the Lord’s message came to him, “Why are you here, Elijah?” 10 He answered, “I have been absolutely loyal[bx] to the Lord God of Heaven’s Armies,[by] even though the Israelites have abandoned the covenant they made with you,[bz] torn down your altars, and killed your prophets with the sword. I alone am left and now they want to take my life.”[ca] 11 The Lord[cb] said, “Go out and stand on the mountain before the Lord. Look, the Lord is ready to pass by.”
A very powerful wind went before the Lord, digging into the mountain and causing landslides,[cc] but the Lord was not in the wind. After the windstorm there was an earthquake, but the Lord was not in the earthquake. 12 After the earthquake, there was a fire, but the Lord was not in the fire. After the fire, there was a soft whisper.[cd] 13 When Elijah heard it, he covered his face with his robe and went out and stood at the entrance to the cave. Suddenly[ce] a voice asked him, “Why are you here, Elijah?” 14 He answered, “I have been absolutely loyal[cf] to the Lord God of Heaven’s Armies,[cg] even though the Israelites have abandoned the covenant they made with you, torn down your altars, and killed your prophets with the sword. I alone am left and now they want to take my life.”[ch] 15 The Lord said to him, “Go back the way you came and then head for the wilderness of Damascus. Go and anoint Hazael king over Syria. 16 You must anoint Jehu son of Nimshi king over Israel, and Elisha son of Shaphat from Abel Meholah to take your place as prophet. 17 Jehu will kill anyone who escapes Hazael’s sword, and Elisha will kill anyone who escapes Jehu’s sword. 18 I still have left in Israel 7,000 followers who have not bowed their knees to Baal or kissed the images of him.”[ci]
19 Elijah went from there and found Elisha son of Shaphat. He was plowing with twelve pairs of oxen; he was near the twelfth pair. Elijah passed by him and threw his robe over him. 20 He left the oxen, ran after Elijah, and said, “Please let me kiss my father and mother goodbye, then I will follow you.” Elijah[cj] said to him, “Go back! Indeed, what have I done to you?” 21 Elisha[ck] went back and took his pair of oxen and slaughtered them. He cooked the meat over a fire that he made by burning the harness and yoke.[cl] He gave the people meat and they ate. Then he got up and followed Elijah and became his assistant.
Ben Hadad Invades Israel
20 Now King Ben Hadad of Syria assembled all his army, along with thirty-two other kings with their horses and chariots. He marched against Samaria and besieged and attacked it.[cm] 2 He sent messengers to King Ahab of Israel, who was in the city.[cn] He said to him, “This is what Ben Hadad says: 3 ‘Your silver and your gold are mine, as well as the best of your wives and sons.’” 4 The king of Israel replied, “It is just as you say, my master, O king. I and all I own belong to you.”
5 The messengers came again and said, “This is what Ben Hadad says: ‘I sent this message to you, “You must give me your silver, gold, wives, and sons.” 6 But now at this time tomorrow I will send my servants to you and they will search through your palace and your servants’ houses. They will carry away all your valuables.’”[co] 7 The king of Israel summoned all the leaders[cp] of the land and said, “Notice how this man is looking for trouble.[cq] Indeed, he demanded my wives, sons, silver, and gold, and I did not resist him.” 8 All the leaders and people said to him, “Do not give in or agree to his demands.”[cr] 9 So he said to the messengers of Ben Hadad, “Say this to my master, the king: ‘I will give you everything you demanded at first from your servant, but I am unable to agree to this latest demand.’”[cs] So the messengers went back and gave their report.
10 Ben Hadad sent another message to him, “May the gods judge me severely[ct] if there is enough dirt left in Samaria for all my soldiers to scoop up in their hands.”[cu] 11 The king of Israel replied, “Tell him the one who puts on his battle gear should not boast like one who is taking it off.”[cv] 12 When Ben Hadad received this reply,[cw] he and the other kings were drinking in their quarters.[cx] He ordered his servants, “Get ready to attack!” So they got ready to attack the city.
The Lord Delivers Israel
13 Now a prophet visited King Ahab of Israel and said, “This is what the Lord has said: ‘Do you see this huge army?[cy] Look, I am going to hand it over to you this very day. Then you will know that I am the Lord.’” 14 Ahab asked, “By whom will this be accomplished?”[cz] He answered, “This is what the Lord has said, ‘By the servants of the district governors.’” Ahab[da] asked, “Who will launch the attack?” He answered, “You will.”
15 So Ahab[db] assembled the 232 servants of the district governors. After that he assembled all the Israelite army, numbering 7,000. 16 They marched out at noon, while Ben Hadad and the 32 kings allied with him were drinking heavily[dc] in their quarters.[dd] 17 The servants of the district governors led the march. When Ben Hadad sent messengers, they reported back to him, “Men are marching out of Samaria.” 18 He ordered, “Whether they come in peace or to do battle, take them alive.”[de] 19 They marched out of the city with the servants of the district governors in the lead and the army behind them. 20 Each one struck down an enemy soldier;[df] the Syrians fled and Israel chased them. King Ben Hadad of Syria escaped on horseback with some horsemen. 21 Then the king of Israel marched out and struck down the horses and chariots; he thoroughly defeated[dg] Syria.
The Lord Gives Israel Another Victory
22 The prophet[dh] visited the king of Israel and instructed him, “Go, fortify your defenses.[di] Determine[dj] what you must do, for in the spring[dk] the king of Syria will attack[dl] you.” 23 Now the advisers[dm] of the king of Syria said to him: “Their God is a god of the mountains. That’s why they overpowered us. But if we fight them in the plains, we will certainly overpower them. 24 So do this: Dismiss the kings from their command, and replace them with military commanders. 25 Muster an army like the one you lost, with the same number of horses and chariots.[dn] Then we will fight them in the plains; we will certainly overpower them.” He approved their plan and did as they advised.[do]
26 In the spring[dp] Ben Hadad mustered the Syrian army[dq] and marched to Aphek to fight Israel.[dr] 27 When the Israelites had mustered and received their supplies, they marched out to face them in battle. When the Israelites deployed opposite them, they were like two small flocks[ds] of goats, but the Syrians filled the land. 28 The prophet[dt] visited the king of Israel and said, “This is what the Lord has said: ‘Because the Syrians said, “The Lord is a god of the mountains and not a god of the valleys,” I will deliver this entire huge army into to your control. Then you will know that I am the Lord.’
29 The armies were deployed opposite each other for seven days. On the seventh day the battle began, and the Israelites killed 100,000 Syrian foot soldiers in one day. 30 The remaining 27,000 ran to Aphek and went into the city, but the wall fell on them.[du] Now Ben Hadad ran into the city and hid in an inner room.[dv] 31 His advisers[dw] said to him, “Look, we have heard that the kings of the Israelite dynasty are kind.[dx] Allow us to put sackcloth around our waists and ropes on our heads[dy] and surrender[dz] to the king of Israel. Maybe he will spare our lives.” 32 So they put sackcloth around their waists and ropes on their heads and went to the king of Israel. They said, “Your servant[ea] Ben Hadad says, ‘Please let me live!’” Ahab[eb] replied, “Is he still alive? He is my brother.”[ec] 33 The men took this as a good omen and quickly accepted his offer, saying, “Ben Hadad is your brother.” Ahab[ed] then said, “Go, get him.” So Ben Hadad came out to him, and Ahab pulled him up into his chariot. 34 Ben Hadad[ee] said, “I will return the cities my father took from your father. You may set up markets[ef] in Damascus, just as my father did in Samaria.” Ahab then said, “I want to make a treaty with you before I dismiss you.”[eg] So he made a treaty with him and then dismissed him.
A Prophet Denounces Ahab’s Actions
35 One of the members of the prophetic guild[eh] told his companion a message from the Lord, “Please wound me!” But the man refused to wound him. 36 So the prophet[ei] said to him, “Because you have disobeyed the Lord, as soon as you leave me a lion will kill you.” When he left him, a lion attacked and killed him. 37 He found another man and said, “Wound me!” So the man wounded him severely.[ej] 38 The prophet then went and stood by the road, waiting for the king. He also disguised himself by putting a bandage down over his eyes. 39 When the king passed by, he called out to the king, “Your servant went out into the heat[ek] of the battle, and then a man turned aside and brought me a prisoner.[el] He told me, ‘Guard this prisoner. If he ends up missing for any reason,[em] you will pay with your life or with a talent[en] of silver.’[eo] 40 Well, it just so happened that while your servant was doing this and that, he disappeared.” The king of Israel said to him, “Your punishment is already determined by your own testimony.”[ep] 41 The prophet[eq] quickly removed the bandage from his eyes, and the king of Israel recognized he was one of the prophets. 42 The prophet[er] then said to him, “This is what the Lord has said: ‘Because you released a man I had determined should die, you will pay with your life, and your people will suffer instead of his people.’”[es] 43 The king of Israel went home to Samaria bitter and angry.
Footnotes
- 1 Kings 18:1 tn The words “of the famine” do not appear in the original text but are supplied for clarification.
- 1 Kings 18:3 tn Heb “now Obadiah greatly feared the Lord.” “Fear” refers here to obedience and allegiance, the products of healthy respect for the Lord’s authority.
- 1 Kings 18:4 tn Heb “cutting off.”
- 1 Kings 18:5 tn Heb “grass.”
- 1 Kings 18:5 tn Heb “to cut off.”
- 1 Kings 18:7 tn Heb “look, Elijah [came] to meet him.”
- 1 Kings 18:8 tn Heb “[It is] I.”
- 1 Kings 18:8 tn Heb “Look, Elijah”; or “Elijah is here.”
- 1 Kings 18:9 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Obadiah) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 18:9 tn Heb “to kill me.”
- 1 Kings 18:10 tn Heb “he makes the kingdom or the nation swear an oath.”
- 1 Kings 18:11 tn Heb “Look, Elijah”; or “Elijah is here.”
- 1 Kings 18:12 tn Heb “to [a place] which I do not know.”
- 1 Kings 18:12 tn Heb “and I will go to inform Ahab and he will not find you and he will kill me.”
- 1 Kings 18:12 tn The words “that would not be fair” are added to clarify the logic of Obadiah’s argument.
- 1 Kings 18:12 tn Heb “has feared the Lord” (also see the note at 1 Kgs 18:3).
- 1 Kings 18:13 tn Heb “Has it not been told to my master what I did…?” The rhetorical question expects an answer, “Of course it has!”
- 1 Kings 18:14 tn Heb “Look, Elijah”; or “Elijah is here.”
- 1 Kings 18:15 tn Traditionally, “the Lord of Hosts.”
- 1 Kings 18:15 tn Heb “(before whom I stand).”
- 1 Kings 18:16 tn Heb “Obadiah went to meet Ahab and told him, and Ahab went to meet Elijah.”
- 1 Kings 18:17 tn Heb “Ahab.”
- 1 Kings 18:17 tn Or “brings trouble on.”
- 1 Kings 18:18 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Elijah) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 18:18 tn Or “brought trouble on.”
- 1 Kings 18:19 tn The word “messengers” is supplied in the translation both here and in v. 20 for clarification.
- 1 Kings 18:19 tn Heb “who eat at the table of Jezebel.”
- 1 Kings 18:21 tn Heb “How long are you going to limp around on two crutches?” (see HALOT 762 s.v. סְעִפִּים). In context this idiomatic expression refers to indecision rather than physical disability.
- 1 Kings 18:21 tn Heb “the God.”
- 1 Kings 18:22 tn Heb “to the people.”
- 1 Kings 18:24 tn Elijah now directly addresses the prophets.
- 1 Kings 18:24 tn Heb “the God.”
- 1 Kings 18:24 tn Heb “The matter [i.e., proposal] is good [i.e., acceptable].”
- 1 Kings 18:25 tc The last sentence of v. 25 is absent in the Syriac Peshitta.
- 1 Kings 18:26 tn Heb “and they took the bull which he allowed them.”
- 1 Kings 18:26 tn Heb “limped” (the same verb is used in v. 21).
- 1 Kings 18:26 tc The MT has “which he made,” but some medieval Hebrew mss and the ancient versions have the plural form of the verb.
- 1 Kings 18:27 sn Elijah’s sarcastic proposals would have been especially offensive and irritating to Baal’s prophets, for they believed Baal was imprisoned in the underworld as death’s captive during this time of drought. Elijah’s apparent ignorance of their theology is probably designed for dramatic effect; indeed the suggestion that Baal is away on a trip or deep in sleep comes precariously close to the truth as viewed by the prophets.
- 1 Kings 18:28 tn Or “as was their custom.”
- 1 Kings 18:28 tn Heb “until blood poured out on them.”sn mutilated…covered with blood. This self-mutilation was a mourning rite designed to facilitate Baal’s return from the underworld.
- 1 Kings 18:29 tn Heb “when noon passed they prophesied until the offering up of the offering.”
- 1 Kings 18:29 tc The Old Greek translation and Syriac Peshitta include the following words here: “When it was time to offer the sacrifice, Elijah the Tishbite spoke to the prophets of the abominations: ‘Stand aside for the time being, and I will offer my burnt offering.’ So they stood aside and departed.”sn In 2 Kgs 4:31 the words “there was no sound and there was no response” are used to describe a dead boy. Similar words are used here to describe the god Baal as dead and therefore unresponsive.
- 1 Kings 18:30 sn Torn down. The condition of the altar symbolizes the spiritual state of the people.
- 1 Kings 18:31 sn Israel will be your name. See Gen 32:28; 35:10.
- 1 Kings 18:32 tn Heb “and he built the stones into an altar in the name of the Lord.”
- 1 Kings 18:32 tn A seah was a dry measure equivalent to about seven quarts.
- 1 Kings 18:34 tn The words “when they had done so” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
- 1 Kings 18:36 tn Heb “at the offering up of the offering.”
- 1 Kings 18:36 tn The words “the altar” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
- 1 Kings 18:36 tn Heb “let it be known.”
- 1 Kings 18:37 tn Heb “the God.”
- 1 Kings 18:37 tn Heb “that you are turning their heart[s] back.”
- 1 Kings 18:38 tn The words “from the sky” are added for stylistic reasons.
- 1 Kings 18:39 tn Heb “the God” (the phrase occurs twice in this verse).
- 1 Kings 18:40 tn Or “slaughtered.”
- 1 Kings 18:41 tn Heb “for [there is] the sound of the roar of the rain.”
- 1 Kings 18:43 sn So he went on up, looked, and reported, “There is nothing.” Several times in this chapter those addressed by Elijah obey his orders. In vv. 20 and 42 Ahab does as instructed, in vv. 26 and 28 the prophets follow Elijah’s advice, and in vv. 30, 34, 40 and 43 the people and servants do as they are told. By juxtaposing Elijah’s commands with accounts of those commands being obeyed, the narrator emphasizes the authority of the Lord’s prophet.
- 1 Kings 18:43 tn Heb “He said, ‘Return,’ seven times.”
- 1 Kings 18:44 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the servant) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 18:44 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Elijah) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 18:44 tn Heb “so that the rain won’t restrain you.”
- 1 Kings 18:45 tn Heb “rode and went to.”
- 1 Kings 18:46 tn Heb “and the hand of the Lord was on Elijah.”
- 1 Kings 18:46 tn Heb “and girded up his loins.” The idea is that of gathering up the robes and tucking them into the sash or belt so that they do not get in the way of the legs when running (or working or fighting).
- 1 Kings 19:2 tn Heb “saying.”
- 1 Kings 19:2 tn Heb “So may the gods do to me, and so may they add.”
- 1 Kings 19:2 tn Heb “I do not make your life like the life of one of them.”
- 1 Kings 19:3 tc The MT has “and he saw,” but some medieval Hebrew mss as well as several ancient versions support the reading “he was afraid.” The consonantal text (וַיַּרְא, vayyarʾ) is ambiguous and can be vocalized וַיַּרְא (from רָאָה, raʾah, “to see”) or וַיִּרָא (vayyiraʾ, from יָרֵא, yareʾ, “to fear”).
- 1 Kings 19:4 tn Or “broom tree” (also in v. 5).
- 1 Kings 19:4 tn Heb “and asked with respect to his life to die.”
- 1 Kings 19:4 tn Heb “fathers.”
- 1 Kings 19:5 tn Or “lay down.”
- 1 Kings 19:5 tn Heb “Look, this messenger.”
- 1 Kings 19:6 tn Heb “and again lay down.”
- 1 Kings 19:7 tn Heb “for the journey is too great for you.”
- 1 Kings 19:10 tn Or “very zealous.” The infinitive absolute preceding the finite verb emphasizes the degree of his zeal and allegiance.
- 1 Kings 19:10 tn Traditionally, “the God of hosts.”
- 1 Kings 19:10 tn Heb “abandoned your covenant.”
- 1 Kings 19:10 tn Heb “and they are seeking my life to take it.”
- 1 Kings 19:11 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the Lord) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 19:11 tn Heb “tearing away the mountains and breaking the cliffs” (or perhaps, “breaking the stones”).
- 1 Kings 19:12 tn Heb “a voice, calm, soft.”
- 1 Kings 19:13 tn Heb “look.”
- 1 Kings 19:14 tn Or “very zealous.” The infinitive absolute preceding the finite verb emphasizes the degree of his zeal and allegiance.
- 1 Kings 19:14 tn Traditionally, “the God of hosts.”
- 1 Kings 19:14 tn Heb “and they are seeking my life to take it.”
- 1 Kings 19:18 tn Heb “I have kept in Israel 7,000, all the knees that have not bowed to Baal, and all the mouths that have not kissed him.”
- 1 Kings 19:20 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Elijah) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 19:21 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Elisha) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 19:21 tn Heb “and with the equipment of the oxen he cooked them, the flesh.”
- 1 Kings 20:1 tn Heb “and he went up and besieged Samaria and fought against it.”
- 1 Kings 20:2 tn Heb “to the city.”
- 1 Kings 20:6 tn Heb “all that is desirable to your eyes they will put in their hand and take.”
- 1 Kings 20:7 tn Heb “elders.”
- 1 Kings 20:7 tn Heb “Know and see that this [man] is seeking trouble.”
- 1 Kings 20:8 tn Heb “Do not listen and do not be willing.”
- 1 Kings 20:9 tn Heb “all which you sent to your servant in the beginning I will do, but this thing I am unable to do.”
- 1 Kings 20:10 tn Heb “So may the gods do to me, and so may they add.”
- 1 Kings 20:10 tn Heb “if the dirt of Samaria suffices for the handfuls of all the people who are at my feet.”
- 1 Kings 20:11 sn The point of the saying is that someone who is still preparing for a battle should not boast as if he has already won the battle. A modern parallel would be, “Don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched.”
- 1 Kings 20:12 tn Heb “When he heard this word.”
- 1 Kings 20:12 tn Heb “in the temporary shelters.” This is probably referring to tents.
- 1 Kings 20:13 tn Heb “see all this great horde.”
- 1 Kings 20:14 tn The words “will this be accomplished” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
- 1 Kings 20:14 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Ahab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:15 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Ahab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:16 tn Heb “drinking and drunken.”
- 1 Kings 20:16 tn Heb “in the temporary shelters.” This is probably referring to tents.
- 1 Kings 20:18 tn Heb “if they come in peace, take them alive; if they come for battle, take them alive.”
- 1 Kings 20:20 tn Heb “each struck down his man.”
- 1 Kings 20:21 tn Heb “struck down Aram with a great striking down.”
- 1 Kings 20:22 tn The definite article indicates previous reference, that is, “the prophet mentioned earlier” (see v. 13).
- 1 Kings 20:22 tn Heb “strengthen yourself.”
- 1 Kings 20:22 tn Heb “know and see.”
- 1 Kings 20:22 tn Heb “at the turning of the year.”
- 1 Kings 20:22 tn Heb “go up against.”
- 1 Kings 20:23 tn Or “servants.”
- 1 Kings 20:25 tn Heb “And you, you muster an army like the one that fell from you, horse like horse and chariot like chariot.”
- 1 Kings 20:25 tn Heb “he listened to their voice and did so.”
- 1 Kings 20:26 tn Heb “at the turning of the year.”
- 1 Kings 20:26 tn Heb “mustered Aram.”
- 1 Kings 20:26 tn Heb “and went up to Aphek for battle with Israel.”
- 1 Kings 20:27 tn The noun translated “small flocks” occurs only here. The common interpretation derives the word from the verbal root חשׂף, “to strip off; to make bare.” In this case the noun refers to something “stripped off” or “made bare.” HALOT 359 s.v. II חשׂף derives the noun from a proposed homonymic verbal root (which occurs only in Ps 29:9) meaning “cause a premature birth.” In this case the derived noun could refer to goats that are undersized because they are born prematurely.
- 1 Kings 20:28 tn Heb “the man of God.”
- 1 Kings 20:30 tn Heb “and the remaining ones fled to Aphek to the city and the wall fell on 27,000 men, the ones who remained.”
- 1 Kings 20:30 tn Heb “and Ben Hadad fled and went into the city, [into] an inner room in an inner room.”
- 1 Kings 20:31 tn Or “servants.”
- 1 Kings 20:31 tn Heb “that the kings of the house of Israel, that kings of kindness [are] they.” Or “merciful” rather than “kind.” The word used here often means “devoted” or “loyal.” Perhaps the idea is that the Israelite kings are willing to make treaties with other kings.
- 1 Kings 20:31 sn Sackcloth was worn as a sign of sorrow and repentance. The precise significance of the ropes on the head is uncertain, but it probably was a sign of submission. These actions were comparable to raising a white flag on the battlefield or throwing in the towel in a boxing match.
- 1 Kings 20:31 tn Heb “go out.”
- 1 Kings 20:32 sn Your servant. By referring to Ben Hadad as Ahab’s servant, they are suggesting that Ahab make him a subject in a vassal treaty arrangement.
- 1 Kings 20:32 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Ahab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:32 sn He is my brother. Ahab’s response indicates that he wants to make a parity treaty and treat Ben Hadad as an equal partner.
- 1 Kings 20:33 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Ahab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:34 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Ben Hadad) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:34 tn Heb “streets,” but this must refer to streets set up with stalls for merchants to sell their goods. See HALOT 299 s.v. חוּץ.
- 1 Kings 20:34 tn Heb “I will send you away with a treaty.” The words “Ahab then said” are supplied in the translation. There is nothing in the Hebrew text to indicate that the speaker has changed from Ben Hadad to Ahab. Some suggest adding “and he said” before “I will send you away.” Others prefer to maintain Ben Hadad as the speaker and change the statement to, “Please send me away with a treaty.”
- 1 Kings 20:35 tn Heb “of the sons of the prophets.”
- 1 Kings 20:36 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the prophet) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:37 tn Heb “and the man wounded him, wounding and bruising.”
- 1 Kings 20:39 tn Heb “middle.”
- 1 Kings 20:39 tn Heb “man” (also a second time later in this verse).
- 1 Kings 20:39 tn Heb “if being missed, he is missed.” The emphatic infinitive absolute before the finite verbal form lends solemnity to the warning.
- 1 Kings 20:39 tn The Hebrew term כִּכָּר (kikkar, “circle”) refers generally to something that is round. When used of metals it can refer to a disk-shaped weight made of the metal or to a standard unit of weight, generally regarded as a talent. Since the accepted weight for a talent of metal is about 75 pounds, this would have amounted to about 75 pounds of silver.
- 1 Kings 20:39 tn Heb “your life will be in place of his life, or a unit of silver you will pay.”
- 1 Kings 20:40 tn Heb “so [i.e., in accordance with his testimony] is your judgment, you have determined [it].”
- 1 Kings 20:41 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the prophet) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:42 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the prophet) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:42 tn Heb “Because you sent away the man of my destruction [i.e., that I determined should be destroyed] from [my/your?] hand, your life will be in place of his life, and your people in place of his people.”
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