Israël dans l’histoire du salut

Les sentiments de Paul à l’égard des Israélites

Je dis la vérité, en tant qu’homme uni à Christ, je ne mens pas ; ma conscience, en accord avec l’Esprit Saint, me rend ce témoignage : j’éprouve une profonde tristesse et un chagrin continuel dans mon cœur. Oui, je demanderais à Dieu d’être maudit[a] et séparé de Christ pour mes frères, nés du même peuple que moi. Ce sont les Israélites. C’est à eux qu’appartiennent la condition de fils adoptifs de Dieu, la manifestation glorieuse de la présence divine, les alliances[b], le don de la Loi, le culte et les promesses ; à eux les patriarches ! Et c’est d’eux qu’est issu Christ dans son humanité ; il est aussi au-dessus de tout, Dieu béni pour toujours. Amen !

Le véritable Israël selon l’élection de Dieu

Ce n’est pas que la Parole de Dieu soit restée sans effet ! Car ce ne sont pas tous ceux qui descendent du patriarche Israël[c] qui constituent Israël ; et ceux qui descendent d’Abraham ne sont pas tous ses enfants. Car Dieu dit à Abraham : C’est par Isaac que te sera suscitée une descendance[d]. Cela veut dire que tous les enfants de la descendance naturelle d’Abraham ne sont pas enfants de Dieu. Seuls les enfants nés selon la promesse sont considérés comme sa descendance. Car telle est la promesse de Dieu : Vers cette époque, je viendrai, et Sara aura un fils[e].

10 Et ce n’est pas tout : Rébecca eut des jumeaux nés d’un seul et même père, de notre ancêtre Isaac. 11-12 Or, Dieu a un plan qui s’accomplit selon son libre choix et qui dépend, non des actions des hommes, mais uniquement de la volonté de celui qui appelle. Et pour que ce plan demeure, c’est avant même la naissance de ces enfants, et par conséquent avant qu’ils n’aient fait ni bien ni mal, que Dieu dit à Rébecca : L’aîné sera assujetti au cadet[f]. 13 Ceci s’accorde avec cet autre texte de l’Ecriture : J’ai aimé Jacob, et j’ai écarté Esaü[g].

Le Dieu souverain est juste

14 Mais alors, que dire ? Dieu serait-il injuste ? Loin de là ! 15 Car il a dit à Moïse :

Je ferai grâce à qui je veux faire grâce,
j’aurai compassion de qui je veux avoir compassion[h] .

16 Cela ne dépend donc ni de la volonté de l’homme, ni de ses efforts, mais de Dieu qui fait grâce. 17 Dans l’Ecriture, Dieu dit au pharaon :

Voici pourquoi je t’ai fait parvenir où tu es : pour montrer en toi ma puissance et pour que ma renommée se répande par toute la terre[i] .

18 Ainsi donc, Dieu fait grâce à qui il veut et il endurcit qui il veut.

19 Tu vas me dire : pourquoi alors fait-il encore des reproches ? Car qui a jamais pu résister à sa volonté ? 20 Mais, qui es-tu donc toi, un homme, pour critiquer Dieu ? L’ouvrage demandera-t-il à l’ouvrier : « Pourquoi m’as-tu fait ainsi[j]? » 21 Le potier n’a-t-il pas le droit, à partir du même bloc d’argile, de fabriquer un pot d’usage noble et un autre pour l’usage courant ?

22 Et qu’as-tu à redire si Dieu, parce qu’il voulait montrer sa colère et faire connaître sa puissance, a supporté avec une immense patience ceux qui étaient les objets de sa colère, tout prêts[k] pour la destruction ? 23 Oui, qu’as-tu à redire si Dieu a agi ainsi pour manifester la richesse de sa gloire en faveur de ceux qui sont les objets de sa compassion, ceux qu’il a préparés d’avance pour la gloire ?

Pour les Juifs et pour les non-Juifs

24 C’est nous qui sommes les objets de sa compassion, nous qu’il a appelés non seulement d’entre les Juifs, mais aussi d’entre les non-Juifs. 25 C’est ce qu’il dit dans le livre du prophète Osée :

Celui qui n’était pas mon peuple,je l’appellerai « mon peuple ».
Celle qui n’était pas la bien-aimée,je la nommerai « bien-aimée »[l].

26 Au lieu même où on leur avait dit : « Vous n’êtes pas mon peuple », on leur dira alors : « Vous êtes les enfants du Dieu vivant[m] . »

27 Et pour ce qui concerne Israël, Esaïe déclare de son côté :

Même si les descendants d’Israëlétaient aussi nombreux que les grains de sable au bord de la mer,
seul un reste sera sauvé.
28 Car pleinement et promptement[n] ,le Seigneur accomplira sa parole sur la terre[o].

29 Et comme Esaïe l’avait dit par avance :

Si le Seigneur des armées célestesne nous avait laissé des descendants,
nous ressemblerions à Sodome,
nous serions comme Gomorrhe[p] .

Etre juste : par la foi et non par la Loi

30 Que dire maintenant ? Voici ce que nous disons : les païens qui ne cherchaient pas à être déclarés justes par Dieu ont saisi cette justice, mais il s’agit de la justice qui est reçue par la foi. 31 Les Israélites, eux, qui cherchaient à être déclarés justes en obéissant à une loi, n’y sont pas parvenus[q]. 32 Pour quelle raison ? Parce qu’ils ont cherché à être déclarés justes non pas en comptant sur la foi, mais comme si la justice pouvait provenir de la pratique de la Loi. Ils ont buté contre la pierre qui fait tomber, 33 conformément à ce que dit l’Ecriture :

Moi, je place en Sionune pierre qu’on heurte,
un rocher qui fait trébucher.
Celui qui met en lui sa confiancene connaîtra jamais le déshonneur[r].

Footnotes

  1. 9.3 Autre traduction : Je souhaiterais être maudit.
  2. 9.4 Certains manuscrits ont : l’alliance.
  3. 9.6 Autre traduction : tous ceux qui font partie d’Israël.
  4. 9.7 Gn 21.12.
  5. 9.9 Gn 18.10, 14.
  6. 9.11-12 Gn 25.23.
  7. 9.13 Ml 1.2-3.
  8. 9.15 Ex 33.19.
  9. 9.17 Ex 9.16 cité selon l’ancienne version grecque.
  10. 9.20 Voir Es 45.9.
  11. 9.22 Autre traduction : préparés pour.
  12. 9.25 Os 2.25.
  13. 9.26 Os 2.1 ; 1.9.
  14. 9.28 Autre traduction : de façon décisive.
  15. 9.28 Es 10.22-23 cité selon l’ancienne version grecque.
  16. 9.29 Es 1.9 cité selon l’ancienne version grecque. Sodome… Gomorrhe : deux villes qui ont subi un terrible jugement de la part de Dieu (Gn 19.23-28).
  17. 9.31 Autre traduction : n’ont pas trouvé une Loi par laquelle ils auraient pu être déclarés justes.
  18. 9.33 Es 8.14 ; 28.16 cités selon l’ancienne version grecque.

God and His People

I am speaking the truth; I belong to Christ and I do not lie. My conscience, ruled by the Holy Spirit, also assures me that I am not lying when I say how great is my sorrow, how endless the pain in my heart for my people, my own flesh and blood! For their sake I could wish that I myself were under God's curse and separated from Christ. (A)They are God's people; he made them his children and revealed his glory to them; he made his covenants[a] with them and gave them the Law; they have the true worship; they have received God's promises; they are descended from the famous Hebrew ancestors; and Christ, as a human being, belongs to their race. May God, who rules over all, be praised forever![b] Amen.

I am not saying that the promise of God has failed; for not all the people of Israel are the people of God. (B)Nor are all of Abraham's descendants the children of God. God said to Abraham, “It is through Isaac that you will have the descendants I promised you.” This means that the children born in the usual way[c] are not the children of God; instead, the children born as a result of God's promise are regarded as the true descendants. (C)For God's promise was made in these words: “At the right time[d] I will come back, and Sarah will have a son.”

10 And this is not all. For Rebecca's two sons had the same father, our ancestor Isaac. 11-12 (D)But in order that the choice of one son might be completely the result of God's own purpose, God said to her, “The older will serve the younger.” He said this before they were born, before they had done anything either good or bad; so God's choice was based on his call, and not on anything they had done. 13 (E)As the scripture says, “I loved Jacob, but I hated Esau.”

14 Shall we say, then, that God is unjust? Not at all. 15 (F)For he said to Moses, “I will have mercy on anyone I wish; I will take pity on anyone I wish.” 16 So then, everything depends, not on what we humans want or do, but only on God's mercy. 17 (G)For the scripture says to the king of Egypt, “I made you king in order to use you to show my power and to spread my fame over the whole world.” 18 So then, God has mercy on anyone he wishes, and he makes stubborn anyone he wishes.

God's Anger and Mercy

19 But one of you will say to me, “If this is so, how can God find fault with anyone? Who can resist God's will?” 20 (H)But who are you, my friend, to talk back to God? A clay pot does not ask the man who made it, “Why did you make me like this?” 21 (I)After all, the man who makes the pots has the right to use the clay as he wishes, and to make two pots from the same lump of clay, one for special occasions and the other for ordinary use.

22 (J)And the same is true of what God has done. He wanted to show his anger and to make his power known. But he was very patient in enduring those who were the objects of his anger, who were doomed to destruction. 23 And he also wanted to reveal his abundant glory, which was poured out on us who are the objects of his mercy, those of us whom he has prepared to receive his glory. 24 For we are the people he called, not only from among the Jews but also from among the Gentiles. 25 (K)This is what he says in the book of Hosea:

“The people who were not mine
    I will call ‘My People.’
The nation that I did not love
    I will call ‘My Beloved.’
26 (L)And in the very place where they were told, ‘You are not my people,’
    there they will be called the children of the living God.”

27 (M)And Isaiah exclaims about Israel: “Even if the people of Israel are as many as the grains of sand by the sea, yet only a few of them will be saved; 28 for the Lord will quickly settle his full account with the world.” 29 (N)It is as Isaiah had said before, “If the Lord Almighty had not left us some descendants, we would have become like Sodom, we would have been like Gomorrah.”

Israel and the Gospel

30 So we say that the Gentiles, who were not trying to put themselves right with God, were put right with him through faith; 31 while God's people, who were seeking a law that would put them right with God, did not find it. 32 And why not? Because they did not depend on faith but on what they did. And so they stumbled over the “stumbling stone” 33 (O)that the scripture speaks of:

“Look, I place in Zion a stone
    that will make people stumble,
    a rock that will make them fall.
But whoever believes in him will not be disappointed.”

Footnotes

  1. Romans 9:4 covenants; some manuscripts have covenant.
  2. Romans 9:5 May God, who rules over all, be praised forever!; or And may he, who is God ruling over all, be praised forever!
  3. Romans 9:8 This refers to the descendants Abraham had through Ishmael, his son by Hagar (see Ga 4.22-23).
  4. Romans 9:9 At the right time; or At this time next year.

Paul’s Anguish Over Israel

I speak the truth in Christ—I am not lying,(A) my conscience confirms(B) it through the Holy Spirit— I have great sorrow and unceasing anguish in my heart. For I could wish that I myself(C) were cursed(D) and cut off from Christ for the sake of my people,(E) those of my own race,(F) the people of Israel.(G) Theirs is the adoption to sonship;(H) theirs the divine glory,(I) the covenants,(J) the receiving of the law,(K) the temple worship(L) and the promises.(M) Theirs are the patriarchs,(N) and from them is traced the human ancestry of the Messiah,(O) who is God over all,(P) forever praised![a](Q) Amen.

God’s Sovereign Choice

It is not as though God’s word(R) had failed. For not all who are descended from Israel are Israel.(S) Nor because they are his descendants are they all Abraham’s children. On the contrary, “It is through Isaac that your offspring will be reckoned.”[b](T) In other words, it is not the children by physical descent who are God’s children,(U) but it is the children of the promise who are regarded as Abraham’s offspring.(V) For this was how the promise was stated: “At the appointed time I will return, and Sarah will have a son.”[c](W)

10 Not only that, but Rebekah’s children were conceived at the same time by our father Isaac.(X) 11 Yet, before the twins were born or had done anything good or bad(Y)—in order that God’s purpose(Z) in election might stand: 12 not by works but by him who calls—she was told, “The older will serve the younger.”[d](AA) 13 Just as it is written: “Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.”[e](AB)

14 What then shall we say?(AC) Is God unjust? Not at all!(AD) 15 For he says to Moses,

“I will have mercy on whom I have mercy,
    and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.”[f](AE)

16 It does not, therefore, depend on human desire or effort, but on God’s mercy.(AF) 17 For Scripture says to Pharaoh: “I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display my power in you and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.”[g](AG) 18 Therefore God has mercy on whom he wants to have mercy, and he hardens whom he wants to harden.(AH)

19 One of you will say to me:(AI) “Then why does God still blame us?(AJ) For who is able to resist his will?”(AK) 20 But who are you, a human being, to talk back to God?(AL) “Shall what is formed say to the one who formed it,(AM) ‘Why did you make me like this?’”[h](AN) 21 Does not the potter have the right to make out of the same lump of clay some pottery for special purposes and some for common use?(AO)

22 What if God, although choosing to show his wrath and make his power known, bore with great patience(AP) the objects of his wrath—prepared for destruction?(AQ) 23 What if he did this to make the riches of his glory(AR) known to the objects of his mercy, whom he prepared in advance for glory(AS) 24 even us, whom he also called,(AT) not only from the Jews but also from the Gentiles?(AU) 25 As he says in Hosea:

“I will call them ‘my people’ who are not my people;
    and I will call her ‘my loved one’ who is not my loved one,”[i](AV)

26 and,

“In the very place where it was said to them,
    ‘You are not my people,’
    there they will be called ‘children of the living God.’”[j](AW)

27 Isaiah cries out concerning Israel:

“Though the number of the Israelites be like the sand by the sea,(AX)
    only the remnant will be saved.(AY)
28 For the Lord will carry out
    his sentence on earth with speed and finality.”[k](AZ)

29 It is just as Isaiah said previously:

“Unless the Lord Almighty(BA)
    had left us descendants,
we would have become like Sodom,
    we would have been like Gomorrah.”[l](BB)

Israel’s Unbelief

30 What then shall we say?(BC) That the Gentiles, who did not pursue righteousness, have obtained it, a righteousness that is by faith;(BD) 31 but the people of Israel, who pursued the law as the way of righteousness,(BE) have not attained their goal.(BF) 32 Why not? Because they pursued it not by faith but as if it were by works. They stumbled over the stumbling stone.(BG) 33 As it is written:

“See, I lay in Zion a stone that causes people to stumble
    and a rock that makes them fall,
    and the one who believes in him will never be put to shame.”[m](BH)

Footnotes

  1. Romans 9:5 Or Messiah, who is over all. God be forever praised! Or Messiah. God who is over all be forever praised!
  2. Romans 9:7 Gen. 21:12
  3. Romans 9:9 Gen. 18:10,14
  4. Romans 9:12 Gen. 25:23
  5. Romans 9:13 Mal. 1:2,3
  6. Romans 9:15 Exodus 33:19
  7. Romans 9:17 Exodus 9:16
  8. Romans 9:20 Isaiah 29:16; 45:9
  9. Romans 9:25 Hosea 2:23
  10. Romans 9:26 Hosea 1:10
  11. Romans 9:28 Isaiah 10:22,23 (see Septuagint)
  12. Romans 9:29 Isaiah 1:9
  13. Romans 9:33 Isaiah 8:14; 28:16