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15 Others must remain outside: the dogs,[a] the sorcerers, the sexually immoral, the murderers, the idolaters, and everyone who loves and practices deceit.

16 “Come, Lord Jesus!”[b]“ ‘I, Jesus, sent my angel to you with this testimony for the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David,[c] the bright Morning Star.’ ”

17 The Spirit and the bride say, “Come!” Let each listener say, “Come!” Let everyone who thirsts come forward, and let the one who desires it receive the gift of life-giving water.

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Footnotes

  1. Revelation 22:15 Dogs: they were regarded as despicable creatures; when the term was applied to people it referred to all types of ceremonially unclean persons and also to people of low moral character: e.g., male prostitutes (Deut 23:18) and unfaithful leaders (Isa 56:10).
  2. Revelation 22:16 At its beginning, the Book of Revelation took the form of a letter (Rev 1:4). Now it ends with the classic salutation of a letter—but a salutation preceded by a threat to forgers, who would otherwise be at ease in the exploitation of apocalyptic writings.
  3. Revelation 22:16 The Root and the Offspring of David: see note on Rev 1:5; see also Isa 11:1, 10; Rom 1:3. The bright Morning Star: a beautiful title for Christ, already used in Rev 2:28 to signify his power.

15 Outside(A) are the dogs,(B) those who practice magic arts, the sexually immoral, the murderers, the idolaters and everyone who loves and practices falsehood.

16 “I, Jesus,(C) have sent my angel(D) to give you[a] this testimony for the churches.(E) I am the Root(F) and the Offspring of David,(G) and the bright Morning Star.”(H)

17 The Spirit(I) and the bride(J) say, “Come!” And let the one who hears say, “Come!” Let the one who is thirsty come; and let the one who wishes take the free gift of the water of life.(K)

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Footnotes

  1. Revelation 22:16 The Greek is plural.