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They ask Christ one question, and he asks them another. The parable of the vineyard. Of tribute to be given to Caesar, and how Christ stops the mouths of the Sadducees.

20 And it happened in one of those days, as he taught the people in the temple and preached the gospel, the high priests and the scribes came with the elders and spoke to him, saying, Tell us by what authority you do these things. Or who is it that gave you this authority? He answered and said to them, I also will ask you a question, and answer me. The baptism of John: was it from heaven, or of men?

And they thought within themselves, saying, If we say from heaven, he will say, Why then did you not believe him? But if we say of men, all the people will stone us, because they are persuaded that John is a prophet. And they answered that they did not know where it was from.

And Jesus said to them, Neither will I tell you by what authority I do these things.

Then he began and put forth to the people this similitude: A certain man planted a vineyard and let it out to farmers, and went himself into a far country for a great season. 10 And when the time came, he sent a servant to his tenants, so that they would give him some of the fruits of the vineyard. But the tenants beat him, and sent him away empty-handed. 11 And again he sent yet another servant. And they beat him and grievously used him also, and sent him away empty-handed. 12 Moreover he sent a third too, and him they wounded and cast out.

13 Then said the lord of the vineyard, What shall I do? I will send my dear son; him perhaps they will respect, when they see him. 14 But when the farmers saw him, they thought in themselves, saying, This is the heir; come, let us kill him so that the inheritance can be ours. 15 And they cast him out of the vineyard and killed him. Now, what will the lord of the vineyard do to them? 16 He will come and destroy these farmers, and will let out his vineyard to others.

When they heard that, they said, God forbid!

17 And he looked upon them and said, What then does this mean that is written: The stone that the builders refused, the same is made the head cornerstone; 18 whosoever stumbles at that stone will be broken, but on whomever it falls, it will grind him to powder?

19 And the high priests and the scribes in that same hour went about to lay hands on him, but they feared the people. For they perceived that he had spoken this similitude against them.

20 And they watched him, and sent forth spies who would pretend to be sincere, to take him in his words, and to deliver him to the power and authority of the governor. 21 And they asked him, saying, Teacher, we know that you say and teach right, and do not consider any man’s degree, but teach the way of God truly. 22 Is it lawful for us to pay tribute to Caesar, or no?

23 He perceived their craftiness and said to them, Why do you bait me? 24 Show me a denarius. Whose image and superscription does it have?

They answered and said, Caesar’s.

25 And he said to them, Give then to Caesar that which belongs to Caesar, and to God that which belongs to God.

26 And they could not reprove his saying before the people. But they marvelled at his answer, and held their peace.

27 Then there came to him certain of the Sadducees, who deny that there is any resurrection. 28 And they asked him, saying, Teacher, Moses wrote to us that if any man’s brother dies, leaving a wife but no issue, then his brother should take his wife and raise up seed for his brother. 29 There were seven brethren, and the first took a wife, and died without children. 30 And the second took the wife, but he died childless. 31 And the third took her, and so on likewise the rest of the seven, leaving no children behind them, and died. 32 Last of all, the woman died also. 33 Now at the resurrection, whose wife will she be of the brothers? For seven had her as wife.

34 Jesus answered and said to them, The children of this world marry and are married, 35 but those who will be made worthy to enjoy that world, and the resurrection from death, neither marry, nor are married, 36 nor yet can die any more. For they are like the angels, and are the sons of God inasmuch as they are the children of the resurrection. 37 And that the dead shall rise again, even Moses signified in his account of the bush when he calls the Lord the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. 38 For he is not the God of the dead, but of the living. For all live in him.

39 Then certain of the Pharisees answered and said, Teacher, you have well said. 40 And after that they dared not ask him any question at all.

41 Then he said to them, How is it they say that Christ is David’s son? 42 And David himself says in the book of the Psalms, The Lord said to my Lord, Sit on my right hand, 43 till I make your enemies your footstool. 44 Seeing David calls him Lord, how is he then his son?

45 Then, in the hearing of all the people, Jesus said to his disciples, 46 Beware of the scribes, who desire to go around in long clothing, and love greetings in the markets, the highest seats in the synagogues, and the places of honour at feasts; 47 who devour widows’ houses, and that under a colour of long praying. The same shall receive greater damnation.

Jesus’ Authority Challenged

20 And it happened that on one of the days while[a] he was teaching the people in the temple courts[b] and proclaiming the gospel, the chief priests and the scribes approached together with the elders and said, saying to him, “Tell us, by what authority you are doing these things, or who is the one who gave you this authority? And he answered and[c] said to them, “I also will ask you a question, and you tell me: The baptism of John—was it from heaven or from men? And they discussed this[d] with one another, saying, “If we say ‘From heaven,’ he will say, ‘Why did you not believe him?’ But if we say, ‘From men,’ all the people will stone us to death, because they are convinced that John was a prophet.” And they replied that they did not know where it was from. And Jesus said to them, “Neither will I tell you by what authority I am doing these things.”

The Parable of the Tenant Farmers in the Vineyard

And he began to tell the people this parable: “A man[e] planted a vineyard, and leased it to tenant farmers, and went on a journey for a long time. 10 And at the proper time he sent a slave to the tenant farmers, so that they would give him some of the fruit of the vineyard. But the tenant farmers sent him away empty-handed after[f] beating him.[g] 11 And he proceeded to send another slave, but they beat and dishonored that one also, and[h] sent him[i] away empty-handed. 12 And he proceeded to send a third, but they wounded and[j] threw out this one also. 13 So the owner of the vineyard said, ‘What should I do? I will send my beloved son; perhaps they will respect him.’ 14 But when[k] the tenant farmers saw him, they began to reason[l] with one another, saying, ‘This is the heir. Let us kill him so that the inheritance will become ours!’ 15 And they threw him out of the vineyard and[m] killed him.[n] What then will the owner of the vineyard do to them? 16 He will come and destroy those tenant farmers and give the vineyard to others.” And when they[o] heard this,[p] they said, “May this never happen!” 17 But he looked intently at them and[q] said, “What then is this that is written:

‘The stone which the builders rejected,
    this has become the cornerstone.’[r]

18 Everyone who falls on that stone will be broken to pieces, and the one on whom it falls—it will crush him!” 19 And the scribes and the chief priests sought to lay their[s] hands on him at that same hour, and they were afraid of the people, for they knew that he had told this parable with reference to them.

Paying Taxes to Caesar

20 And they watched him[t] closely and[u] sent spies who pretended they were upright, in order that they could catch him in a statement, so that they could hand him over to the authority and the jurisdiction of the governor. 21 And they asked him, saying, “Teacher, we know that you speak and teach rightly, and do not show partiality,[v] but teach the way of God in truth. 22 Is it permitted for us to pay taxes[w] to Caesar or not?” 23 But seeing through their craftiness, he said to them, 24 “Show me a denarius! Whose image and inscription does it have?” And they answered and[x] said,[y] “Caesar’s.” 25 So he said to them, “Well then, give to Caesar the things of Caesar, and to God the things of God!” 26 And they were not able to catch him[z][aa] in a statement in the sight of the people, and astonished at his answer, they became silent.

A Question About Marriage and the Resurrection

27 Now some of the Sadducees—who deny that there is a resurrection[ab]—came up and[ac] asked him, 28 saying, “Teacher, Moses wrote for us if someone’s brother dies having a wife, and this man is childless, that his brother should take the wife and father[ad] descendants for his brother. 29 Now there were seven brothers, and the first took a wife and[ae] died childless, 30 and the second, 31 and the third took her, and likewise also the seven did not leave children and died. 32 Finally the woman also died. 33 Therefore in the resurrection, the woman—whose wife will she be? For the seven had her as wife.” 34 And Jesus said to them, “The sons of this age marry and are given in marriage, 35 but those who are considered worthy to attain to that age and to the resurrection from the dead neither marry nor are given in marriage, 36 for they are not even able to die any longer, because they are like the angels and are sons of God, because they[af] are sons of the resurrection. 37 But that the dead are raised, even Moses revealed in the passage about[ag] the bush, when he calls the Lord the God of Abraham and the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob. 38 Now he is not God of the dead, but of the living, for all live to him!” 39 And some of the scribes answered and[ah] said, “Teacher, you have spoken well.” 40 For they no longer dared to ask him anything.

David’s Son and Lord

41 But he said to them, “In what sense do they say that the Christ is David’s son? 42 For David himself says in the book of Psalms,

‘The Lord said to my Lord,
    “Sit at my right hand,
43 until I make your enemies
    a footstool for your feet.”’[ai]

44 David therefore calls him ‘Lord,’ and how is he his son?”

Warning to Beware of the Scribes

45 And while[aj] all the people were listening, he said to the disciples,[ak] 46 “Beware of the scribes, who like walking around in long robes and who love greetings in the marketplaces and the best seats in the synagogues and the places of honor at banquets, 47 who devour the houses of widows and pray lengthy prayers for the sake of appearance. These will receive more severe condemnation!”

Footnotes

  1. Luke 20:1 Here “while” is supplied as a component of the temporal genitive absolute participle (“was teaching”)
  2. Luke 20:1 Here “courts” is supplied to distinguish this area from the interior of the temple building itself
  3. Luke 20:3 Here “and” is supplied because the previous participle (“answered”) has been translated as a finite verb
  4. Luke 20:5 Here the direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
  5. Luke 20:9 Some manuscripts have “A certain man”
  6. Luke 20:10 Here “after” is supplied as a component of the participle (“beating”) which is understood as temporal
  7. Luke 20:10 *Here the direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
  8. Luke 20:11 Here “and” is supplied because the two previous participles (“beat” and “dishonored”) have been translated as finite verbs
  9. Luke 20:11 Here the direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
  10. Luke 20:12 Here “and” is supplied because the previous participle (“wounded”) has been translated as a finite verb
  11. Luke 20:14 Here “when” is supplied as a component of the participle (“saw”) which is understood as temporal
  12. Luke 20:14 The imperfect tense has been translated as ingressive here (“began to reason”)
  13. Luke 20:15 Here “and” is supplied because the previous participle (“threw”) has been translated as a finite verb
  14. Luke 20:15 *Here the direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
  15. Luke 20:16 Here “when” is supplied as a component of the participle (“heard”) which is understood as temporal
  16. Luke 20:16 *Here the direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
  17. Luke 20:17 Here “and” is supplied because the previous participle (“looked intently at”) has been translated as a finite verb
  18. Luke 20:17 Literally “the head of the corner”
  19. Luke 20:19 Literally “the”; the Greek article is used here as a possessive pronoun
  20. Luke 20:20 Here the direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
  21. Luke 20:20 Here “and” is supplied because the previous participle (“watched closely”) has been translated as a finite verb
  22. Luke 20:21 Literally “receive face”
  23. Luke 20:22 Or “the tribute tax”
  24. Luke 20:24 Here “and” is supplied because the previous participle (“answered”) has been translated as a finite verb
  25. Luke 20:24 Some manuscripts have “And they said”
  26. Luke 20:26 Here the direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
  27. Luke 20:26 Some manuscripts explicitly state “him”
  28. Luke 20:27 Literally “resurrection not to exist”
  29. Luke 20:27 Here “and” is supplied because the previous participle (“came up”) has been translated as a finite verb
  30. Luke 20:28 Literally “raise up”
  31. Luke 20:29 Here “and” is supplied because the previous participle (“took”) has been translated as a finite verb
  32. Luke 20:36 Here “because” is supplied as a component of the participle (“are”) which is understood as causal
  33. Luke 20:37 The words “the passage about” are not in the Greek text but are implied; here a common form of rabbinic citation is being used to refer to an Old Testament passage
  34. Luke 20:39 Here “and” is supplied because the previous participle (“answered”) has been translated as a finite verb
  35. Luke 20:43 A quotation from Ps 110:1
  36. Luke 20:45 Here “while” is supplied as a component of the temporal genitive absolute participle (“were listening”)
  37. Luke 20:45 Some manuscripts have “to his disciples”

Die Frage nach der Vollmacht von Jesus (Matthäus 21,23‒27; Markus 11,27‒33)

20 An einem dieser Tage lehrte Jesus die Menschen wieder im Tempel und verkündete ihnen die rettende Botschaft. Da traten die obersten Priester, die Schriftgelehrten und die führenden Männer des Volkes an ihn heran und stellten ihn zur Rede: »Sag uns: Woher nimmst du dir das Recht, so aufzutreten? Wer hat dir die Vollmacht dazu gegeben?«

Jesus erwiderte: »Ich will euch eine Gegenfrage stellen. Sagt mir: War Johannes der Täufer von Gott beauftragt zu taufen oder nicht?«

Sie überlegten: »Wenn wir antworten: ›Gott hat ihn gesandt‹, dann wird er fragen: ›Warum habt ihr ihm dann nicht geglaubt?‹ Wenn wir aber bestreiten, dass Gott ihn gesandt hat, dann steinigt uns das Volk; denn alle sind davon überzeugt, dass Johannes ein Prophet war.«

So antworteten sie schließlich: »Wir wissen es nicht!« Darauf entgegnete Jesus: »Dann sage ich euch auch nicht, wer mir die Vollmacht gegeben hat, all diese Dinge zu tun.«

Vom Weinbergbesitzer und den Pächtern (Matthäus 21,33‒46; Markus 12,1‒12)

Nun erzählte Jesus seinen Zuhörern ein Gleichnis: »Ein Mann legte einen Weinberg an. Er verpachtete ihn an einige Weinbauern und reiste für längere Zeit ins Ausland. 10 Zur Zeit der Weinlese beauftragte er einen Knecht, sich von den Weinbauern den vereinbarten Anteil an der Ernte aushändigen zu lassen. Aber sie schlugen den Knecht nieder und jagten ihn mit leeren Händen davon.

11 Da schickte der Besitzer einen zweiten Boten. Aber auch ihn schlugen und verhöhnten die Weinbauern und jagten ihn ohne den fälligen Anteil davon. 12 Er sandte einen dritten. Auch den schlugen sie blutig und vertrieben ihn.

13 ›Was soll ich machen?‹, fragte sich der Besitzer des Weinbergs. ›Ich werde meinen geliebten Sohn schicken. Vor ihm werden sie wohl Achtung haben!‹ 14 Als die Weinbauern aber den Sohn kommen sahen, sagten sie zueinander: ›Das ist der Erbe! Den bringen wir um, und dann gehört der Weinberg uns.‹ 15 Sie stießen ihn aus dem Weinberg hinaus und brachten ihn um.

Was, meint ihr, wird der Besitzer mit diesen Weinbauern machen? 16 Er wird selbst kommen, sie töten und den Weinberg an andere verpachten.«

»So etwas darf niemals geschehen!«, riefen die Zuhörer entsetzt. 17 Da sah Jesus sie an und fragte: »Was bedeutet denn folgende Stelle aus der Heiligen Schrift:

›Der Stein, den die Bauleute weggeworfen haben, weil sie ihn für unbrauchbar hielten, ist zum Grundstein des ganzen Hauses geworden‹[a]

18 Und er fügte hinzu: »Wer auf diesen Stein fällt, wird sich zu Tode stürzen, und auf wen der Stein fällt, der wird von ihm zermalmt.«

19 Am liebsten hätten die Schriftgelehrten und die obersten Priester Jesus auf der Stelle festgenommen. Sie hatten verstanden, dass er in diesem Gleichnis von ihnen gesprochen hatte. Aber sie wagten sich nicht an ihn heran, weil sie vor dem Volk Angst hatten.

Die Frage nach der Steuer (Matthäus 22,15‒22; Markus 12,13‒17)

20 Die obersten Priester und die Schriftgelehrten ließen Jesus bespitzeln. Sie schickten einige Männer zu ihm, die vorgeben sollten, ihnen läge die Erfüllung des Gesetzes besonders am Herzen. Sie sollten ihn zu einer verfänglichen Aussage verleiten, damit man ihn an den römischen Statthalter ausliefern konnte.

21 Die Leute kamen also zu Jesus und fragten ihn scheinheilig: »Lehrer, was du sagst und lehrst, ist richtig; das wissen wir. Du fragst nicht danach, welches Ansehen die Leute besitzen, sondern sagst uns frei heraus, wie wir nach Gottes Willen leben sollen. 22 Deshalb sage uns: Ist es eigentlich Gottes Wille, dass wir dem römischen Kaiser Steuern zahlen, oder nicht?«

23 Jesus durchschaute ihre List und sagte: 24 »Zeigt mir ein Geldstück! Wessen Bild und Name sind hier eingeprägt?« Sie antworteten: »Die des Kaisers!« 25 Da sagte Jesus zu ihnen: »Nun, dann gebt dem Kaiser, was ihm zusteht, und gebt Gott, was ihm gehört!«

26 So war es ihnen nicht gelungen, Jesus vor allen Leuten zu einer verfänglichen Aussage zu verleiten. Sie waren von seiner Antwort so überrascht, dass sie schwiegen.

Werden die Toten auferstehen? (Matthäus 22,23‒33.46; Markus 12,18‒27.34)

27 Später kamen einige Sadduzäer zu Jesus. Diese Leute behaupten, es gebe keine Auferstehung der Toten. 28 Sie fragten ihn: »Lehrer, Mose hat uns im Gesetz gesagt: ›Wenn ein verheirateter Mann stirbt und eine Frau hinterlässt, aber keine Kinder, dann muss sein Bruder die Witwe heiraten und dafür sorgen, dass der Verstorbene doch noch einen Nachkommen erhält.‹[b]

29 Nun gab es da sieben Brüder. Der erste heiratete und starb kinderlos. 30 Darauf heiratete sein Bruder die Witwe, aber auch in dieser Ehe wurden keine Kinder geboren. 31 So ging es weiter, bis alle sieben mit ihr verheiratet gewesen waren. Kinder aber hatten sie nicht bekommen. 32 Schließlich starb auch die Frau. 33 Wessen Frau wird sie nun nach der Auferstehung sein? Schließlich waren ja alle sieben Brüder mit ihr verheiratet.«

34 Jesus antwortete: »Ehen zu schließen ist eine Sache dieser gegenwärtigen Welt. 35 Die Menschen aber, die von den Toten auferstehen und in die zukünftige Welt kommen dürfen, werden nicht mehr wie hier auf der Erde heiraten. 36 Denn sie können ja auch nicht mehr sterben und müssen deshalb nicht für Nachkommen sorgen. Als Menschen, die vom Tod auferstanden sind, gleichen sie den Engeln: Sie sind Kinder Gottes. 37 Schon Mose hat uns wissen lassen, dass es eine Auferstehung gibt. Als der Herr ihm am Dornbusch begegnete, nannte Mose ihn den Gott Abrahams, Isaaks und Jakobs.[c] 38 Gott ist doch nicht ein Gott der Toten, sondern der Lebenden. Für ihn sind alle lebendig.« 39 Einige Schriftgelehrte stimmten ihm zu: »Das hast du gut gesagt, Lehrer.« 40 Jetzt wagte niemand mehr, weitere Fragen zu stellen.

Wer ist der Christus? (Matthäus 22,41‒46; Markus 12,35‒37)

41 Dann stellte Jesus ihnen eine Frage: »Wie kann es sein, dass man behauptet, der Christus, der von Gott erwählte Retter, sei ein Nachkomme von König David? 42 David selbst schreibt doch im Buch der Psalmen:

›Gott, der Herr, sprach zu meinem Herrn: Setze dich auf den Ehrenplatz an meiner rechten Seite, 43 bis ich dir alle deine Feinde unterworfen habe und du deinen Fuß auf ihren Nacken setzt!‹[d]

44 Wenn David den Christus also ›Herr‹ nennt, wie kann er dann Davids Nachkomme sein?«

Die Heuchelei der Schriftgelehrten (Matthäus 23,1‒13; Markus 12,38‒40)

45 Vor allen Leuten, die sich um sie versammelt hatten, forderte Jesus seine Jünger auf: 46 »Hütet euch vor den Schriftgelehrten! Sie laufen gern in langen Gewändern herum, und es gefällt ihnen, wenn die Leute sie auf der Straße ehrfurchtsvoll grüßen. In der Synagoge sitzen sie am liebsten in der ersten Reihe, und bei den Festen wollen sie die Ehrenplätze bekommen. 47 Gierig reißen sie den Besitz der Witwen an sich, und ihre langen Gebete sollen bei den Leuten Eindruck schinden. Gottes Strafe wird sie besonders hart treffen.«

Footnotes

  1. 20,17 Psalm 118,22
  2. 20,28 Vgl. 5. Mose 25,5‒6. Der erste Sohn, der in einer solchen Ehe geboren wurde, galt dann als Nachkomme des Verstorbenen und trug dessen Namen.
  3. 20,37 Vgl. 2. Mose 3,6.
  4. 20,43 Psalm 110,1