John 11
New Matthew Bible
Christ raises Lazarus from death. The high priests and Pharisees gather a council against him. He gets himself out of the way.
11 A certain man was sick, named Lazarus of Bethany, the town of Mary and her sister Martha. 2 It was that Mary who had anointed Jesus with oyntment and wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother Lazarus was sick. 3 And his sisters sent to him, saying, Lord, behold, he whom you love is sick.
4 When Jesus heard that, he said, This infirmity is not unto death, but for the laud of God, so that the Son of God may be praised by reason of it.
5 Jesus loved Martha and her sister and Lazarus. 6 Then, after he had heard that he was sick, he remained still two days in the same place where he was.
7 Then after that he said to his disciples, Let us go into Judea again. 8 His disciples said to him, Master, lately the Jews tried to stone you, and will you go there again? 9 Jesus answered, Are there not twelve hours in the day? If a man walks in the day, he does not stumble, because he sees the light of this world. 10 But if a man walks in the night, he stumbles, because there is no light in him.
11 This he said, and after that he said to them, Our friend Lazarus sleeps, but I go to wake him out of sleep. 12 Then his disciples said, Lord, if he sleeps he will do well enough. 13 However, Jesus was speaking of his death. But they thought that he had spoken of the natural sleep. 14 Then Jesus said to them plainly, Lazarus is dead. 15 And I am glad for your sakes that I was not there, so that you may believe. But let us go to him.
16 Then Thomas who is called Didymus said to the disciples, Let us also go, so that we may die with him.
17 Then Jesus went, and found that Lazarus had lain in his grave four days already. 18 Bethany was near Jerusalem, about fifteen furlongs off, 19 and many of the Jews had come to Martha and Mary to comfort them over their brother. 20 Martha, as soon as she heard that Jesus was coming, went and met him, but Mary sat still in the house.
21 Then Martha said to Jesus, Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not be dead. 22 But nevertheless, I know that whatever you ask of God, God will give you. 23 Jesus said to her, Your brother will rise again. 24 Martha said to him, I know that he will rise again in the resurrection at the last day.
25 Jesus said to her, I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes on me, yea though he be dead, yet shall he live. 26 And whoever lives and believes on me shall never die. Do you believe this?
27 She said to him, Yes, Lord. I believe that you are Christ, the Son of God who was to come into the world.
28 And as soon as she had so said, she went her way and called Mary her sister quietly, saying, The Teacher has come and is calling for you. 29 And Mary, as soon as she heard that, arose quickly and went to him.
30 Jesus had not yet come into the town, but was in the place where Martha met him. 31 Then the Jews who were with Mary in the house and comforting her, when they saw that she rose up hastily and went out, followed her, saying, She is going to the grave, to weep there.
32 Then when Mary arrived where Jesus was and saw him, she fell down at his feet, saying to him, Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not be dead.
33 When Jesus saw her weep, and the Jews who came with her also weep, he groaned in the spirit, and was troubled in himself, 34 and said, Where have you laid him? They said to him, Lord, come and see. 35 And Jesus wept. 36 Then the Jews said, See how he loved him! 37 And some of them said, Could not he who opened the eyes of the blind, have made also that this man should not have died? 38 Jesus again groaned in himself, and came to the grave. It was a cave, and a stone lay against it. 39 And Jesus said, Take away the stone.
Martha, the sister of him who was dead, said to him, Lord, by this time he will smell, for he has been dead four days. 40 Jesus said to her, Did I not say to you that if you believed, you would see the glory of God?
41 Then they took away the stone from the place where the dead man was laid. And Jesus lifted up his eyes and said, Father, I thank you, because you have heard me. 42 I know that you hear me always. But because of the people that stand by, I said this – so that they may believe that you have sent me.
43 And when he thus had spoken, he cried with a loud voice, Lazarus, come forth! 44 And he that was dead came forth wrapped hand and foot with grave bonds, and his face was bound about with a headcloth.
Jesus said to them, Loose him and let him go.
45 Then many of the Jews who had come to Mary and seen the things that Jesus did, believed on him. 46 But some of them went their ways to the Pharisees and told them what Jesus had done.
47 Then the high priests and the Pharisees gathered a council and said, What should we do? This man does many miracles. 48 If we let him go on this way, everyone will believe on him, and the Romans will come and take away our country and the people.
49 And one of them named Caiaphas, who was the high priest that same year, said to them, You perceive nothing at all, 50 nor yet consider that it is better for us that one man die for the people, and not that all the people perish. 51 This he spoke not of himself, but, being high priest that same year, he prophesied that Jesus would die for the people – 52 and not for the people only, but that he would gather together in one the children of God that were scattered abroad.
53 From that day forth they took counsel together about how to put him to death. 54 Jesus therefore no longer walked openly among the Jews, but went his way from there to a region near to a wilderness, into a village called Ephraim, and there continued with his disciples.
55 And the Jews’ Passover was at hand, and many people went out of the country up to Jerusalem before the Passover, to purify themselves. 56 Then they sought for Jesus, and spoke between themselves as they stood in the temple: What do you think, seeing he is not coming to the feast? 57 The high priests and Pharisees had given a commandment that if anyone knew where he was, they should report it so that they might seize him.
约翰福音 11
Chinese Contemporary Bible (Simplified)
拉撒路病死
11 伯大尼村有个名叫拉撒路的人病倒了。伯大尼是玛丽亚和她姐姐玛大居住的村庄。 2 就是这个玛丽亚后来用香膏抹主，又用自己的头发擦干祂的脚，患病的拉撒路是她的弟弟。 3 她们姊妹两个托人去告诉耶稣，说：“主啊，你所爱的人病了！”
4 耶稣听见后，说：“这病不会致命，而是为了上帝的荣耀，使祂的儿子借此得到荣耀。” 5 耶稣一向爱玛大、玛丽亚和拉撒路， 6 可是祂听到拉撒路有病的消息后，仍逗留了两天， 7 然后才对门徒说：“我们去犹太吧！”
8 门徒说：“老师，犹太人近来想拿石头打你，你还要去那里吗？”
9 耶稣说：“白天不是有十二个小时吗？人在白天走路，不会跌倒，因为他看得见这世上的光。 10 人在夜间走路，才会跌倒，因为没有光。” 11 接着耶稣又说：“我们的朋友拉撒路已经睡了，我去叫醒他。”
12 门徒说：“主啊，如果他睡了，肯定会好的。” 13 其实耶稣是指他已经死了，门徒却以为他真的睡了。
14 于是，耶稣清楚地对他们说：“拉撒路死了。 15 为了你们的缘故，我很高兴自己不在那里，好叫你们信我。现在我们可以去了。” 16 绰号“双胞胎”的多马对其他门徒说：“我们也去，好跟祂一块儿死吧。”
拉撒路死而复活
17 耶稣到了伯大尼，得知拉撒路已经在坟墓里四天了。 18 伯大尼离耶路撒冷不远，大约只有三公里的路， 19 很多犹太人来看玛大和玛丽亚，为她们兄弟的事来安慰她们。
20 玛大听说耶稣来了，就去迎接祂，玛丽亚却仍然坐在家里。 21 玛大对耶稣说：“主啊，你如果早在这里，我弟弟就不会死了。 22 就是现在我也知道你无论向上帝求什么，上帝必定赐给你。”
23 耶稣说：“你弟弟必定复活。”
24 玛大说：“我知道，在末日复活的时候，他必复活。”
25 耶稣说：“我是复活，我是生命。信我的人虽然死了，也必复活。 26 凡活着信我的人必永远不死。你相信吗？”
27 玛大说：“主啊，我信！我相信你是来到世界的基督，是上帝的儿子。”
28 玛大说完了，就回去悄悄地告诉她妹妹玛丽亚：“老师来了，祂叫你去。”
29 玛丽亚听了，急忙起来到耶稣那里。 30 那时，耶稣还没有进村子，仍在玛大迎接祂的地方。 31 那些在家里安慰玛丽亚的犹太人，见她匆匆忙忙地跑了出去，以为她要去坟墓那里哭，就跟着出去。
32 玛丽亚来到耶稣那里，俯伏在祂脚前说：“主啊，你如果早在这里，我弟弟就不会死了。”
33 耶稣看见她和陪她来的犹太人都在哭，心中感动，十分难过， 34 便问：“你们把他葬在哪里了？”
他们答道：“主啊，你来看。”
35 耶稣哭了。
36 犹太人说：“你看！祂多么爱拉撒路啊！”
37 其中也有人说：“祂既然能医好瞎眼的人，难道不能叫这个人不死吗？”
38 耶稣又十分感动地来到坟墓前。那坟墓是个洞，洞口堵着一块大石头。
39 耶稣说：“把石头挪开。”
死者的姐姐玛大对祂说：“主啊，他死了四天了，已经臭了。”
40 耶稣说：“我不是跟你说过，只要你信，就会看见上帝的荣耀吗？”
41 于是，他们把石头挪开，耶稣望着天说：“父啊，我感谢你，因为你已垂听了我的祷告， 42 我知道你常常垂听我的祷告。我这样说是为了周围站着的众人，好叫他们相信是你差了我来。”
43 说完，就大声呼喊：“拉撒路，出来！” 44 那死者就出来了，手脚都缠着布条，脸上也包着布。
耶稣对他们说：“给他解开，让他走！”
谋害耶稣
45 许多来看玛丽亚的犹太人看见耶稣所行的事，就信了祂， 46 但也有些人去见法利赛人，把耶稣所行的事告诉他们。 47 祭司长和法利赛人便召开公会会议，说：“这人行了这么多神迹，我们该怎么办呢？ 48 如果让祂这样继续下去，所有的人都会信祂，那时罗马人一定会来夺取我们的土地，掳掠我们的人民。”
49 当年担任大祭司的该亚法对他们说：“你们什么都不懂！ 50 你们没有认识到，祂一个人替众人死，而不是整个民族灭亡，对你们来说更好。” 51 其实这句话不是出于他自己，只因那年他是大祭司，上帝借着他预言耶稣将要替犹太民族死。 52 祂不单是要替犹太民族死，也要把散居在各处的上帝的儿女聚集在一起。
53 从那天起，他们就计划要杀害耶稣， 54 所以耶稣不再公开地在犹太人中间露面。祂离开伯大尼，前往靠近旷野的地方，到了以法莲城，就和门徒住下来。
55 犹太人的逾越节快到了，有很多人从乡下上耶路撒冷，预备在过节前洁净自己。 56 他们四处寻找耶稣，又彼此在圣殿里谈论：“你们怎么想？祂不会来过节吧？” 57 当时祭司长和法利赛人早已下令，如果有人知道耶稣在哪里，就来报告，他们好去抓祂。
John 11
New American Bible (Revised Edition)
Chapter 11
The Raising of Lazarus.[a] 1 Now a man was ill, Lazarus from Bethany,(A) the village of Mary and her sister Martha. 2 Mary was the one who had anointed the Lord with perfumed oil and dried his feet with her hair; it was her brother Lazarus who was ill. 3 So the sisters sent word to him, saying, “Master, the one you love is ill.” 4 When Jesus heard this he said, “This illness is not to end in death,[b] but is for the glory of God, that the Son of God may be glorified through it.”(B) 5 Now Jesus loved Martha and her sister and Lazarus. 6 So when he heard that he was ill, he remained for two days in the place where he was. 7 Then after this he said to his disciples, “Let us go back to Judea.” 8 The disciples said to him, “Rabbi, the Jews were just trying to stone you, and you want to go back there?”(C) 9 Jesus answered, “Are there not twelve hours in a day? If one walks during the day,(D) he does not stumble, because he sees the light of this world.(E) 10 But if one walks at night, he stumbles, because the light is not in him.”[c] 11 He said this, and then told them, “Our friend Lazarus is asleep, but I am going to awaken him.” 12 So the disciples said to him, “Master, if he is asleep, he will be saved.” 13 But Jesus was talking about his death, while they thought that he meant ordinary sleep.(F) 14 So then Jesus said to them clearly, “Lazarus has died. 15 And I am glad for you that I was not there, that you may believe. Let us go to him.” 16 So Thomas, called Didymus,[d] said to his fellow disciples, “Let us also go to die with him.”(G)
17 When Jesus arrived, he found that Lazarus had already been in the tomb for four days. 18 Now Bethany was near Jerusalem, only about two miles[e] away. 19 And many of the Jews had come to Martha and Mary to comfort them about their brother.(H) 20 When Martha heard that Jesus was coming, she went to meet him; but Mary sat at home. 21 Martha said to Jesus, “Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died.(I) 22 [But] even now I know that whatever you ask of God, God will give you.” 23 Jesus said to her, “Your brother will rise.” 24 Martha said to him, “I know he will rise, in the resurrection on the last day.”(J) 25 Jesus told her, “I am the resurrection and the life; whoever believes in me, even if he dies, will live,(K) 26 and everyone who lives and believes in me will never die. Do you believe this?” 27 [f](L)She said to him, “Yes, Lord. I have come to believe that you are the Messiah, the Son of God, the one who is coming into the world.”
28 When she had said this, she went and called her sister Mary secretly, saying, “The teacher is here and is asking for you.” 29 As soon as she heard this, she rose quickly and went to him. 30 For Jesus had not yet come into the village, but was still where Martha had met him. 31 So when the Jews who were with her in the house comforting her saw Mary get up quickly and go out, they followed her, presuming that she was going to the tomb to weep there. 32 When Mary came to where Jesus was and saw him, she fell at his feet and said to him, “Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died.” 33 When Jesus saw her weeping and the Jews who had come with her weeping, he became perturbed[g] and deeply troubled, 34 and said, “Where have you laid him?” They said to him, “Sir, come and see.” 35 And Jesus wept.(M) 36 So the Jews said, “See how he loved him.” 37 But some of them said, “Could not the one who opened the eyes of the blind man have done something so that this man would not have died?”
38 So Jesus, perturbed again, came to the tomb. It was a cave, and a stone lay across it. 39 Jesus said, “Take away the stone.” Martha, the dead man’s sister, said to him, “Lord, by now there will be a stench; he has been dead for four days.” 40 Jesus said to her, “Did I not tell you that if you believe you will see the glory of God?” 41 So they took away the stone. And Jesus raised his eyes and said, “Father,[h] I thank you for hearing me. 42 I know that you always hear me; but because of the crowd here I have said this, that they may believe that you sent me.”(N) 43 And when he had said this, he cried out in a loud voice,[i] “Lazarus, come out!” 44 The dead man came out, tied hand and foot with burial bands, and his face was wrapped in a cloth. So Jesus said to them, “Untie him and let him go.”
Session of the Sanhedrin. 45 Now many of the Jews who had come to Mary and seen what he had done began to believe in him.(O) 46 But some of them went to the Pharisees and told them what Jesus had done. 47 So the chief priests and the Pharisees convened the Sanhedrin and said, “What are we going to do? This man is performing many signs.(P) 48 If we leave him alone, all will believe in him, and the Romans will come[j] and take away both our land and our nation.” 49 (Q)But one of them, Caiaphas, who was high priest that year,[k] said to them, “You know nothing, 50 nor do you consider that it is better for you that one man should die instead of the people, so that the whole nation may not perish.” 51 He did not say this on his own, but since he was high priest for that year, he prophesied that Jesus was going to die for the nation, 52 and not only for the nation, but also to gather into one the dispersed children of God.[l] 53 So from that day on they planned to kill him.(R)
54 So Jesus no longer walked about in public among the Jews, but he left for the region near the desert, to a town called Ephraim,[m] and there he remained with his disciples.
The Last Passover. 55 Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up from the country to Jerusalem before Passover to purify[n] themselves.(S) 56 They looked for Jesus and said to one another as they were in the temple area, “What do you think? That he will not come to the feast?” 57 For the chief priests and the Pharisees had given orders that if anyone knew where he was, he should inform them, so that they might arrest him.
Footnotes
- 11:1–44 The raising of Lazarus, the longest continuous narrative in John outside of the passion account, is the climax of the signs. It leads directly to the decision of the Sanhedrin to kill Jesus. The theme of life predominates. Lazarus is a token of the real life that Jesus dead and raised will give to all who believe in him. Johannine irony is found in the fact that Jesus’ gift of life leads to his own death. The story is not found in the synoptics, but cf. Mk 5:21 and parallels; Lk 7:11–17. There are also parallels between this story and Luke’s parable of the rich man and poor Lazarus (Lk 16:19–31). In both a man named Lazarus dies; in Luke, there is a request that he return to convince his contemporaries of the need for faith and repentance, while in John, Lazarus does return and some believe but others do not.
- 11:4 Not to end in death: this is misunderstood by the disciples as referring to physical death, but it is meant as spiritual death.
- 11:10 The light is not in him: the ancients apparently did not grasp clearly the entry of light through the eye; they seem to have thought of it as being in the eye; cf. Lk 11:34; Mt 6:23.
- 11:16 Called Didymus: Didymus is the Greek word for twin. Thomas is derived from the Aramaic word for twin; in an ancient Syriac version and in the Gospel of Thomas (80:11–12) his given name, Judas, is supplied.
- 11:18 About two miles: literally, “about fifteen stades”; a stade was 607 feet.
- 11:27 The titles here are a summary of titles given to Jesus earlier in the gospel.
- 11:33 Became perturbed: a startling phrase in Greek, literally, “He snorted in spirit,” perhaps in anger at the presence of evil (death).
- 11:41 Father: in Aramaic, ’abbā’. See note on Mk 14:36.
- 11:43 Cried out in a loud voice: a dramatization of Jn 5:28; “the hour is coming when all who are in the tombs will hear his voice.”
- 11:48 The Romans will come: Johannine irony; this is precisely what happened after Jesus’ death.
- 11:49 That year: emphasizes the conjunction of the office and the year. Actually, Caiaphas was high priest A.D. 18–36. The Jews attributed a gift of prophecy, sometimes unconscious, to the high priest.
- 11:52 Dispersed children of God: perhaps the “other sheep” of Jn 10:16.
- 11:54 Ephraim is usually located about twelve miles northeast of Jerusalem, where the mountains descend into the Jordan valley.
- 11:55 Purify: prescriptions for purity were based on Ex 19:10–11, 15; Nm 9:6–14; 2 Chr 30:1–3, 15–18.
John 11
American Standard Version
11 Now a certain man was sick, Lazarus of Bethany, of the village of Mary and her sister Martha. 2 And it was that Mary who anointed the Lord with ointment, and wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother Lazarus was sick. 3 The sisters therefore sent unto him, saying, Lord, behold, he whom thou lovest is sick. 4 But when Jesus heard it, he said, This sickness is not unto death, but for the glory of God, that the Son of God may be glorified thereby. 5 Now Jesus loved Martha, and her sister, and Lazarus. 6 When therefore he heard that he was sick, he abode at that time two days in the place where he was. 7 Then after this he saith to the disciples, Let us go into Judaea again. 8 The disciples say unto him, Rabbi, the Jews were but now seeking to stone thee; and goest thou thither again? 9 Jesus answered, Are there not twelve hours in the day? If a man walk in the day, he stumbleth not, because he seeth the light of this world. 10 But if a man walk in the night, he stumbleth, because the light is not in him. 11 These things spake he: and after this he saith unto them, Our friend Lazarus is fallen asleep; but I go, that I may awake him out of sleep. 12 The disciples therefore said unto him, Lord, if he is fallen asleep, he will [a]recover. 13 Now Jesus had spoken of his death: but they thought that he spake of taking rest in sleep. 14 Then Jesus therefore said unto them plainly, Lazarus is dead. 15 And I am glad for your sakes that I was not there, to the intent ye may believe; nevertheless let us go unto him. 16 Thomas therefore, who is called [b]Didymus, said unto his fellow-disciples, Let us also go, that we may die with him.
17 So when Jesus came, he found that he had been in the tomb four days already. 18 Now Bethany was nigh unto Jerusalem, about fifteen furlongs off; 19 and many of the Jews had come to Martha and Mary, to console them concerning their brother. 20 Martha therefore, when she heard that Jesus was coming, went and met him: but Mary still sat in the house. 21 Martha therefore said unto Jesus, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died. 22 And even now I know that, whatsoever thou shalt ask of God, God will give thee. 23 Jesus saith unto her, Thy brother shall rise again. 24 Martha saith unto him, I know that he shall rise again in the resurrection at the last day. 25 Jesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth on me, though he die, yet shall he live; 26 and whosoever liveth and believeth on me shall never die. Believest thou this? 27 She saith unto him, Yea, Lord: I have believed that thou art the Christ, the Son of God, even he that cometh into the world. 28 And when she had said this, she went away, and called Mary [c]her sister secretly, saying, The Teacher is here, and calleth thee. 29 And she, when she heard it, arose quickly, and went unto him. 30 (Now Jesus was not yet come into the village, but was still in the place where Martha met him.) 31 The Jews then who were with her in the house, and were consoling her, when they saw Mary, that she rose up quickly and went out, followed her, supposing that she was going unto the tomb to [d]weep there. 32 Mary therefore, when she came where Jesus was, and saw him, fell down at his feet, saying unto him, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died. 33 When Jesus therefore saw her [e]weeping, and the Jews also [f]weeping who came with her, he [g]groaned in the spirit, and [h]was troubled, 34 and said, Where have ye laid him? They say unto him, Lord, come and see. 35 Jesus wept. 36 The Jews therefore said, Behold how he loved him! 37 But some of them said, Could not this man, who opened the eyes of him that was blind, have caused that this man also should not die? 38 Jesus therefore again [i]groaning in himself cometh to the tomb. Now it was a cave, and a stone lay [j]against it. 39 Jesus saith, Take ye away the stone. Martha, the sister of him that was dead, saith unto him, Lord, by this time [k]the body decayeth; for he hath been dead four days. 40 Jesus saith unto her, Said I not unto thee, that, if thou believedst, thou shouldest see the glory of God? 41 So they took away the stone. And Jesus lifted up his eyes, and said, Father, I thank thee that thou heardest me. 42 And I knew that thou hearest me always: but because of the multitude that standeth around I said it, that they may believe that thou didst send me. 43 And when he had thus spoken, he cried with a loud voice, Lazarus, come forth. 44 He that was dead came forth, bound hand and foot with [l]grave-clothes; and his face was bound about with a napkin. Jesus saith unto them, Loose him, and let him go.
45 Many therefore of the Jews, who came to Mary and beheld [m]that which he did, believed on him. 46 But some of them went away to the Pharisees, and told them the things which Jesus had done.
47 The chief priests therefore and the Pharisees gathered a council, and said, What do we? for this man doeth many signs. 48 If we let him thus alone, all men will believe on him: and the Romans will come and take away both our place and our nation. 49 But a certain one of them, Caiaphas, being high priest that year, said unto them, Ye know nothing at all, 50 nor do ye take account that it is expedient for you that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation perish not. 51 Now this he said not of himself: but being high priest that year, he prophesied that Jesus should die for the nation; 52 and not for the nation only, but that he might also gather together into one the children of God that are scattered abroad. 53 So from that day forth they took counsel that they might put him to death.
54 Jesus therefore walked no more openly among the Jews, but departed thence into the country near to the wilderness, into a city called Ephraim; and there he tarried with the disciples. 55 Now the passover of the Jews was at hand: and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the passover, to purify themselves. 56 They sought therefore for Jesus, and spake one with another, as they stood in the temple, What think ye? That he will not come to the feast? 57 Now the chief priests and the Pharisees had given commandment, that, if any man knew where he was, he should show it, that they might take him.
Footnotes
- John 11:12 Greek be saved.
- John 11:16 That is, Twin.
- John 11:28 Or, her sister, saying secretly
- John 11:31 Greek wail.
- John 11:33 Greek wailing.
- John 11:33 Greek wailing.
- John 11:33 Or, was moved with indignation in the spirit
- John 11:33 Greek troubled himself.
- John 11:38 Or, being moved with indignation in himself
- John 11:38 Or, upon
- John 11:39 Greek he stinketh.
- John 11:44 Or, grave-bands
- John 11:45 Many ancient authorities read the things which he did.
Copyright © 2016 by Ruth Magnusson (Davis). Includes emendations to February 2022. All rights reserved.
Chinese Contemporary Bible Copyright © 1979, 2005, 2007, 2011 by Biblica® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.
Scripture texts, prefaces, introductions, footnotes and cross references used in this work are taken from the New American Bible, revised edition © 2010, 1991, 1986, 1970 Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Inc., Washington, DC All Rights Reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.
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