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ヨハネの福音書 1
Japanese Living Bible

キリストこそほんとうの光

1 1-2 まだこの世界に何もない時から、キリストは神と共におられました。キリストは、いつの時代にも生きておられます。キリストは神だからです。 3 このキリストが、すべてのものをお造りになりました。そうでないものは一つもありません。 4 キリストには永遠のいのちがあります。全人類に光を与えるいのちです。 5 そのいのちは暗闇の中でさんぜんと輝いていて、どんな暗闇もこの光を消すことはできません。

6-7 イエス・キリストこそほんとうの光です。このことを証言させるために、神はバプテスマのヨハネをお遣わしになりました。 8 ヨハネ自身は光ではなく、ただその光を指し示す証人にすぎません。 9 後に、ほんとうの光である方が来て、全世界の人々を照らしてくださったのです。

10 ところが、世界を造った方が来られたというのに、だれもこの方に気づきませんでした。 11-12 ご自分の国に来ながら、ご自分の民に受け入れられなかったのです。この方を心から喜び迎えたのは、ほんのわずかな人たちだけでしたが、受け入れた人はみな、この方から神の子どもとなる特権をいただきました。それにはただ、この方が救ってくださると信じればよかったのです。 13 信じる人はだれでも、新しく生まれ変わります。それは、人間の熱意や計画によるものではありません。神がそう望まれたからです。

14 キリストは人間となり、この地上で私たちと共に生活なさいました。彼は恵みと真実のお方でした。私たちは、この方の栄光を目のあたりにしました。それは天の父である神の、ひとり子としての栄光でした。 15 バプテスマのヨハネは、人々にキリストを紹介しました。「私が今まで、『まもなく来られる方は、私よりはるかに偉大な方だ。私が生まれるずっと前からおられたからだ』と言ってきたのは、まさにこの方のことです。」 16 この方の恵みは尽きることがありません。私たちはみな、次から次へと、あふれるばかりに恵みをいただきました。 17 モーセはきびしい命令と戒めとを与えましたが、イエス・キリストはその上に、愛に満ちた赦しの道を備えてくださったのです。 18 いまだかつて、実際に神を見た人はいません。しかし、神のひとり子だけは別です。御子は父なる神といつもいっしょですから、神について知っていることを教えてくださいました。

バプテスマのヨハネの証言

19 ユダヤ人の指導者たちは、エルサレムから、祭司とその助手たちとをバプテスマのヨハネのもとへ派遣し、「あなたはキリスト（ギリシャ語で、救い主）なのか」と問いたださせました。 20 ヨハネは、「私はキリストではない」と、きっぱり否定しました。 21 「では、いったいだれか。エリヤか。」「いや、違う。」「すると、あの預言者か。」「いや。」 22 「では、いったい何者か。はっきりしてくれ。私たちは帰って報告しなければならないのだ。あなたはだれなのか。」 23 「私は、イザヤが預言した、あの荒野から聞こえる叫び声です。『主を迎える準備をせよ』（イザヤ40・3）と叫ぶ声、それが私です。」 24-25 パリサイ人（特に律法を守ることに熱心なユダヤ教の一派）から派遣された人たちは、なおもヨハネに問いました。「キリストでも、エリヤでも、あの預言者でもないのなら、いったいどんな資格でバプテスマ（洗礼）を授けているのか。」 26 ヨハネは答えました。「私はただ、水でバプテスマを授けているだけです。しかし、ここにいる人々の中には、あなたがたのまだ知らない方がおられます。 27 まもなく、あなたがたの間で働きを始められるでしょう。私にはその方のしもべとなる資格もないのです。」 28 このことがあったのは、ヨハネがバプテスマを授けていたヨルダン川の東岸にある、ベタニヤ村でのことです。

29 その翌日、ヨハネはイエスが来られるのを見て、言いました。「ごらんなさい。この方こそ、世の人々の罪を取り除く神の小羊です。 30 私が、『まもなく、私よりはるかに偉大な方がおいでになる。私よりずっと前からおられる方だ』と話していたのは、この方のことだったのです。 31 最初、私もこの方がキリストであるとはわかりませんでした。しかし、私がここで水のバプテスマを授けているのは、まさにこの方を、イスラエルの人々に紹介するためだったのです。」 32 ヨハネはさらに続けました。「確かに、聖霊が鳩のように天から下り、この方の上にとどまられるのを見ました。 33 それまでは私も、この方がキリストだとはわかりませんでした。しかし、バプテスマを授けさせるために私を遣わす時、神がこう言われたのです。『もし、聖霊がだれかに下り、その上にとどまるのを見たら、その方こそ、あなたの捜し求めている方、聖霊のバプテスマをお授けになる方である。』 34 そのとおりのことが、この方に起こりました。しっかりこの目で見たのです。この方は神の子にまちがいありません。」

イエス、弟子を集める

35 その翌日、ヨハネは二人の弟子といっしょに立っていました。 36 目を上げると、イエスが歩いておられるではありませんか。その姿をじっと見つめながら、ヨハネは、「ごらんなさい。神の小羊です」と言いました。 37 これを聞いた弟子は二人とも、急いでイエスのあとを追いかけました。 38 その足音にイエスはふり向き、二人を見てお尋ねになりました。「何かご用ですか。」「先生。今、どちらにお泊まりですか。」 39 「いっしょに来なさい。すぐにわかります。」こう言われて二人は、イエスの泊まっておられる所までついて行きました。午後四時ごろのことでした。その日二人は、それからずっとイエスといっしょにいました。 40 二人のうち一人は、シモン・ペテロの兄弟アンデレでした。 41 それからアンデレはシモンを捜し出し、「とうとうメシヤ（ヘブル語で、救い主）にお会いしたよ」と言いました。 42 そして、彼をイエスのところへ連れて行きました。イエスはシモンをじっと見つめ、「あなたはヨハネの子シモンですね。これからは、ペテロ（岩）と呼びましょう」と言われました。

43 その翌日、イエスはガリラヤへ出発されました。途中、ピリポを見つけ、「さあ、ついて来なさい」と言われました。 44 ピリポはアンデレやペテロと同郷で、ベツサイダの出身でした。 45 ピリポはナタナエルを捜しに行き、会うなり言いました。「私たちはメシヤにお会いした。モーセや預言者たちが言った、あのお方のことだよ。ナザレ出身のイエスという方で、ヨセフという人の息子さんだそうだ。」 46 「ナザレだって！」ナタナエルはびっくりしました。「あんな所から、すぐれた人物など出るはずがない。」しかしピリポは、「とにかく来て、自分の目で確かめたらいいだろう」と言いました。 47 ナタナエルも行ってみる気になりました。イエスは歩いて来るナタナエルの姿に目をとめておっしゃいました。「この人こそ生粋のイスラエル人です。正直で、うそがありません。」 48 「どうして、おわかりなのですか。」ナタナエルは聞き返しました。「わたしは、ピリポがあなたに会う前に、あなたがいちじくの木の下にいるのを見ましたよ。」 49 「先生。あなたは神の子、イスラエルの王です。」 50 「そう信じるのは、あなたがいちじくの木の下にいるのを見たと、わたしが言ったからですか。それよりもはるかにすばらしい証拠があります。 51 天が開けて、天使たちがメシヤのわたしの上を行き来するのを、やがて、あなたがたは見るのです。」

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John 1
Lexham English Bible

The Prologue to John’s Gospel

1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 This one was in the beginning with God. 3 All things came into being through him, and apart from him not one thing came into being that[a] has come into being. 4 In him was life, and the life was the light of humanity.[b] 5 And the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not overcome[c] it.

6 A man came, sent from God, whose name was[d] John. 7 This one came for a witness, in order that he could testify about the light, so that all would believe through him. 8 That one was not the light, but came[e] in order that he could testify about the light. 9 The true light, who gives light to every person, was coming into the world. 10 He was in the world, and the world came into being through him, and the world did not recognize[f] him. 11 He came to his own things, and his own people did not receive him. 12 But as many as received him—to those who believe in his name—he gave to them authority to become children of God, 13 who were born not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of a husband, but of God.

14 And the Word became flesh and took up residence among us, and we saw his glory, glory as of the one and only from the Father, full of grace and truth. 15 John testified about him and cried out, saying, “This one was he about whom I said, ‘The one who comes after me is ahead of me, because he existed before me.’” 16 For from his fullness we have all received, and grace after grace. 17 For the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came about through Jesus Christ. 18 No one has seen God at any time; the one and only, God, the one who is in the bosom of the Father—that one has made him[g] known.

John the Baptist Testifies to Jesus

19 And this is the testimony of John, when the Jews sent[h] priests and Levites from Jerusalem so that they could ask him, “Who are you?” 20 And he confessed—and he did not deny, and confessed—“I am not the Christ!” 21 And they asked him, “Then who are you? Are you Elijah?” And he said, “I am not!” “Are you the Prophet?”[i] And he answered, “No!” 22 Then they said to him, “Who are you, so that we can give an answer to those who sent us? What do you say about yourself?”

23 He said,

“I am ‘the voice of one crying out in the wilderness,
    “Make straight the way of the Lord,”’[j]

just as Isaiah the prophet said.” 24 (And they had been sent from the Pharisees.) 25 And they asked him and said to him, “Why then are you baptizing, if you are not the Christ, nor Elijah, nor the Prophet?”

26 John answered them, saying, “I baptize with water. In your midst stands one whom you do not know— 27 the one who comes after me, of whom I am not worthy to untie[k] the strap of his sandal!” 28 These things took place in Bethany on the other side of the Jordan, where John was baptizing.

29 On the next day he saw Jesus coming to him and said, “Look! The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world! 30 This one is the one about whom I said, ‘After me is coming a man who is ahead of me, because he existed before me.’ 31 And I did not know him, but in order that he could be revealed to Israel, because of this I came baptizing with water.”

32 And John testified, saying, “I have seen the Spirit descending like a dove from heaven and remaining upon him. 33 And I did not know him, but the one who sent me to baptize with water, that one said to me, ‘The one upon whom you see the Spirit descending and remaining upon him—this one is the one who baptizes with the Holy Spirit.’ 34 And I have seen and testify that this one is the Chosen One[l] of God.

Two of John’s Disciples Follow Jesus

35 On the next day again John was standing there,[m] and two of his disciples, 36 and looking at Jesus as he[n] was walking by, he said, “Look! The Lamb of God!” 37 And the two disciples heard him speaking, and they followed Jesus. 38 And Jesus, turning around and seeing them following him,[o] said to them, “What do you seek?” And they said to him, “Rabbi” (which means when[p] translated “Teacher”), “where are you staying?” 39 He said to them, “Come and you will see!” So they came and saw where he was staying, and they stayed with him that day (it was about the tenth hour).

Andrew Declares Jesus to be the Messiah

40 Andrew, the brother of Simon Peter, was one of the two who heard John and followed him. 41 This one first found his own brother Simon and said to him, “We have found the Messiah!” (which is translated “Christ”). 42 He brought him to Jesus. Looking at him, Jesus said, “You are Simon the son of John. You will be called Cephas” (which is interpreted “Peter”).

Jesus Calls Philip and Nathanael

43 On the next day he wanted to depart for Galilee, and he found Philip. And Jesus said to him, “Follow me!” 44 (Now Philip was from Bethsaida, the town of Andrew and Peter.) 45 Philip found Nathanael and said to him, “We have found the one whom Moses wrote about in the law, and the prophets wrote about—Jesus son of Joseph from Nazareth!” 46 And Nathanael said to him, “Can anything good come out of Nazareth?” Philip said to him, “Come and see!”

47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming toward him and said about him, “Look! A true Israelite[q] in whom is no deceit!” 48 Nathanael said to him, “From where do you know me?” Jesus answered and said to him, “Before Philip called you, when you[r] were under the fig tree, I saw you.” 49 Nathanael answered him, “Rabbi, you are the Son of God! You are the king of Israel!” 50 Jesus answered and said to him, “Because I said to you that I saw you under the fig tree, do you believe? You will see greater things than these!” 51 And he said to him, “Truly, truly I say to all of you, you will see heaven opened and the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of Man.”

Footnotes

  1. John 1:3 Or “came into being. What …,” beginning a new sentence connected with the following verse. A major punctuation problem is involved, since the earliest manuscripts have no punctuation, but some important later ones place the punctuation before this phrase, effectively connecting it to v. 4: “What has come into being was life in him”
  2. John 1:4 Or “humankind”
  3. John 1:5 Or “comprehend” (if primarily referring to people in the world)
  4. John 1:6 Literally “the name to him”
  5. John 1:8 The verb is implied from the previous verse, and must be supplied in the English translation
  6. John 1:10 Or “acknowledge”
  7. John 1:18 Here the direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
  8. John 1:19 Some manuscripts have “sent to him”
  9. John 1:21 A reference to the “Prophet like Moses” of Deut 18:15 (see Acts 3:22)
  10. John 1:23 A quotation from Isa 40:3
  11. John 1:27 Literally “that I might untie”
  12. John 1:34 Some manuscripts have “the Son of God”
  13. John 1:35 *The word “there” is not in the Greek text but is implied
  14. John 1:36 Here “as” is supplied as a component of the participle (“walking by”) which is understood as temporal
  15. John 1:38 *Here the direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
  16. John 1:38 Here “when” is supplied as a component of the participle (“translated”) which is understood as temporal
  17. John 1:47 Literally “truly an Israelite”
  18. John 1:48 Here “when” is supplied as a component of the participle (“were”) which is understood as temporal
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John 1
New American Bible (Revised Edition)

I. Prologue[a]

Chapter 1

1 In the beginning[b] was the Word,
    and the Word was with God,
    and the Word was God.(A)
2 He was in the beginning with God.
3 [c]All things came to be through him,
    and without him nothing came to be.(B)
What came to be 4 through him was life,
    and this life was the light of the human race;(C)
5 [d]the light shines in the darkness,(D)
    and the darkness has not overcome it.

6 [e]A man named John was sent from God.(E) 7 He came for testimony,[f] to testify to the light, so that all might believe through him.(F) 8 He was not the light, but came to testify to the light.(G) 9 The true light, which enlightens everyone, was coming into the world.(H)

10 He was in the world,
    and the world came to be through him,
    but the world did not know him.
11 He came to what was his own,
    but his own people[g] did not accept him.

12 (I)But to those who did accept him he gave power to become children of God, to those who believe in his name, 13 [h](J)who were born not by natural generation nor by human choice nor by a man’s decision but of God.

14 And the Word became flesh[i]
    and made his dwelling among us,
    and we saw his glory,
    the glory as of the Father’s only Son,
    full of grace and truth.(K)

15 [j]John testified to him and cried out, saying, “This was he of whom I said,(L) ‘The one who is coming after me ranks ahead of me because he existed before me.’” 16 From his fullness we have all received, grace in place of grace,[k] 17 because while the law was given through Moses, grace and truth came through Jesus Christ.(M) 18 No one has ever seen God. The only Son, God,[l] who is at the Father’s side, has revealed him.(N)

II. The Book of Signs

John the Baptist’s Testimony to Himself. 19 [m]And this is the testimony of John. When the Jews[n] from Jerusalem sent priests and Levites [to him] to ask him, “Who are you?” 20 [o]he admitted and did not deny it, but admitted,(O) “I am not the Messiah.” 21 So they asked him, “What are you then? Are you Elijah?”[p] And he said, “I am not.” “Are you the Prophet?” He answered, “No.”(P) 22 So they said to him, “Who are you, so we can give an answer to those who sent us? What do you have to say for yourself?” 23 He said:

“I am ‘the voice of one crying out in the desert,(Q)
“Make straight the way of the Lord,”’[q]

as Isaiah the prophet said.” 24 Some Pharisees[r] were also sent. 25 They asked him, “Why then do you baptize if you are not the Messiah or Elijah or the Prophet?”(R) 26 John answered them, “I baptize with water;[s] but there is one among you whom you do not recognize,(S) 27 the one who is coming after me, whose sandal strap I am not worthy to untie.” 28 This happened in Bethany across the Jordan,[t] where John was baptizing.

John the Baptist’s Testimony to Jesus. 29 The next day he saw Jesus coming toward him and said, “Behold, the Lamb of God,[u] who takes away the sin of the world.(T) 30 [v]He is the one of whom I said,(U) ‘A man is coming after me who ranks ahead of me because he existed before me.’ 31 I did not know him,[w] but the reason why I came baptizing with water was that he might be made known to Israel.” 32 John testified further, saying, “I saw the Spirit come down like a dove[x] from the sky and remain upon him. 33 I did not know him,(V) but the one who sent me to baptize with water told me, ‘On whomever you see the Spirit come down and remain, he is the one who will baptize with the holy Spirit.’(W) 34 [y](X)Now I have seen and testified that he is the Son of God.”

The First Disciples.(Y) 35 The next day John was there again with two of his disciples, 36 and as he watched Jesus walk by, he said, “Behold, the Lamb of God.”[z] 37 The two disciples[aa] heard what he said and followed Jesus. 38 Jesus turned and saw them following him and said to them, “What are you looking for?” They said to him, “Rabbi” (which translated means Teacher), “where are you staying?” 39 He said to them, “Come, and you will see.” So they went and saw where he was staying, and they stayed with him that day. It was about four in the afternoon.[ab] 40 Andrew, the brother of Simon Peter, was one of the two who heard John and followed Jesus. 41 He first found his own brother Simon and told him, “We have found the Messiah”[ac] (which is translated Anointed).(Z) 42 Then he brought him to Jesus. Jesus looked at him and said, “You are Simon the son of John;[ad] you will be called Cephas” (which is translated Peter).(AA)

43 The next day he[ae] decided to go to Galilee, and he found Philip. And Jesus said to him, “Follow me.” 44 Now Philip was from Bethsaida, the town of Andrew and Peter. 45 Philip found Nathanael and told him, “We have found the one about whom Moses wrote in the law, and also the prophets, Jesus son of Joseph, from Nazareth.”(AB) 46 But Nathanael said to him, “Can anything good come from Nazareth?” Philip said to him, “Come and see.” 47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming toward him and said of him, “Here is a true Israelite.[af] There is no duplicity in him.” 48 [ag](AC)Nathanael said to him, “How do you know me?” Jesus answered and said to him, “Before Philip called you, I saw you under the fig tree.” 49 Nathanael answered him, “Rabbi, you are the Son of God;[ah] you are the King of Israel.”(AD) 50 Jesus answered and said to him, “Do you believe because I told you that I saw you under the fig tree?[ai] You will see greater things than this.” 51 And he said to him, “Amen, amen,[aj] I say to you, you will see the sky opened and the angels of God ascending and descending on the Son of Man.”(AE)

Footnotes

  1. 1:1–18 The prologue states the main themes of the gospel: life, light, truth, the world, testimony, and the preexistence of Jesus Christ, the incarnate Logos, who reveals God the Father. In origin, it was probably an early Christian hymn. Its closest parallel is in other christological hymns, Col 1:15–20 and Phil 2:6–11. Its core (Jn 1:1–5, 10–11, 14) is poetic in structure, with short phrases linked by “staircase parallelism,” in which the last word of one phrase becomes the first word of the next. Prose inserts (at least Jn 1:6–8, 15) deal with John the Baptist.
  2. 1:1 In the beginning: also the first words of the Old Testament (Gn 1:1). Was: this verb is used three times with different meanings in this verse: existence, relationship, and predication. The Word (Greek logos): this term combines God’s dynamic, creative word (Genesis), personified preexistent Wisdom as the instrument of God’s creative activity (Proverbs), and the ultimate intelligibility of reality (Hellenistic philosophy). With God: the Greek preposition here connotes communication with another. Was God: lack of a definite article with “God” in Greek signifies predication rather than identification.
  3. 1:3 What came to be: while the oldest manuscripts have no punctuation here, the corrector of Bodmer Papyrus P75, some manuscripts, and the Ante-Nicene Fathers take this phrase with what follows, as staircase parallelism. Connection with Jn 1:3 reflects fourth-century anti-Arianism.
  4. 1:5 The ethical dualism of light and darkness is paralleled in intertestamental literature and in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Overcome: “comprehend” is another possible translation, but cf. Jn 12:35; Wis 7:29–30.
  5. 1:6 John was sent just as Jesus was “sent” (Jn 4:34) in divine mission. Other references to John the Baptist in this gospel emphasize the differences between them and John’s subordinate role.
  6. 1:7 Testimony: the testimony theme of John is introduced, which portrays Jesus as if on trial throughout his ministry. All testify to Jesus: John the Baptist, the Samaritan woman, scripture, his works, the crowds, the Spirit, and his disciples.
  7. 1:11 What was his own…his own people: first a neuter, literally, “his own property/possession” (probably = Israel), then a masculine, “his own people” (the Israelites).
  8. 1:13 Believers in Jesus become children of God not through any of the three natural causes mentioned but through God who is the immediate cause of the new spiritual life. Were born: the Greek verb can mean “begotten” (by a male) or “born” (from a female or of parents). The variant “he who was begotten,” asserting Jesus’ virginal conception, is weakly attested in Old Latin and Syriac versions.
  9. 1:14 Flesh: the whole person, used probably against docetic tendencies (cf. 1 Jn 4:2; 2 Jn 7). Made his dwelling: literally, “pitched his tent/tabernacle.” Cf. the tabernacle or tent of meeting that was the place of God’s presence among his people (Ex 25:8–9). The incarnate Word is the new mode of God’s presence among his people. The Greek verb has the same consonants as the Aramaic word for God’s presence (Shekinah). Glory: God’s visible manifestation of majesty in power, which once filled the tabernacle (Ex 40:34) and the temple (1 Kgs 8:10–11, 27), is now centered in Jesus. Only Son: Greek, monogenēs, but see note on Jn 1:18. Grace and truth: these words may represent two Old Testament terms describing Yahweh in covenant relationship with Israel (cf. Ex 34:6), thus God’s “love” and “fidelity.” The Word shares Yahweh’s covenant qualities.
  10. 1:15 This verse, interrupting Jn 1:14, 16 seems drawn from Jn 1:30.
  11. 1:16 Grace in place of grace: replacement of the Old Covenant with the New (cf. Jn 1:17). Other possible translations are “grace upon grace” (accumulation) and “grace for grace” (correspondence).
  12. 1:18 The only Son, God: while the vast majority of later textual witnesses have another reading, “the Son, the only one” or “the only Son,” the translation above follows the best and earliest manuscripts, monogenēs theos, but takes the first term to mean not just “Only One” but to include a filial relationship with the Father, as at Lk 9:38 (“only child”) or Hb 11:17 (“only son”) and as translated at Jn 1:14. The Logos is thus “only Son” and God but not Father/God.
  13. 1:19–51 The testimony of John the Baptist about the Messiah and Jesus’ self-revelation to the first disciples. This section constitutes the introduction to the gospel proper and is connected with the prose inserts in the prologue. It develops the major theme of testimony in four scenes: John’s negative testimony about himself; his positive testimony about Jesus; the revelation of Jesus to Andrew and Peter; the revelation of Jesus to Philip and Nathanael.
  14. 1:19 The Jews: throughout most of the gospel, the “Jews” does not refer to the Jewish people as such but to the hostile authorities, both Pharisees and Sadducees, particularly in Jerusalem, who refuse to believe in Jesus. The usage reflects the atmosphere, at the end of the first century, of polemics between church and synagogue, or possibly it refers to Jews as representative of a hostile world (Jn 1:10–11).
  15. 1:20 Messiah: the anointed agent of Yahweh, usually considered to be of Davidic descent. See further the note on Jn 1:41.
  16. 1:21 Elijah: the Baptist did not claim to be Elijah returned to earth (cf. Mal 3:19; Mt 11:14). The Prophet: probably the prophet like Moses (Dt 18:15; cf. Acts 3:22).
  17. 1:23 This is a repunctuation and reinterpretation (as in the synoptic gospels and Septuagint) of the Hebrew text of Is 40:3 which reads, “A voice cries out: In the desert prepare the way of the Lord.”
  18. 1:24 Some Pharisees: other translations, such as “Now they had been sent from the Pharisees,” misunderstand the grammatical construction. This is a different group from that in Jn 1:19; the priests and Levites would have been Sadducees, not Pharisees.
  19. 1:26 I baptize with water: the synoptics add “but he will baptize you with the holy Spirit” (Mk 1:8) or “…holy Spirit and fire” (Mt 3:11; Lk 3:16). John’s emphasis is on purification and preparation for a better baptism.
  20. 1:28 Bethany across the Jordan: site unknown. Another reading is “Bethabara.”
  21. 1:29 The Lamb of God: the background for this title may be the victorious apocalyptic lamb who would destroy evil in the world (Rev 5–7; 17:14); the paschal lamb, whose blood saved Israel (Ex 12); and/or the suffering servant led like a lamb to the slaughter as a sin-offering (Is 53:7, 10).
  22. 1:30 He existed before me: possibly as Elijah (to come, Jn 1:27); for the evangelist and his audience, Jesus’ preexistence would be implied (see note on Jn 1:1).
  23. 1:31 I did not know him: this gospel shows no knowledge of the tradition (Lk 1) about the kinship of Jesus and John the Baptist. The reason why I came baptizing with water: in this gospel, John’s baptism is not connected with forgiveness of sins; its purpose is revelatory, that Jesus may be made known to Israel.
  24. 1:32 Like a dove: a symbol of the new creation (Gn 8:8) or the community of Israel (Hos 11:11). Remain: the first use of a favorite verb in John, emphasizing the permanency of the relationship between Father and Son (as here) and between the Son and the Christian. Jesus is the permanent bearer of the Spirit.
  25. 1:34 The Son of God: this reading is supported by good Greek manuscripts, including the Chester Beatty and Bodmer Papyri and the Vatican Codex, but is suspect because it harmonizes this passage with the synoptic version: “This is my beloved Son” (Mt 3:17; Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22). The poorly attested alternate reading, “God’s chosen One,” is probably a reference to the Servant of Yahweh (Is 42:1).
  26. 1:36 John the Baptist’s testimony makes his disciples’ following of Jesus plausible.
  27. 1:37 The two disciples: Andrew (Jn 1:40) and, traditionally, John, son of Zebedee (see note on Jn 13:23).
  28. 1:39 Four in the afternoon: literally, the tenth hour, from sunrise, in the Roman calculation of time. Some suggest that the next day, beginning at sunset, was the sabbath; they would have stayed with Jesus to avoid travel on it.
  29. 1:41 Messiah: the Hebrew word māšîaḥ, “anointed one” (see note on Lk 2:11), appears in Greek as the transliterated messias only here and in Jn 4:25. Elsewhere the Greek translation christos is used.
  30. 1:42 Simon, the son of John: in Mt 16:17, Simon is called Bariōna, “son of Jonah,” a different tradition for the name of Simon’s father. Cephas: in Aramaic = the Rock; cf. Mt 16:18. Neither the Greek equivalent Petros nor, with one isolated exception, Cephas is attested as a personal name before Christian times.
  31. 1:43 He: grammatically, could be Peter, but logically is probably Jesus.
  32. 1:47 A true Israelite. There is no duplicity in him: Jacob was the first to bear the name “Israel” (Gn 32:29), but Jacob was a man of duplicity (Gn 27:35–36).
  33. 1:48 Under the fig tree: a symbol of messianic peace (cf. Mi 4:4; Zec 3:10).
  34. 1:49 Son of God: this title is used in the Old Testament, among other ways, as a title of adoption for the Davidic king (2 Sm 7:14; Ps 2:7; 89:27), and thus here, with King of Israel, in a messianic sense. For the evangelist, Son of God also points to Jesus’ divinity (cf. Jn 20:28).
  35. 1:50 Possibly a statement: “You [singular] believe because I saw you under the fig tree.”
  36. 1:51 The double “Amen” is characteristic of John. You is plural in Greek. The allusion is to Jacob’s ladder (Gn 28:12).
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