Hebrews 7
New American Bible (Revised Edition)
Chapter 7
Melchizedek, a Type of Christ. 1 [a]This “Melchizedek, king of Salem and priest of God Most High,”[b] “met Abraham as he returned from his defeat of the kings” and “blessed him.”(A) 2 [c]And Abraham apportioned to him “a tenth of everything.” His name first means righteous king, and he was also “king of Salem,” that is, king of peace. 3 Without father, mother, or ancestry, without beginning of days or end of life,[d] thus made to resemble the Son of God, he remains a priest forever.(B)
4 [e]See how great he is to whom the patriarch “Abraham [indeed] gave a tenth” of his spoils.(C) 5 The descendants of Levi who receive the office of priesthood have a commandment according to the law to exact tithes from the people, that is, from their brothers, although they also have come from the loins of Abraham.(D) 6 But he who was not of their ancestry received tithes from Abraham and blessed him who had received the promises. 7 Unquestionably, a lesser person is blessed by a greater.[f] 8 In the one case, mortal men receive tithes; in the other, a man of whom it is testified that he lives on. 9 One might even say that Levi[g] himself, who receives tithes, was tithed through Abraham, 10 for he was still in his father’s loins when Melchizedek met him.
11 [h]If, then, perfection came through the levitical priesthood, on the basis of which the people received the law, what need would there still have been for another priest to arise according to the order of Melchizedek, and not reckoned according to the order of Aaron?(E) 12 When there is a change of priesthood, there is necessarily a change of law as well. 13 Now he of whom these things are said[i] belonged to a different tribe, of which no member ever officiated at the altar. 14 It is clear that our Lord arose from Judah,[j] and in regard to that tribe Moses said nothing about priests.(F) 15 [k]It is even more obvious if another priest is raised up after the likeness of Melchizedek, 16 who has become so, not by a law expressed in a commandment concerning physical descent but by the power of a life that cannot be destroyed.[l] 17 For it is testified:
“You are a priest forever
according to the order of Melchizedek.”(G)
18 On the one hand, a former commandment is annulled because of its weakness and uselessness,(H) 19 for the law brought nothing to perfection; on the other hand, a better hope[m] is introduced, through which we draw near to God. 20 [n]And to the degree that this happened not without the taking of an oath[o]—for others became priests without an oath, 21 but he with an oath, through the one who said to him:
“The Lord has sworn, and he will not repent:(I)
‘You are a priest forever’”—
22 (J)to that same degree has Jesus [also] become the guarantee of an [even] better covenant.[p] 23 Those priests were many because they were prevented by death from remaining in office, 24 but he, because he remains forever, has a priesthood that does not pass away.(K) 25 [q]Therefore, he is always able to save those who approach God through him, since he lives forever to make intercession for them.(L)
26 (M)It was fitting that we should have such a high priest:[r] holy, innocent, undefiled, separated from sinners, higher than the heavens.[s] 27 He has no need, as did the high priests, to offer sacrifice day after day,[t](N) first for his own sins and then for those of the people; he did that once for all when he offered himself. 28 For the law appoints men subject to weakness to be high priests, but the word of the oath, which was taken after the law, appoints a son, who has been made perfect forever.(O)
Footnotes
- 7:1–3 Recalling the meeting between Melchizedek and Abraham described in Gn 14:17–20, the author enhances the significance of this priest by providing the popular etymological meaning of his name and that of the city over which he ruled (Hb 7:2). Since Genesis gives no information on the parentage or the death of Melchizedek, he is seen here as a type of Christ, representing a priesthood that is unique and eternal (Hb 7:3).
- 7:1 The author here assumes that Melchizedek was a priest of the God of Israel (cf. Gn 14:22 and the note there).
- 7:2 In Gn 14, the Hebrew text does not state explicitly who gave tithes to whom. The author of Hebrews supplies Abraham as the subject, according to a contemporary interpretation of the passage. This supports the argument of the midrash and makes it possible to see in Melchizedek a type of Jesus. The messianic blessings of righteousness and peace are foreshadowed in the names “Melchizedek” and “Salem.”
- 7:3 Without father, mother, or ancestry, without beginning of days or end of life: this is perhaps a quotation from a hymn about Melchizedek. The rabbis maintained that anything not mentioned in the Torah does not exist. Consequently, since the Old Testament nowhere mentions Melchizedek’s ancestry, birth, or death, the conclusion can be drawn that he remains…forever.
- 7:4–10 The tithe that Abraham gave to Melchizedek (Hb 7:4), a practice later followed by the levitical priesthood (Hb 7:5), was a gift (Hb 7:6) acknowledging a certain superiority in Melchizedek, the foreign priest (Hb 7:7). This is further indicated by the fact that the institution of the levitical priesthood was sustained by hereditary succession in the tribe of Levi, whereas the absence of any mention of Melchizedek’s death in Genesis implies that his personal priesthood is permanent (Hb 7:8). The levitical priesthood itself, through Abraham, its ancestor, paid tithes to Melchizedek, thus acknowledging the superiority of his priesthood over its own (Hb 7:9–10).
- 7:7 A lesser person is blessed by a greater: though this sounds like a principle, there are some examples in the Old Testament that do not support it (cf. 2 Sm 14:22; Jb 31:20). The author may intend it as a statement of a liturgical rule.
- 7:9 Levi: for the author this name designates not only the son of Jacob mentioned in Genesis but the priestly tribe that was thought to be descended from him.
- 7:11–14 The levitical priesthood was not typified by the priesthood of Melchizedek, for Ps 110:4 speaks of a priesthood of a new order, the order of Melchizedek, to arise in messianic times (Hb 7:11). Since the levitical priesthood served the Mosaic law, a new priesthood (Hb 7:12) would not come into being without a change in the law itself. Thus Jesus was not associated with the Old Testament priesthood, for he was a descendant of the tribe of Judah, which had never exercised the priesthood (Hb 7:13–14).
- 7:13 He of whom these things are said: Jesus, the priest “according to the order of Melchizedek.” According to the author’s interpretation, Ps 110 spoke prophetically of Jesus.
- 7:14 Judah: the author accepts the early Christian tradition that Jesus was descended from the family of David (cf. Mt 1:1–2, 16, 20; Lk 1:27; 2:4; Rom 1:3). The Qumran community expected two Messiahs, one descended from Aaron and one from David; Hebrews shows no awareness of this view or at least does not accept it. Our author’s view is not attested in contemporaneous Judaism.
- 7:15–19 Jesus does not exercise a priesthood through family lineage but through his immortal existence (Hb 7:15–16), fulfilling Ps 110:4 (Hb 7:17; cf. Hb 7:3). Thus he abolishes forever both the levitical priesthood and the law it serves, because neither could effectively sanctify people (Hb 7:18) by leading them into direct communication with God (Hb 7:19).
- 7:16 A life that cannot be destroyed: the life to which Jesus has attained by virtue of his resurrection; it is his exaltation rather than his divine nature that makes him priest. The Old Testament speaks of the Aaronic priesthood as eternal (see Ex 40:15); our author does not explicitly consider this possible objection to his argument but implicitly refutes it in Hb 7:23–24.
- 7:19 A better hope: this hope depends upon the sacrifice of the Son of God; through it we “approach the throne of grace” (Hb 4:16); cf. Hb 6:19, 20.
- 7:20–25 As was the case with the promise to Abraham (Hb 6:13), though not with the levitical priesthood, the eternal priesthood of the order of Melchizedek was confirmed by God’s oath (Hb 7:20–21); cf. Ps 110:4. Thus Jesus becomes the guarantee of a permanent covenant (Hb 7:22) that does not require a succession of priests as did the levitical priesthood (Hb 7:23) because his high priesthood is eternal and unchangeable (Hb 7:24). Consequently, Jesus is able to save all who draw near to God through him since he is their ever-living intercessor (Hb 7:25).
- 7:20 An oath: God’s oath in Ps 110:4.
- 7:22 An [even] better covenant: better than the Mosaic covenant because it will be eternal, like the priesthood of Jesus upon which it is based. Hb 7:12 argued that a change of priesthood involves a change of law; since “law” and “covenant” are used correlatively, a new covenant is likewise instituted.
- 7:25 To make intercession: the intercession of the exalted Jesus, not the sequel to his completed sacrifice but its eternal presence in heaven; cf. Rom 8:34.
- 7:26 This verse with its list of attributes is reminiscent of Hb 7:3 and is perhaps a hymnic counterpart to it, contrasting the exalted Jesus with Melchizedek.
- 7:26–28 Jesus is precisely the high priest whom the human race requires, holy and sinless, installed far above humanity (Hb 7:26); one having no need to offer sacrifice daily for sins but making a single offering of himself (Hb 7:27) once for all. The law could only appoint high priests with human limitations, but the fulfillment of God’s oath regarding the priesthood of Melchizedek (Ps 110:4) makes the Son of God the perfect priest forever (Hb 7:28).
- 7:27 Such daily sacrifice is nowhere mentioned in the Mosaic law; only on the Day of Atonement is it prescribed that the high priest must offer sacrifice…for his own sins and then for those of the people (Lv 16:11–19). Once for all: this translates the Greek words ephapax/hapax that occur eleven times in Hebrews.
Hébreux 7
La Bible du Semeur
La ligne de Melchisédek supérieure à celle d’Aaron
7 Ce Melchisédek était, selon l’Ecriture, roi de Salem et prêtre du Dieu très-haut. C’est lui qui a rencontré Abraham quand celui-ci revenait de sa victoire sur les rois et qui l’a béni. 2 Et c’est à lui qu’Abraham a donné le dixième de tout son butin[a].
Tout d’abord, le nom de Melchisédek signifie roi de justice. Ensuite, il est roi de Salem, ce qui veut dire : roi de paix. 3 En outre, l’Ecriture ne lui attribue ni père, ni mère, ni généalogie. Elle ne mentionne ni sa naissance, ni sa mort. Elle le rend ainsi semblable au Fils de Dieu, et il demeure prêtre pour toujours.
4 Remarquez quel rang éminent occupait cet homme pour qu’Abraham, le patriarche, lui donne la dîme de son butin. 5 Certes, la Loi ordonne à ceux des lévites qui sont prêtres de prélever la dîme sur le peuple d’Israël[b], c’est-à-dire sur leurs frères, bien que ceux-ci soient, comme eux, des descendants d’Abraham. 6 Mais Melchisédek, qui ne figure pas parmi les descendants de Lévi, a reçu la dîme d’Abraham. En outre, il a invoqué la bénédiction de Dieu sur celui qui avait reçu les promesses divines. 7 Or, incontestablement, c’est l’inférieur qui est béni par le supérieur.
8 De plus, dans le premier cas, ceux qui perçoivent la dîme sont des hommes mortels ; dans le second, selon le témoignage de l’Ecriture, il s’agit de quelqu’un qui vit.
9 Enfin, concernant Lévi, qui perçoit la dîme, on peut même dire qu’il l’a versée à Melchisédek en la personne d’Abraham. 10 En effet, puisqu’il n’était pas encore né, il était encore en puissance dans la personne de son ancêtre Abraham lorsque Melchisédek a rencontré celui-ci.
Christ est prêtre selon la ligne de Melchisédek
11 La Loi donnée au peuple d’Israël repose sur le sacerdoce lévitique. Or, s’il avait été possible d’atteindre la perfection par ce sacerdoce, pourquoi était-il nécessaire d’établir un autre prêtre, selon la ligne de Melchisédek, et non pas selon la ligne d’Aaron ?
12 Or, ce changement de sacerdoce entraîne forcément un changement de loi. 13 Car les affirmations du texte que nous venons de citer concernent un prêtre qui est d’une autre tribu que celle de Lévi, une tribu dont aucun membre n’a jamais été affecté au service de l’autel. 14 Comme on le sait bien, en effet, notre Seigneur est issu de la tribu de Juda, et Moïse n’a jamais parlé de sacerdoce pour cette tribu.
15 Cela devient plus évident encore quand on considère ce fait : c’est sur le modèle de Melchisédek qu’un autre prêtre s’est levé ; 16 et il n’est pas devenu prêtre en vertu d’une règle liée à la filiation naturelle, mais par la puissance d’une vie indestructible. 17 Car il est déclaré à son sujet :
Tu es prêtre pour toujours
selon la ligne de Melchisédek[c] .
18 D’une part donc, la règle antérieure se trouve abrogée parce qu’elle était impuissante et inutile. 19 La Loi, en effet, n’a rien amené à la perfection. D’autre part, une meilleure espérance a été introduite, par laquelle nous nous approchons de Dieu.
Christ, grand-prêtre pour l’éternité
20 En outre, tout cela ne s’est pas fait sans serment de Dieu. Les autres prêtres ont reçu la prêtrise sans un tel serment, 21 mais Jésus est devenu prêtre en vertu d’un serment que Dieu a prononcé quand il lui a dit :
Le Seigneur l’a juré, ╵il ne reviendra pas ╵sur son engagement :
tu seras prêtre pour toujours[d] .
22 Ainsi, Jésus est devenu le garant d’une alliance meilleure.
23 De plus, de nombreux prêtres se sont succédé parce que la mort les empêchait d’exercer leurs fonctions à perpétuité. 24 Mais Jésus, lui, parce qu’il demeure éternellement, possède le sacerdoce perpétuel. 25 Voilà pourquoi il est en mesure de sauver parfaitement ceux qui s’approchent de Dieu par lui, puisqu’il est toujours vivant pour intercéder en leur faveur auprès de Dieu.
26 Jésus est donc bien le grand-prêtre qu’il nous fallait : il est saint, pleinement innocent, indemne de tout péché, séparé des pécheurs et il a été élevé plus haut que les cieux. 27 Les autres grands-prêtres sont obligés d’offrir chaque jour des sacrifices, d’abord pour leurs propres péchés, ensuite pour ceux du peuple. Lui n’en a pas besoin, car il a tout accompli une fois pour toutes, en s’offrant lui-même.
28 Les grands-prêtres institués par la Loi sont des hommes marqués par leur faiblesse. Mais celui que Dieu a établi grand-prêtre par un serment solennel, prononcé après la promulgation de la Loi, est son propre Fils, et il a été rendu parfait pour toujours.
Hebrews 7
Revised Standard Version
The Priestly Order of Melchizedek
7 For this Melchiz′edek, king of Salem, priest of the Most High God, met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings and blessed him; 2 and to him Abraham apportioned a tenth part of everything. He is first, by translation of his name, king of righteousness, and then he is also king of Salem, that is, king of peace. 3 He is without father or mother or genealogy, and has neither beginning of days nor end of life, but resembling the Son of God he continues a priest for ever.
4 See how great he is! Abraham the patriarch gave him a tithe of the spoils. 5 And those descendants of Levi who receive the priestly office have a commandment in the law to take tithes from the people, that is, from their brethren, though these also are descended from Abraham. 6 But this man who has not their genealogy received tithes from Abraham and blessed him who had the promises. 7 It is beyond dispute that the inferior is blessed by the superior. 8 Here tithes are received by mortal men; there, by one of whom it is testified that he lives. 9 One might even say that Levi himself, who receives tithes, paid tithes through Abraham, 10 for he was still in the loins of his ancestor when Melchiz′edek met him.
Another Priest, Like Melchizedek
11 Now if perfection had been attainable through the Levit′ical priesthood (for under it the people received the law), what further need would there have been for another priest to arise after the order of Melchiz′edek, rather than one named after the order of Aaron? 12 For when there is a change in the priesthood, there is necessarily a change in the law as well. 13 For the one of whom these things are spoken belonged to another tribe, from which no one has ever served at the altar. 14 For it is evident that our Lord was descended from Judah, and in connection with that tribe Moses said nothing about priests.
15 This becomes even more evident when another priest arises in the likeness of Melchiz′edek, 16 who has become a priest, not according to a legal requirement concerning bodily descent but by the power of an indestructible life. 17 For it is witnessed of him,
“Thou art a priest for ever,
after the order of Melchiz′edek.”
18 On the one hand, a former commandment is set aside because of its weakness and uselessness 19 (for the law made nothing perfect); on the other hand, a better hope is introduced, through which we draw near to God.
20 And it was not without an oath. 21 Those who formerly became priests took their office without an oath, but this one was addressed with an oath,
“The Lord has sworn
and will not change his mind,
‘Thou art a priest for ever.’”
22 This makes Jesus the surety of a better covenant.
23 The former priests were many in number, because they were prevented by death from continuing in office; 24 but he holds his priesthood permanently, because he continues for ever. 25 Consequently he is able for all time to save those who draw near to God through him, since he always lives to make intercession for them.
26 For it was fitting that we should have such a high priest, holy, blameless, unstained, separated from sinners, exalted above the heavens. 27 He has no need, like those high priests, to offer sacrifices daily, first for his own sins and then for those of the people; he did this once for all when he offered up himself. 28 Indeed, the law appoints men in their weakness as high priests, but the word of the oath, which came later than the law, appoints a Son who has been made perfect for ever.
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