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Chapter 4

God’s Free Children in Christ.[a] I mean that as long as the heir is not of age,[b] he is no different from a slave, although he is the owner of everything, but he is under the supervision of guardians and administrators until the date set by his father. (A)In the same way we also, when we were not of age, were enslaved to the elemental powers of the world.[c] But when the fullness of time had come, God sent his Son, born of a woman, born under the law,(B) to ransom those under the law, so that we might receive adoption.(C) As proof that you are children,[d] God sent the spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying out, “Abba, Father!”(D) So you are no longer a slave but a child, and if a child then also an heir, through God.(E)

Do Not Throw This Freedom Away.[e] (F)At a time when you did not know God, you became slaves to things that by nature are not gods;[f] but now that you have come to know God, or rather to be known by God, how can you turn back again to the weak and destitute elemental powers? Do you want to be slaves to them all over again?(G) 10 You are observing days,(H) months, seasons, and years.[g] 11 I am afraid on your account that perhaps I have labored for you in vain.[h]

Appeal to Former Loyalty.[i] 12 I implore you, brothers, be as I am, because I have also become as you are.[j] You did me no wrong;(I) 13 you know that it was because of a physical illness[k] that I originally preached the gospel to you, 14 and you did not show disdain or contempt because of the trial caused you by my physical condition, but rather you received me as an angel of God, as Christ Jesus. 15 Where now is that blessedness of yours?[l] Indeed, I can testify to you that, if it had been possible, you would have torn out your eyes and given them to me. 16 So now have I become your enemy by telling you the truth? 17 They show interest in you, but not in a good way; they want to isolate you,[m] so that you may show interest in them.(J) 18 Now it is good to be shown interest for good reason at all times, and not only when I am with you. 19 My children, for whom I am again in labor until Christ be formed in you!(K) 20 I would like to be with you now and to change my tone, for I am perplexed because of you.

An Allegory on Christian Freedom.[n] 21 Tell me, you who want to be under the law, do you not listen to the law? 22 For it is written that Abraham had two sons, one by the slave woman and the other by the freeborn woman.(L) 23 The son of the slave woman was born naturally, the son of the freeborn through a promise.(M) 24 Now this is an allegory. These women represent two covenants. One was from Mount Sinai, bearing children for slavery; this is Hagar.(N) 25 Hagar represents Sinai,[o] a mountain in Arabia; it corresponds to the present Jerusalem, for she is in slavery along with her children. 26 But the Jerusalem above is freeborn, and she is our mother.(O) 27 For it is written:

“Rejoice, you barren one who bore no children;(P)
    break forth and shout, you who were not in labor;
for more numerous are the children of the deserted one
    than of her who has a husband.”[p]

28 Now you, brothers, like Isaac, are children of the promise.(Q) 29 But just as then the child of the flesh persecuted the child of the spirit, it is the same now. 30 But what does the scripture say?

“Drive out the slave woman and her son!
    For the son of the slave woman shall not share the inheritance with the son”(R)

of the freeborn. 31 Therefore, brothers, we are children not of the slave woman but of the freeborn woman.(S)

Footnotes

  1. 4:1–7 What Paul has argued in Gal 3:26–29 is now elaborated in terms of the Christian as the heir (Gal 4:1, 7; cf. Gal 3:18, 29) freed from control by others. Again, as in Gal 3:2–5, the proof that Christians are children of God is the gift of the Spirit of Christ relating them intimately to God.
  2. 4:1, 3 Not of age: an infant or minor.
  3. 4:3 The elemental powers of the world: while the term can refer to the “elements” like earth, air, fire, and water or to elementary forms of religion, the sense here is more likely that of celestial beings that were thought in pagan circles to control the world; cf. Gal 4:8; Col 2:8, 20.
  4. 4:6 Children: see note on Gal 3:26; here in contrast to the infant or young person not of age (Gal 3:1, 3). Abba: cf. Mk 14:36 and the note; Rom 8:15.
  5. 4:8–11 On the basis of the arguments advanced from Gal 3:1 through Gal 4:7, Paul now launches his appeal to the Galatians with the question, how can you turn back to the slavery of the law (Gal 4:9)? The question is posed with reference to bondage to the elemental powers (see note on Gal 4:3) because the Galatians had originally been converted to Christianity from paganism, not Judaism (Gal 4:8). The use of the direct question is like Gal 3:3–5.
  6. 4:8 Things that by nature are not gods: or “gods that by nature do not exist.”
  7. 4:10 This is likely a reference to ritual observances from the Old Testament, promoted by opponents: sabbaths or Yom Kippur, new moon, Passover or Pentecost, sabbatical years.
  8. 4:11 Cf. Gal 2:2. If the Galatians become slaves…all over again to the law (Gal 4:9), Paul will have worked in vain among them.
  9. 4:12–20 A strongly personal section. Paul appeals to past ties between the Galatians and himself. He speaks sharply of the opponents (Gal 4:17–18) and pastorally to the Galatians (Gal 4:19–20).
  10. 4:12 Because I have also become as you are: a terse phrase in Greek, meaning “Be as I, Paul, am,” i.e., living by faith, independent of the law, for, in spite of my background in Judaism (Gal 1:13), I have become as you Galatians are now, a brother in Christ.
  11. 4:13 Physical illness: because its nature is not described, some assume an eye disease (Gal 4:15); others, epilepsy; some relate it to 2 Cor 12:7–9. Originally: this may also be translated “formerly” or “on the first (of two) visit(s)”; cf. Acts 16:6; 18:23.
  12. 4:15 That blessedness of yours: possibly a reference to the Galatians’ initial happy reception of Paul (Gal 4:14) and of his gospel (Gal 1:6; 3:1–4) and their felicitation at such blessedness, but the phrase could also refer ironically to earlier praise by Paul of the Galatians, no longer possible when they turn from the gospel to the claims of the opponents (Gal 4:17–18; 1:7). If the word is a more literal reference to a beatitude, Gal 3:26–28 may be in view.
  13. 4:17 Isolate you: that is, from the blessings of the gospel and/or from Paul.
  14. 4:21–31 Paul supports his appeal for the gospel (Gal 4:9; 1:6–9; 2:16; 3:2) by a further argument from scripture (cf. Gal 3:6–18). It involves the relationship of Abraham (Gal 3:6–16) to his wife, Sarah, the freeborn woman, and to Hagar, the slave woman, and the contrast between the sons born to each, Isaac, child of promise, and Ishmael, son of Hagar (Gn 16; 21). Only through Isaac is the promise of God preserved. This allegory (Gal 4:24), with its equation of the Sinai covenant and Mosaic law with slavery and of the promise of God with freedom, Paul uses only in light of previous arguments. His quotation of Gn 21:10 at Gal 4:30 suggests on a scriptural basis that the Galatians should expel those who are troubling them (Gal 1:7).
  15. 4:25 Hagar represents Sinai…: some manuscripts have what seems a geographical note, “For Sinai is a mountain in Arabia.”
  16. 4:27 Is 54:1 in the Septuagint translation is applied to Sarah as the barren one (in Gn 15) who ultimately becomes the mother not only of Isaac but now of numerous children, i.e., of all those who believe, the children of the promise (Gal 4:28).

What I am saying is that as long as an heir is underage, he is no different from a slave, although he owns the whole estate. The heir is subject to guardians and trustees until the time set by his father. So also, when we were underage, we were in slavery(A) under the elemental spiritual forces[a] of the world.(B) But when the set time had fully come,(C) God sent his Son,(D) born of a woman,(E) born under the law,(F) to redeem(G) those under the law, that we might receive adoption(H) to sonship.[b](I) Because you are his sons, God sent the Spirit of his Son(J) into our hearts,(K) the Spirit who calls out, “Abba,[c] Father.”(L) So you are no longer a slave, but God’s child; and since you are his child, God has made you also an heir.(M)

Paul’s Concern for the Galatians

Formerly, when you did not know God,(N) you were slaves(O) to those who by nature are not gods.(P) But now that you know God—or rather are known by God(Q)—how is it that you are turning back to those weak and miserable forces[d]? Do you wish to be enslaved(R) by them all over again?(S) 10 You are observing special days and months and seasons and years!(T) 11 I fear for you, that somehow I have wasted my efforts on you.(U)

12 I plead with you, brothers and sisters,(V) become like me, for I became like you. You did me no wrong. 13 As you know, it was because of an illness(W) that I first preached the gospel to you, 14 and even though my illness was a trial to you, you did not treat me with contempt or scorn. Instead, you welcomed me as if I were an angel of God, as if I were Christ Jesus himself.(X) 15 Where, then, is your blessing of me now? I can testify that, if you could have done so, you would have torn out your eyes and given them to me. 16 Have I now become your enemy by telling you the truth?(Y)

17 Those people are zealous to win you over, but for no good. What they want is to alienate you from us, so that you may have zeal for them.(Z) 18 It is fine to be zealous, provided the purpose is good, and to be so always, not just when I am with you.(AA) 19 My dear children,(AB) for whom I am again in the pains of childbirth until Christ is formed in you,(AC) 20 how I wish I could be with you now and change my tone, because I am perplexed about you!

Hagar and Sarah

21 Tell me, you who want to be under the law,(AD) are you not aware of what the law says? 22 For it is written that Abraham had two sons, one by the slave woman(AE) and the other by the free woman.(AF) 23 His son by the slave woman was born according to the flesh,(AG) but his son by the free woman was born as the result of a divine promise.(AH)

24 These things are being taken figuratively: The women represent two covenants. One covenant is from Mount Sinai and bears children who are to be slaves: This is Hagar. 25 Now Hagar stands for Mount Sinai in Arabia and corresponds to the present city of Jerusalem, because she is in slavery with her children. 26 But the Jerusalem that is above(AI) is free, and she is our mother. 27 For it is written:

“Be glad, barren woman,
    you who never bore a child;
shout for joy and cry aloud,
    you who were never in labor;
because more are the children of the desolate woman
    than of her who has a husband.”[e](AJ)

28 Now you, brothers and sisters, like Isaac, are children of promise.(AK) 29 At that time the son born according to the flesh(AL) persecuted the son born by the power of the Spirit.(AM) It is the same now. 30 But what does Scripture say? “Get rid of the slave woman and her son, for the slave woman’s son will never share in the inheritance with the free woman’s son.”[f](AN) 31 Therefore, brothers and sisters, we are not children of the slave woman,(AO) but of the free woman.(AP)

Footnotes

  1. Galatians 4:3 Or under the basic principles
  2. Galatians 4:5 The Greek word for adoption to sonship is a legal term referring to the full legal standing of an adopted male heir in Roman culture.
  3. Galatians 4:6 Aramaic for Father
  4. Galatians 4:9 Or principles
  5. Galatians 4:27 Isaiah 54:1
  6. Galatians 4:30 Gen. 21:10

1-2 Lad mig bruge et eksempel. Tænk på et lille barn, som er arving til al sin fars ejendom. Indtil barnet når den myndighedsalder, som faderen forud har bestemt, har det ingen rettigheder over arven og kan derfor sammenlignes med faderens slaver. Barnet er under opsyn af en værge, og arven er i andres varetægt indtil det rette tidspunkt. Sådan er det også med os. Indtil Kristus kom, levede vi som umyndige børn. Vi levede som slaver af religiøse regler og denne verdens tankegang. 4-5 Men da den tid kom, som Gud forud havde fastsat, sendte han sin Søn her til jorden, født af en kvinde. Kristus gik ind under den jødiske lovs herredømme for at kunne løskøbe os fra at være slaver af den og give os de fulde rettigheder som Guds sande børn.

Da I nu er blevet Guds børn, har Gud givet jer sin egen Søns Ånd, og det er den Ånd, som gør, at vi kan kalde Gud vores Far. Altså er I ikke længere slaver, men børn af Gud. Men når I er børn, er I også retmæssige arvinger til alt, hvad Gud har til sine børn.

Vend ikke tilbage til slaveriet

Før i tiden var I slaver af afguder og ting, der ikke kommer fra den sande Gud. I kendte ham jo ikke dengang. Men nu kender I Gud, ja endnu mere: I er kendt af Gud. Hvorfor vil I så vende tilbage til et liv styret af ineffektive lovregler og nytteløse anstrengelser? Vil I gerne være slaver af dem igen? 10 I går højt op i reglerne for de ugentlige, månedlige og årlige jødiske ceremonier og fester. 11 Jeg er bange for, at mit arbejde hos jer har været forgæves. 12 Kære venner, jeg beder jer inderligt om at leve, som jeg gør—i frihed fra disse ting—for jeg er blevet som jer ikke-jøder—frigjort fra de jødiske lovregler.

I tog så venligt imod mig, da jeg kom til jer første gang. 13 I husker jo nok, at det var min fysiske svaghed, der blev anledningen til, at jeg første gang fortalte jer om Jesus. 14 Men selvom jeg så ynkelig ud, viste I hverken foragt eller afsky for mig. I tog imod mig som Guds sendebud, ja, som havde jeg været Frelseren Jesus selv. 15 I var så glade og lykkelige dengang. Hvor er den glæde henne i dag? Jeg husker jeres kærlighed til mig. I ville endog have revet jeres øjne ud og givet dem til mig, hvis det havde været muligt. 16 Mon I nu bliver vrede på mig, fordi jeg siger jer sandheden?

17 De mennesker, som ønsker, at I skal følge de jødiske lovregler, gør alt, for at I skal komme over på deres side. De tænker ikke på, hvad der er bedst for jer, men kun på at trække jer væk fra os, så I kan blive lige så ivrige efter at følge reglerne, som de selv er. 18 Det er fint at være ivrig, hvis det altså er efter at gøre det rigtige. Det burde I altid være, ikke kun når jeg er hos jer. 19 Åh, mine elskede børn, jeg føler en dyb smerte for jer, som om jeg var i fødselsveer. Jeg kæmper for, at I må komme til at ligne Kristus mere og mere. 20 Jeg ville ønske, at jeg var hos jer nu, så jeg kunne udtrykke mig klarere og bedre vide, hvad jeg skal sige. Jeg ved snart ikke, hvad jeg skal tænke om jer.

21 Sig mig engang, I som så gerne vil følge de jødiske lovbøger, ved I egentlig, hvad der står i dem? 22 Der står blandt andet, at Abraham fik to sønner. Den ene blev født af slavekvinden Hagar, den anden af hans kone Sara, den frie kvinde.[a] 23 Slavekvindens søn blev født som følge af menneskelige planer. Den frie kvindes søn blev født som følge af et løfte fra Gud. 24 Den historie har en dybere betydning. De to kvinder symboliserer de to pagter mellem Gud og mennesker. Lovens pagt, som Gud oprettede med Israels folk på Sinaibjerget, svarer til slavekvinden Hagar. Den pagts „børn” lever som slaver. 25 Sinaibjerget i Arabien symboliserer det jordiske Jerusalem, som er centrum for de jøder, der lever som slaver af loven. 26 Den frie kvinde, Sara, er symbol på det himmelske Jerusalem, og hendes „børn” lever i frihed. Hun er „mor” til alle os, som tror på Kristus. 27 Der står jo skrevet:

„Glæd dig, du kvinde, som ikke kan få børn.
    Bryd ud i jubel, du, som ikke kender til veer.
Den tilsidesatte hustru får masser af børn,
    langt flere end hende, der har manden.”[b]

28 I, som er kristne, ligner Saras søn, Isak, idet jeres åndelige fødsel er et resultat af Guds løfte til Abraham. 29 Men det samme som skete dengang, sker også i dag. De, som er „født” i kraft af menneskelig tankegang, forfølger dem, som er „født” i kraft af Helligånden. 30 Det har Skriften også noget at sige om: „Jag slavekvinden og hendes søn bort, for slavekvindens søn må aldrig få del i den frie søns arv.”[c] 31 Altså er vi ikke født til at leve i slaveri, men til at leve i frihed.

Footnotes

  1. 4,22 Da Abrahams kone, Sara, ikke kunne få børn, foreslog hun, at Abraham fik et barn med slavepigen Hagar. Det gik Abraham med på, og Ishmael blev født. Senere fik Abraham og Sara ved et mirakel en søn sammen, som kom til at hedde Isak. Beretningen findes i 1.Mos. 15–21.
  2. 4,27 Citat fra Es. 54,1. Se også 1.Mos. 15,5 om Saras og Abrahams utallige „børn”. Hagar kunne sagtens få børn, blot hun havde en mand, mens Sara blev tilsidesat, da hun ikke kunne få børn. Men i sidste instans fik Sara mange flere åndelige efterkommere, end nogen kvinde har fået fysiske efterkommere.
  3. 4,30 1.Mos. 21,10.