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Ezekiel 36-38
New English Translation

Blessings on the Mountains of Israel

36 “As for you, son of man, prophesy to the mountains of Israel, and say: ‘O mountains of Israel, listen to the Lord’s message! 2 This is what the Sovereign Lord says: The enemy has spoken against you, saying “Aha!” and, “The ancient heights[a] have become our property!”’ 3 So prophesy and say: ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Surely because they have made you desolate and crushed you from all directions, so that you have become the property of the rest of the nations, and have become the subject of gossip[b] and slander among the people, 4 therefore, O mountains of Israel, hear the word of the Sovereign Lord. This is what the Sovereign Lord says to the mountains and hills, the ravines and valleys, and to the desolate ruins and the abandoned cities that have become prey and an object of derision to the rest of the nations round about; 5 therefore, this is what the Sovereign Lord says: Surely I have spoken in the fire of my zeal against the rest of the nations and against all Edom, who with great joy and utter contempt have made my land their property and prey, because of its pasture.’

6 “Therefore prophesy concerning the land of Israel, and say to the mountains and hills, the ravines and valleys, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I have spoken in my zeal and in my anger, because you have endured the insults of the nations. 7 So this is what the Sovereign Lord says: I vow[c] that the nations around you will endure insults as well.

8 “‘But you, mountains of Israel, will grow your branches and bear your fruit for my people Israel, for they will arrive soon.[d] 9 For indeed, I am on your side;[e] I will turn to you, and you will be plowed and planted. 10 I will multiply your people[f]—the whole house of Israel, all of it. The cities will be populated and the ruins rebuilt. 11 I will increase the number of people and animals on you; they will increase and be fruitful.[g] I will cause you to be inhabited as in ancient times and will do more good for you than at the beginning of your history.[h] Then you will know that I am the Lord. 12 I will lead people, my people Israel, across you; they will possess you, and you will become their inheritance. No longer will you bereave them of their children.

13 “‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Because they are saying to you, “You are a devourer of men and bereave your nation of children,” 14 therefore you will no longer devour people and no longer bereave your nation of children, declares the Sovereign Lord. 15 I will no longer subject you to[i] the nations’ insults; no longer will you bear the shame of the peoples, and no longer will you bereave[j] your nation, declares the Sovereign Lord.’”

16 The Lord’s message came to me: 17 “Son of man, when the house of Israel was living on their own land, they defiled it by their behavior[k] and their deeds. In my sight their behavior was like the uncleanness of a woman having her monthly period. 18 So I poured my anger on them[l] because of the blood they shed on the land and because of the idols with which they defiled it.[m] 19 I scattered them among the nations; they were dispersed throughout foreign countries. In accordance with their behavior and their deeds I judged them. 20 But when they arrived in the nations where they went, they profaned my holy name. It was said of them, ‘These are the people of the Lord, yet they have departed from his land.’ 21 I was concerned for my holy reputation,[n] which the house of Israel profaned among the nations where they went.

22 “Therefore say to the house of Israel, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: It is not for your sake that I am about to act, O house of Israel, but for the sake of my holy reputation,[o] which you profaned among the nations where you went. 23 I will magnify[p] my great name that has been profaned among the nations, which you have profaned among them. The nations will know that I am the Lord, declares the Sovereign Lord, when I magnify myself among you in their sight.

24 “‘I will take you from the nations and gather you from all the countries; then I will bring you to your land. 25 I will sprinkle you with pure water,[q] and you will be clean from all your impurities. I will purify you from all your idols. 26 I will give you a new heart, and I will put a new spirit within you. I will remove the heart of stone[r] from your body and give you a heart of flesh.[s] 27 I will put my Spirit within you;[t] I will take the initiative, and you will obey my statutes[u] and carefully observe my regulations.[v] 28 Then you will live in the land I gave to your fathers; you will be my people, and I will be your God.[w] 29 I will save you from all your uncleanness. I will call for the grain and multiply it; I will not bring a famine on you. 30 I will multiply the fruit of the trees and the produce of the fields, so that you will never again suffer the disgrace of famine among the nations. 31 Then you will remember your evil behavior[x] and your deeds that were not good; you will loathe yourselves on account of your sins and your abominable deeds. 32 Understand that[y] it is not for your sake I am about to act, declares the Sovereign Lord. Be ashamed and embarrassed by your behavior, O house of Israel.

33 “‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: In the day I cleanse you from all your sins, I will populate the cities, and the ruins will be rebuilt. 34 The desolate land will be plowed, instead of being desolate in the sight of everyone who passes by. 35 They will say, “This desolate land has become like the garden of Eden; the ruined, desolate, and destroyed cities are now fortified and inhabited.” 36 Then the nations that remain around you will know that I, the Lord, have rebuilt the ruins and replanted what was desolate. I, the Lord, have spoken—and I will do it!’

37 “This is what the Sovereign Lord says: I will allow the house of Israel to ask me to do this for them:[z] I will multiply their people like sheep.[aa] 38 Like the sheep for offerings, like the sheep of Jerusalem during her appointed feasts, so the ruined cities will be filled with flocks of people. Then they will know that I am the Lord.”

The Valley of Dry Bones

37 The hand[ab] of the Lord was on me, and he brought me out by the Spirit of the Lord and placed[ac] me in the midst of the valley, and it was full of bones. 2 He made me walk all around among them.[ad] I realized[ae] there were a great many bones in the valley, and they were very dry. 3 He said to me, “Son of man, can these bones live?” I said to him, “Sovereign Lord, you know.” 4 Then he said to me, “Prophesy over these bones, and tell them: ‘Dry bones, listen to the Lord’s message. 5 This is what the Sovereign Lord says to these bones: Look, I am about to infuse breath[af] into you and you will live. 6 I will put tendons[ag] on you and muscles over you and will cover you with skin; I will put breath[ah] in you, and you will live. Then you will know that I am the Lord.’”

7 So I prophesied as I was commanded. There was a sound when I prophesied— I heard[ai] a rattling, and the bones came together, bone to bone. 8 As I watched, I saw[aj] tendons on them, then muscles appeared,[ak] and skin covered over them from above, but there was no breath[al] in them.

9 He said to me, “Prophesy to the breath,[am]—prophesy, son of man—and say to the breath: ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe on these corpses so that they may live.’” 10 So I prophesied as I was commanded, and the breath came into them; they lived and stood on their feet, an extremely great army.

11 Then he said to me, “Son of man, these bones are all the house of Israel. Look, they are saying, ‘Our bones are dry, our hope has perished; we are cut off.’ 12 Therefore prophesy, and tell them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am about to open your graves and will raise you from your graves, my people. I will bring you to the land of Israel. 13 Then you will know that I am the Lord, when I open your graves and raise you from your graves, my people. 14 I will place my breath[an] in you and you will live; I will give you rest in your own land. Then you will know that I am the Lord—I have spoken and I will act, declares the Lord.’”

15 The Lord’s message came to me: 16 “As for you, son of man, take one branch and write on it, ‘For Judah and for the Israelites associated with him.’ Then take another branch and write on it, ‘For Joseph, the branch of Ephraim, and all the house of Israel associated with him.’ 17 Join[ao] them as one stick;[ap] they will be as one in your hand. 18 When your people[aq] say to you, ‘Will you not tell us what these things mean?’ 19 tell them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am about to take the branch of Joseph that is in the hand of Ephraim and the tribes of Israel associated with him, and I will place them on the stick of Judah[ar] and make them into one stick—they will be one in my hand.’[as] 20 The sticks you write on will be in your hand in front of them. 21 Then tell them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am about to take the Israelites from among the nations where they have gone. I will gather them from round about and bring them to their land. 22 I will make them one nation in the land, on the mountains of Israel, and one king will rule over them all. They will never again be two nations and never again be divided into two kingdoms.[at] 23 They will not defile themselves with their idols, their detestable things, and all their rebellious deeds. I will save them from all their unfaithfulness[au] by which they sinned. I will purify them; they will become my people, and I will become their God.

24 “‘My servant David will be king over them; there will be one shepherd for all of them. They will follow[av] my regulations and carefully observe my statutes.[aw] 25 They will live in the land I gave to my servant Jacob, in which your fathers lived; they will live in it—they and their children and their grandchildren forever. David my servant will be prince over them forever. 26 I will make a covenant of peace with them; it will be a perpetual covenant with them.[ax] I will establish them,[ay] increase their numbers, and place my sanctuary among them forever. 27 My dwelling place will be with them; I will be their God, and they will be my people. 28 Then, when my sanctuary is among them forever, the nations will know that I, the Lord, sanctify Israel.’”[az]

A Prophecy Against Gog

38 The Lord’s message came to me: 2 “Son of man, turn toward[ba] Gog,[bb] of the land of Magog,[bc] the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal.[bd] Prophesy against him 3 and say: ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am against you,[be] Gog, chief prince of Meshech and Tubal. 4 I will turn you around, put hooks into your jaws, and bring you out with all your army, horses, and horsemen, all of them fully armed, a great company with shields of different types,[bf] all of them armed with swords. 5 Persia,[bg] Ethiopia, and Put[bh] are with them, all of them with shields and helmets. 6 They are joined by[bi] Gomer with all its troops, and by Beth Togarmah from the remote parts of the north with all its troops—many peoples are with you.[bj]

7 “‘Be ready and stay ready, you and all your companies assembled around you, and be a guard for them.[bk] 8 After many days you will be summoned; in the latter years you will come to a land restored from the ravages of war,[bl] from many peoples gathered on the mountains of Israel that had long been in ruins. Its people[bm] were brought out from the peoples, and all of them will be living securely. 9 You will advance;[bn] you will come like a storm. You will be like a cloud covering the earth, you, all your troops, and the many other peoples with you.

10 “‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: On that day thoughts will come into your mind,[bo] and you will devise an evil plan. 11 You will say, “I will invade[bp] a land of unwalled towns; I will advance against[bq] those living quietly in security—all of them living without walls and barred gates— 12 to loot and plunder, to attack[br] the inhabited ruins and the people gathered from the nations, who are acquiring cattle and goods, who live at the center[bs] of the earth.” 13 Sheba and Dedan and the traders of Tarshish with all its young warriors[bt] will say to you, “Have you come to loot? Have you assembled your armies to plunder, to carry away silver and gold, to take away cattle and goods, to haul away a great amount of spoils?”’

14 “Therefore, prophesy, son of man, and say to Gog: ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: On that day when my people Israel are living securely, you will take notice[bu] 15 and come from your place, from the remote parts of the north, you and many peoples with you, all of them riding on horses, a great company and a vast army. 16 You will advance[bv] against my people Israel like a cloud covering the earth. In future days I will bring you against my land so that the nations may acknowledge me, when before their eyes I magnify myself[bw] through you, O Gog.

17 “‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Are you the one of whom I spoke in former days by my servants[bx] the prophets of Israel, who prophesied in those days[by] that I would bring you against them? 18 On that day, when Gog invades[bz] the land of Israel, declares the Sovereign Lord, my rage will mount up in my anger. 19 In my zeal, in the fire of my fury,[ca] I declare that on that day there will be a great earthquake[cb] in the land of Israel. 20 The fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, the wild beasts, all the things that creep on the ground, and all people who live on the face of the earth will shake[cc] at my presence. The mountains will topple, the cliffs[cd] will fall, and every wall will fall to the ground. 21 I will call for a sword to attack[ce] Gog[cf] on all my mountains, declares the Sovereign Lord; every man’s sword will be against his brother. 22 I will judge him with plague and bloodshed. I will rain down on him, his troops, and the many peoples who are with him a torrential downpour, hailstones, fire, and brimstone. 23 I will exalt and magnify myself; I will reveal myself before many nations. Then they will know that I am the Lord.’

Footnotes

  1. Ezekiel 36:2 tn Or “high places.”
  2. Ezekiel 36:3 tn Heb “lip of the tongue.”
  3. Ezekiel 36:7 tn Heb “I lifted up my hand.”
  4. Ezekiel 36:8 tn Heb “they draw near to arrive.”
  5. Ezekiel 36:9 tn Heb “I (am) toward you.”
  6. Ezekiel 36:10 tn Heb “I will multiply on you human(s).”
  7. Ezekiel 36:11 sn These verbs occur together in Gen 1:22, 28 and 9:1.
  8. Ezekiel 36:11 tn Heb “your beginning.”
  9. Ezekiel 36:15 tn Heb “cause you to hear.”
  10. Ezekiel 36:15 tc The MT reads תַכְשִׁלִי (takhshiliy, “you will cause to stumble”), a Hiphil of כָּשַׁל (kashal, “to stumble”). This is a metathesis for תְשַׁכְּלִי (teshakkeliy), “you will deprive of children”), a Piel from the root שָׁכַל (shakhal), which is used in the previous verses.
  11. Ezekiel 36:17 tn Heb “way.”
  12. Ezekiel 36:18 sn See Ezek 7:8; 9:8; 14:19; 20:8, 13, 21; 22:22; 30:15.
  13. Ezekiel 36:18 sn For the concept of defiling the land in legal literature, see Lev 18:28 and Deut 21:23.
  14. Ezekiel 36:21 tn Heb “name.”
  15. Ezekiel 36:22 sn In Ezek 20:22 God refrained from punishment for the sake of his holy name. Here God’s reputation is the basis for Israel’s restoration.
  16. Ezekiel 36:23 tn Or “sanctify,” Heb “make holy.”
  17. Ezekiel 36:25 sn The Lord here uses a metaphor from the realm of ritual purification. For the use of water in ritual cleansing, see Exod 30:19-20; Lev 14:51; Num 19:18; Heb 10:22.
  18. Ezekiel 36:26 sn That is, a heart that symbolizes a will that is stubborn and unresponsive (see 1 Sam 25:37). In Rabbinic literature a “stone” was associated with an evil inclination (b. Sukkah 52a).
  19. Ezekiel 36:26 sn That is, a heart that symbolizes a will that is responsive and obedient to God.
  20. Ezekiel 36:27 tn Or “in the midst of you.” The word “you” is plural.
  21. Ezekiel 36:27 tn Heb “and I will do that which in my statutes you will walk.” The awkward syntax (verb “to do, act” + accusative sign + relative clause + prepositional phrase + second person verb) is unique, though Eccl 3:14 contains a similar construction. In the last line of that verse we read that “God acts so that (relative pronoun) they fear before him.” However, unlike Ezek 36:27, the statement has no accusative sign before the relative pronoun.
  22. Ezekiel 36:27 tn Heb “and my laws you will guard and you will do them.” Jer 31:31-34 is parallel to this passage.
  23. Ezekiel 36:28 sn This promise reflects the ancient covenantal ideal (see Exod 6:7).
  24. Ezekiel 36:31 tn Heb “ways.”
  25. Ezekiel 36:32 tn Heb “Let it be known.”
  26. Ezekiel 36:37 tn The Niphal verb may have a tolerative function here: “Again (for) this I will allow myself to be sought by the house of Israel to act for them.” Or it may be reflexive: “I will reveal myself to the house of Israel by doing this also.”
  27. Ezekiel 36:37 sn Heb “I will multiply them like sheep, human(s).”
  28. Ezekiel 37:1 tn Or “power.” sn Hand in the OT can refer metaphorically to power, authority, or influence. In Ezekiel God’s hand being on the prophet is regularly associated with communication or a vision from God (3:14, 22; 8:1; 37:1; 40:1).
  29. Ezekiel 37:1 tn Heb “caused me to rest.”
  30. Ezekiel 37:2 tn Heb “and he made me pass over them, around, around.”
  31. Ezekiel 37:2 tn The word הִנֵּה (hinneh, traditionally “behold”) indicates becoming aware of something and is here translated as “I realized” because it results from Ezekiel’s recognition of the situation around him. In Hebrew, the exclamation is repeated in the following sentence.
  32. Ezekiel 37:5 tn Heb “I am about to bring a spirit.”
  33. Ezekiel 37:6 tn The exact anatomical referent of the term is uncertain. In addition to v. 8, the term occurs only in Gen 32:32 (32:33 Heb); Job 10:11; 40:17; Is 48:4.
  34. Ezekiel 37:6 tn Or “a spirit.”
  35. Ezekiel 37:7 tn The word הִנֵּה (hinneh, traditionally “behold”) indicates becoming aware of something and has been translated here as a verb.
  36. Ezekiel 37:8 tn The word הִנֵּה (hinneh, traditionally “behold”) indicates becoming aware of something and has been translated here as a verb.
  37. Ezekiel 37:8 tn Heb “came up.”
  38. Ezekiel 37:8 tn Or “spirit.”
  39. Ezekiel 37:9 tn Or “spirit,” and several times in this verse.
  40. Ezekiel 37:14 tn Or “spirit.” This is likely an allusion to Gen 2 and God’s breath that creates life.
  41. Ezekiel 37:17 tn Heb “bring near.”
  42. Ezekiel 37:17 tn Heb “one to one for you for one stick.”
  43. Ezekiel 37:18 tn Heb “the sons of your people.”
  44. Ezekiel 37:19 tn Heb “I will place them on it, that is, on the stick of Judah.”
  45. Ezekiel 37:19 sn The reunification of Israel and Judah is envisioned as well in Ezek 33:23, 29; Jer 3:18; 23:5-6; Hos 1:11; Amos 9:11.
  46. Ezekiel 37:22 sn Jeremiah also attested to the reuniting of the northern and southern kingdoms (Jer 3:12, 14; 31:2-6).
  47. Ezekiel 37:23 tc Heb “their dwellings.” The text as it stands does not make sense. Based on the LXX, a slight emendation of two vowels, including a mater lectionis, yields the reading “from their turning,” a reference here to their turning from God and deviating from his commandments. See BDB 1000 s.v. מְשׁוּבָה, and D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:407.
  48. Ezekiel 37:24 tn Heb “walk [in].”
  49. Ezekiel 37:24 tn Heb “and my statutes they will guard and they will do them.”
  50. Ezekiel 37:26 sn See Isa 24:5; 55:3; 61:8; Jer 32:40; 50:5; Ezek 16:60 for other references to perpetual covenants.
  51. Ezekiel 37:26 tn Heb “give them.”
  52. Ezekiel 37:28 sn The sanctuary of Israel becomes the main focus of Ezek 40-48.
  53. Ezekiel 38:2 tn Heb “set your face against.”
  54. Ezekiel 38:2 sn This may refer to a Lydian king in western Asia Minor in the seventh century b.c. Apart from Ezek 38-39, the only other biblical reference to this king/nation is in Rev 20:8. For a study of the names appearing in this verse, see E. Yamauchi, Foes From the Northern Frontier, 19-27.
  55. Ezekiel 38:2 sn One of the sons of Japheth according to Gen 10:2 and 1 Chr 1:5.
  56. Ezekiel 38:2 tn Heb “the prince, the chief of Meshech and Tubal.” Some translate “the prince of Rosh, Meshech and Tubal,” but it is more likely that the Hebrew noun in question is a common noun in apposition to “prince,” rather than a proper name. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:434-35. As Block demonstrates, attempts by some popular writers to identify these proper names with later geographical sites in Russia are anachronistic. See as well E. Yamauchi, Foes From the Northern Frontier, 19-27. sn Meshech and Tubal were two nations in Cappadocia of Asia Minor. They were also sons of Japheth (Gen 10:2; 1 Chr 1:5).
  57. Ezekiel 38:3 tn Or “I challenge you.” The phrase “I am against you” may be a formula for challenging someone to combat or a duel. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 1:201-2, and P. Humbert, “Die Herausforderungsformel ‘hinnenî ’êlékâ’” ZAW 45 (1933): 101-8.
  58. Ezekiel 38:4 sn The Hebrew text mentions two different types of shields here.
  59. Ezekiel 38:5 tn D. I. Block prefers to see the Hebrew word as referring here to a western ally of Egypt or as an alternative spelling for Pathros, that is, Upper Egypt. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:439-40.
  60. Ezekiel 38:5 sn That is, Lybia.
  61. Ezekiel 38:6 tn The words “they are joined by” are added in the translation for purposes of English style.
  62. Ezekiel 38:6 sn The seven-nation coalition represents the north (Meshech, Tubal, Gomer, Beth Togarmah), the south/west (Ethiopia, Put) and the east (Persia). The use of the sevenfold list suggests completeness. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:441.
  63. Ezekiel 38:7 tn The second person singular verbal and pronominal forms in the Hebrew text indicate that Gog is addressed here.
  64. Ezekiel 38:8 tn Heb “from the sword.”
  65. Ezekiel 38:8 tn Heb “it.”
  66. Ezekiel 38:9 tn Heb “go up.”
  67. Ezekiel 38:10 tn Heb “words will go up upon your heart.”
  68. Ezekiel 38:11 tn Heb “go up against.”
  69. Ezekiel 38:11 tn Heb “come (to).”
  70. Ezekiel 38:12 tn Heb “to turn your hand against.”
  71. Ezekiel 38:12 tn The Hebrew term occurs elsewhere only in Judg 9:37. Perhaps it means “high point, top.”
  72. Ezekiel 38:13 tn Heb “young lions.”
  73. Ezekiel 38:14 tn The Hebrew text is framed as a rhetorical question: “will you not take notice?”
  74. Ezekiel 38:16 tn Heb “come up.”
  75. Ezekiel 38:16 tn Or “reveal my holiness.”
  76. Ezekiel 38:17 tn Heb “by the hand of my servants.”
  77. Ezekiel 38:17 tn The Hebrew text adds “years” here, but this is probably a scribal gloss on the preceding phrase. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:201.
  78. Ezekiel 38:18 tn Heb “goes up against.”
  79. Ezekiel 38:19 sn The phrase “in the fire of my fury” occurs in Ezek 21:31 and 22:21, 31.
  80. Ezekiel 38:19 tn Or “shaking.”
  81. Ezekiel 38:20 tn Or “tremble.”
  82. Ezekiel 38:20 tn The term occurs only here and in Song of Songs 2:14.
  83. Ezekiel 38:21 tn Heb “against.”
  84. Ezekiel 38:21 tn Heb “him”; the referent (Gog, cf. v. 18) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
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