L’idolâtrie d’Israël et le renouvellement de l’alliance

Le veau d’or

32 Quand le peuple s’aperçut que Moïse tardait à redescendre de la montagne, il se rassembla autour d’Aaron et lui dit : Allons ! Fabrique-nous des dieux qui marchent à notre tête, car Moïse, cet homme qui nous a fait sortir d’Egypte, nous ne savons pas ce qui lui est arrivé.

Aaron leur répondit : Otez les pendants d’or des oreilles de vos femmes, de vos fils[a] et de vos filles, et apportez-les moi.

Tous se défirent des pendants d’or qui étaient à leurs oreilles et les apportèrent à Aaron. Celui-ci les reçut de leurs mains, façonna l’or au burin et en coula la statue d’un veau. Alors le peuple s’écria : Israël, Voici tes dieux, qui t’ont fait sortir d’Egypte[b] !

Voyant cela, Aaron construisit un autel devant le veau ; puis il proclama : Demain il y aura fête en l’honneur de l’Eternel.

Le lendemain, levé de bon matin, le peuple se mit à offrir des holocaustes et des sacrifices de communion. Ils s’assirent pour manger et boire, puis ils se levèrent pour se divertir[c].

Moïse apaise l’Eternel

L’Eternel dit à Moïse : Va, redescends, car ton peuple que tu as fait sortir d’Egypte se conduit très mal. Ils se sont bien vite détournés de la voie que je leur avais indiquée. Ils se sont fabriqué un veau de métal fondu, ils se sont prosternés devant lui et lui ont offert des sacrifices en disant : « Israël, voici tes dieux, qui t’ont fait sortir d’Egypte ! »

L’Eternel ajouta : Je constate que ce peuple est un peuple rebelle. 10 Maintenant, laisse-moi faire : ma colère s’enflammera contre eux et je les exterminerai. Mais je ferai de toi un autre grand peuple.

11 Alors Moïse supplia l’Eternel son Dieu d’avoir pitié en disant : Eternel, pourquoi ta colère s’enflammerait-elle contre ton peuple que tu as fait sortir d’Egypte par un formidable déploiement de force et de puissance[d] ? 12 Pourquoi les Egyptiens diraient-ils que c’est dans de mauvaises intentions que leur Dieu les a fait sortir de leur pays : pour les faire périr dans la région des montagnes et les faire disparaître de la terre ? Laisse ta colère et renonce à envoyer le malheur à ton peuple. 13 Souviens-toi d’Abraham, d’Isaac et d’Israël, tes serviteurs, envers qui tu t’es engagé par serment en ton propre nom en leur déclarant : « Je rendrai vos descendants aussi nombreux que les étoiles du ciel, je leur donnerai tout ce pays dont j’ai parlé, et ils le posséderont pour toujours[e]. »

14 Alors l’Eternel renonça à faire venir sur son peuple le malheur dont il l’avait menacé.

La colère de Moïse

15 Moïse s’en retourna et redescendit de la montagne, tenant en main les deux tablettes de l’acte de l’alliance. Elles étaient gravées des deux côtés, sur leurs deux faces. 16 Ces tablettes étaient l’œuvre de Dieu, l’écriture était celle de Dieu, gravée sur les tablettes.

17 Quand Josué entendit les clameurs poussées par le peuple, il dit à Moïse : Il y a un bruit de guerre dans le camp.

18 – Non ! répondit Moïse, ce ne sont ni des cris de victoire ni des lamentations de défaite. C’est un bruit de chansons que j’entends.

19 Quand il fut près du camp, qu’il aperçut le veau et vit les chœurs de danses, il entra dans une grande colère : il lança les tablettes qu’il tenait en mains et les mit en pièces au pied de la montagne. 20 Il saisit le veau que le peuple avait fabriqué, le jeta au feu et le réduisit en poussière qu’il éparpilla à la surface de l’eau, puis il fit boire cette eau aux Israélites. 21 Ensuite, il demanda à Aaron : Que t’a donc fait ce peuple pour que tu l’aies entraîné à se rendre coupable d’un si grand péché ?

22 Aaron répondit : Que mon seigneur ne se fâche pas ! Tu sais toi-même que ce peuple est porté à faire le mal. 23 Ils m’ont dit : « Fabrique-nous des dieux qui marchent à notre tête, car ce Moïse, cet homme qui nous a fait sortir d’Egypte, nous ne savons pas ce qui lui est arrivé[f]. » 24 Je leur ai donc répondu : « Que ceux qui ont de l’or s’en dessaisissent ! » Ils m’en ont remis, je l’ai fait fondre au feu et voilà le veau qui en est sorti.

25 Moïse vit que le peuple était déchaîné. Aaron l’avait laissé faire, de sorte qu’il s’exposait au mépris de ses ennemis. 26 Alors il se posta à l’entrée du camp et s’écria : Que tous ceux qui sont pour l’Eternel viennent vers moi !

Tous les membres de la tribu de Lévi se rallièrent à lui. 27 Il leur dit : Voici ce qu’ordonne l’Eternel, le Dieu d’Israël : Que chacun de vous mette son épée au côté ! Parcourez tout le camp, allez d’une tente à l’autre, que chacun tue jusqu’à son frère, son ami, son proche.

28 Les lévites obéirent à Moïse de sorte que, ce jour-là, environ trois mille hommes du peuple perdirent la vie. 29 Moïse dit aux lévites : Vous avez été investis aujourd’hui au service de l’Eternel, car vous avez combattu chacun contre son fils et son frère, de sorte que l’Eternel vous accorde aujourd’hui sa bénédiction.

Moïse prie l’Eternel de pardonner au peuple

30 Le lendemain, Moïse dit au peuple : Vous vous êtes rendus coupables d’un grand péché. Maintenant je vais remonter auprès de l’Eternel. Peut-être obtiendrai-je un moyen d’expiation pour votre péché.

31 Moïse retourna donc auprès de l’Eternel et dit : Hélas ! ce peuple s’est rendu coupable d’un grand péché, il s’est fait un dieu d’or. 32 Mais maintenant, veuille pardonner ce péché. Sinon, efface-moi du livre[g] que tu as écrit.

33 L’Eternel répondit à Moïse : C’est celui qui a péché contre moi que j’effacerai de mon livre. 34 Maintenant va, conduis le peuple là où je t’ai dit. Mon ange marchera devant toi, mais au jour où j’interviendrai, je les châtierai pour leur péché.

35 L’Eternel frappa le peuple, à cause du veau d’or qu’avait fabriqué Aaron.

Footnotes

  1. 32.2 Les hommes portaient également des boucles d’oreilles (voir Jg 8.24-26).
  2. 32.4 Parodie de 20.2 (voir 1 R 12.28-29 ; Ac 7.41).
  3. 32.6 Le verbe traduit par se divertir peut avoir une connotation sexuelle (Gn 26.8). Des orgies licencieuses accompagnaient généralement les fêtes païennes. C’est dans ce sens que Paul interprète ce texte (1 Co 10.7).
  4. 32.11 Pour les v. 11-14, voir Nb 14.13-19.
  5. 32.13 Voir Gn 17.8 ; 22.16-17.
  6. 32.23 Voir Ac 7.40.
  7. 32.32 Voir Ps 69.29 ; Ap 3.5.

32 Viendo el pueblo que Moisés tardaba en descender del monte, se acercaron entonces a Aarón, y le dijeron: Levántate, haznos dioses que vayan delante de nosotros; porque a este Moisés, el varón que nos sacó de la tierra de Egipto, no sabemos qué le haya acontecido.(A) Y Aarón les dijo: Apartad los zarcillos de oro que están en las orejas de vuestras mujeres, de vuestros hijos y de vuestras hijas, y traédmelos. Entonces todo el pueblo apartó los zarcillos de oro que tenían en sus orejas, y los trajeron a Aarón; y él los tomó de las manos de ellos, y le dio forma con buril, e hizo de ello un becerro de fundición.(B) Entonces dijeron: Israel, estos son tus dioses, que te sacaron de la tierra de Egipto. Y viendo esto Aarón, edificó un altar delante del becerro; y pregonó Aarón, y dijo: Mañana será fiesta para Jehová. Y al día siguiente madrugaron, y ofrecieron holocaustos, y presentaron ofrendas de paz; y se sentó el pueblo a comer y a beber, y se levantó a regocijarse.(C)

Entonces Jehová dijo a Moisés: Anda, desciende, porque tu pueblo que sacaste de la tierra de Egipto se ha corrompido. Pronto se han apartado del camino que yo les mandé; se han hecho un becerro de fundición, y lo han adorado, y le han ofrecido sacrificios, y han dicho: Israel, estos son tus dioses, que te sacaron de la tierra de Egipto. Dijo más Jehová a Moisés: Yo he visto a este pueblo, que por cierto es pueblo de dura cerviz. 10 Ahora, pues, déjame que se encienda mi ira en ellos, y los consuma; y de ti yo haré una nación grande.

11 Entonces Moisés oró en presencia de Jehová su Dios, y dijo: Oh Jehová, ¿por qué se encenderá tu furor contra tu pueblo, que tú sacaste de la tierra de Egipto con gran poder y con mano fuerte? 12 ¿Por qué han de hablar los egipcios, diciendo: Para mal los sacó, para matarlos en los montes, y para raerlos de sobre la faz de la tierra? Vuélvete del ardor de tu ira, y arrepiéntete de este mal contra tu pueblo. 13 Acuérdate de Abraham, de Isaac y de Israel tus siervos, a los cuales has jurado por ti mismo, y les has dicho: Yo multiplicaré vuestra descendencia como las estrellas del cielo;(D) y daré a vuestra descendencia toda esta tierra de que he hablado, y la tomarán por heredad para siempre.(E) 14 Entonces Jehová se arrepintió del mal que dijo que había de hacer a su pueblo.(F)

15 Y volvió Moisés y descendió del monte, trayendo en su mano las dos tablas del testimonio, las tablas escritas por ambos lados; de uno y otro lado estaban escritas. 16 Y las tablas eran obra de Dios, y la escritura era escritura de Dios grabada sobre las tablas. 17 Cuando oyó Josué el clamor del pueblo que gritaba, dijo a Moisés: Alarido de pelea hay en el campamento. 18 Y él respondió: No es voz de alaridos de fuertes, ni voz de alaridos de débiles; voz de cantar oigo yo. 19 Y aconteció que cuando él llegó al campamento, y vio el becerro y las danzas, ardió la ira de Moisés, y arrojó las tablas de sus manos, y las quebró al pie del monte. 20 Y tomó el becerro que habían hecho, y lo quemó en el fuego, y lo molió hasta reducirlo a polvo, que esparció sobre las aguas, y lo dio a beber a los hijos de Israel.

21 Y dijo Moisés a Aarón: ¿Qué te ha hecho este pueblo, que has traído sobre él tan gran pecado? 22 Y respondió Aarón: No se enoje mi señor; tú conoces al pueblo, que es inclinado a mal. 23 Porque me dijeron: Haznos dioses que vayan delante de nosotros; porque a este Moisés, el varón que nos sacó de la tierra de Egipto, no sabemos qué le haya acontecido. 24 Y yo les respondí: ¿Quién tiene oro? Apartadlo. Y me lo dieron, y lo eché en el fuego, y salió este becerro.

25 Y viendo Moisés que el pueblo estaba desenfrenado, porque Aarón lo había permitido, para vergüenza entre sus enemigos, 26 se puso Moisés a la puerta del campamento, y dijo: ¿Quién está por Jehová? Júntese conmigo. Y se juntaron con él todos los hijos de Leví. 27 Y él les dijo: Así ha dicho Jehová, el Dios de Israel: Poned cada uno su espada sobre su muslo; pasad y volved de puerta a puerta por el campamento, y matad cada uno a su hermano, y a su amigo, y a su pariente. 28 Y los hijos de Leví lo hicieron conforme al dicho de Moisés; y cayeron del pueblo en aquel día como tres mil hombres. 29 Entonces Moisés dijo: Hoy os habéis consagrado a Jehová, pues cada uno se ha consagrado en su hijo y en su hermano, para que él dé bendición hoy sobre vosotros.

30 Y aconteció que al día siguiente dijo Moisés al pueblo: Vosotros habéis cometido un gran pecado, pero yo subiré ahora a Jehová; quizá le aplacaré acerca de vuestro pecado. 31 Entonces volvió Moisés a Jehová, y dijo: Te ruego, pues este pueblo ha cometido un gran pecado, porque se hicieron dioses de oro, 32 que perdones ahora su pecado, y si no, ráeme ahora de tu libro que has escrito.(G) 33 Y Jehová respondió a Moisés: Al que pecare contra mí, a este raeré yo de mi libro. 34 Ve, pues, ahora, lleva a este pueblo a donde te he dicho; he aquí mi ángel irá delante de ti; pero en el día del castigo, yo castigaré en ellos su pecado.

35 Y Jehová hirió al pueblo, porque habían hecho el becerro que formó Aarón.

The Golden Calf

32 When the people saw that Moses was so long in coming down from the mountain,(A) they gathered around Aaron and said, “Come, make us gods[a] who will go before(B) us. As for this fellow Moses who brought us up out of Egypt, we don’t know what has happened to him.”(C)

Aaron answered them, “Take off the gold earrings(D) that your wives, your sons and your daughters are wearing, and bring them to me.” So all the people took off their earrings and brought them to Aaron. He took what they handed him and made it into an idol(E) cast in the shape of a calf,(F) fashioning it with a tool. Then they said, “These are your gods,[b](G) Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt.”(H)

When Aaron saw this, he built an altar in front of the calf and announced, “Tomorrow there will be a festival(I) to the Lord.” So the next day the people rose early and sacrificed burnt offerings and presented fellowship offerings.(J) Afterward they sat down to eat and drink(K) and got up to indulge in revelry.(L)

Then the Lord said to Moses, “Go down, because your people, whom you brought up out of Egypt,(M) have become corrupt.(N) They have been quick to turn away(O) from what I commanded them and have made themselves an idol(P) cast in the shape of a calf.(Q) They have bowed down to it and sacrificed(R) to it and have said, ‘These are your gods, Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt.’(S)

“I have seen these people,” the Lord said to Moses, “and they are a stiff-necked(T) people. 10 Now leave me alone(U) so that my anger may burn against them and that I may destroy(V) them. Then I will make you into a great nation.”(W)

11 But Moses sought the favor(X) of the Lord his God. “Lord,” he said, “why should your anger burn against your people, whom you brought out of Egypt with great power and a mighty hand?(Y) 12 Why should the Egyptians say, ‘It was with evil intent that he brought them out, to kill them in the mountains and to wipe them off the face of the earth’?(Z) Turn from your fierce anger; relent and do not bring disaster(AA) on your people. 13 Remember(AB) your servants Abraham, Isaac and Israel, to whom you swore by your own self:(AC) ‘I will make your descendants as numerous as the stars(AD) in the sky and I will give your descendants all this land(AE) I promised them, and it will be their inheritance forever.’” 14 Then the Lord relented(AF) and did not bring on his people the disaster he had threatened.

15 Moses turned and went down the mountain with the two tablets of the covenant law(AG) in his hands.(AH) They were inscribed(AI) on both sides, front and back. 16 The tablets were the work of God; the writing was the writing of God, engraved on the tablets.(AJ)

17 When Joshua(AK) heard the noise of the people shouting, he said to Moses, “There is the sound of war in the camp.”

18 Moses replied:

“It is not the sound of victory,
    it is not the sound of defeat;
    it is the sound of singing that I hear.”

19 When Moses approached the camp and saw the calf(AL) and the dancing,(AM) his anger burned(AN) and he threw the tablets out of his hands, breaking them to pieces(AO) at the foot of the mountain. 20 And he took the calf the people had made and burned(AP) it in the fire; then he ground it to powder,(AQ) scattered it on the water(AR) and made the Israelites drink it.

21 He said to Aaron, “What did these people do to you, that you led them into such great sin?”

22 “Do not be angry,(AS) my lord,” Aaron answered. “You know how prone these people are to evil.(AT) 23 They said to me, ‘Make us gods who will go before us. As for this fellow Moses who brought us up out of Egypt, we don’t know what has happened to him.’(AU) 24 So I told them, ‘Whoever has any gold jewelry, take it off.’ Then they gave me the gold, and I threw it into the fire, and out came this calf!”(AV)

25 Moses saw that the people were running wild and that Aaron had let them get out of control and so become a laughingstock(AW) to their enemies. 26 So he stood at the entrance to the camp and said, “Whoever is for the Lord, come to me.” And all the Levites rallied to him.

27 Then he said to them, “This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, says: ‘Each man strap a sword to his side. Go back and forth through the camp from one end to the other, each killing his brother and friend and neighbor.’”(AX) 28 The Levites did as Moses commanded, and that day about three thousand of the people died. 29 Then Moses said, “You have been set apart to the Lord today, for you were against your own sons and brothers, and he has blessed you this day.”

30 The next day Moses said to the people, “You have committed a great sin.(AY) But now I will go up to the Lord; perhaps I can make atonement(AZ) for your sin.”

31 So Moses went back to the Lord and said, “Oh, what a great sin these people have committed!(BA) They have made themselves gods of gold.(BB) 32 But now, please forgive their sin(BC)—but if not, then blot me(BD) out of the book(BE) you have written.”

33 The Lord replied to Moses, “Whoever has sinned against me I will blot out(BF) of my book. 34 Now go, lead(BG) the people to the place(BH) I spoke of, and my angel(BI) will go before you. However, when the time comes for me to punish,(BJ) I will punish them for their sin.”

35 And the Lord struck the people with a plague because of what they did with the calf(BK) Aaron had made.

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 32:1 Or a god; also in verses 23 and 31
  2. Exodus 32:4 Or This is your god; also in verse 8

VII. Israel’s Apostasy and God’s Renewal of the Covenant

Chapter 32

The Golden Calf. When the people saw that Moses was delayed in coming down from the mountain, they gathered around Aaron and said to him, “Come, make us a god who will go before us; as for that man Moses who brought us out of the land of Egypt, we do not know what has happened to him.”(A) Aaron replied, “Take off the golden earrings that your wives, your sons, and your daughters are wearing, and bring them to me.” So all the people took off their earrings and brought them to Aaron. He received their offering, and fashioning it with a tool, made a molten calf. Then they cried out, “These are your gods, Israel, who brought you[a] up from the land of Egypt.”(B) On seeing this, Aaron built an altar in front of the calf and proclaimed, “Tomorrow is a feast of the Lord.” Early the next day the people sacrificed burnt offerings and brought communion sacrifices. Then they sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to revel.(C)

(D)Then the Lord said to Moses: Go down at once because your people, whom you brought out of the land of Egypt, have acted corruptly. They have quickly turned aside from the way I commanded them, making for themselves a molten calf and bowing down to it, sacrificing to it and crying out, “These are your gods, Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt!” (E)I have seen this people, how stiff-necked they are, continued the Lord to Moses. 10 Let me alone, then, that my anger may burn against them to consume them. Then I will make of you a great nation.

11 [b]But Moses implored the Lord, his God, saying,(F) “Why, O Lord, should your anger burn against your people, whom you brought out of the land of Egypt with great power and with a strong hand? 12 Why should the Egyptians say, ‘With evil intent he brought them out, that he might kill them in the mountains and wipe them off the face of the earth’? Turn from your burning wrath; change your mind about punishing your people. 13 Remember your servants Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, and how you swore to them by your own self, saying,(G) ‘I will make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky; and all this land that I promised, I will give your descendants as their perpetual heritage.’” 14 So the Lord changed his mind about the punishment he had threatened to inflict on his people.

15 Moses then turned and came down the mountain with the two tablets of the covenant in his hands,(H) tablets that were written on both sides, front and back. 16 The tablets were made by God; the writing was the writing of God, engraved on the tablets.(I) 17 Now, when Joshua heard the noise of the people shouting, he said to Moses, “That sounds like a battle in the camp.” 18 But Moses answered,

“It is not the noise of victory,
    it is not the noise of defeat;
    the sound I hear is singing.”

19 As he drew near the camp, he saw the calf and the dancing. Then Moses’ anger burned, and he threw the tablets down and broke them on the base of the mountain.(J) 20 Taking the calf they had made, he burned it in the fire and then ground it down to powder, which he scattered on the water[c] and made the Israelites drink.(K)

21 [d]Moses asked Aaron, “What did this people do to you that you should lead them into a grave sin?” 22 Aaron replied, “Do not let my lord be angry. You know how the people are prone to evil. 23 They said to me, ‘Make us a god to go before us; as for this man Moses who brought us out of the land of Egypt, we do not know what has happened to him.’ 24 So I told them, ‘Whoever is wearing gold, take it off.’ They gave it to me, and I threw it into the fire, and this calf came out.”

25 Moses saw that the people were running wild because Aaron had lost control—to the secret delight of their foes. 26 Moses stood at the gate of the camp and shouted, “Whoever is for the Lord, come to me!” All the Levites(L) then rallied to him, 27 and he told them, “Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel: Each of you put your sword on your hip! Go back and forth through the camp, from gate to gate, and kill your brothers, your friends, your neighbors!” 28 The Levites did as Moses had commanded, and that day about three thousand of the people fell. 29 Then Moses said, “Today you are installed as priests[e] for the Lord, for you went against your own sons and brothers, to bring a blessing upon yourselves this day.”

The Atonement. 30 On the next day Moses said to the people,(M) “You have committed a grave sin. Now I will go up to the Lord; perhaps I may be able to make atonement for your sin.” 31 So Moses returned to the Lord and said, “Ah, this people has committed a grave sin in making a god of gold for themselves! 32 Now if you would only forgive their sin! But if you will not, then blot me out of the book that you have written.”[f] 33 The Lord answered Moses: Only the one who has sinned against me will I blot out of my book. 34 Now, go and lead the people where I have told you. See, my angel will go before you. When it is time for me to punish, I will punish them for their sin.

35 Thus the Lord struck the people for making the calf, the one that Aaron made.

Footnotes

  1. 32:4–5 Who brought you…a feast of the Lord: it seems that the golden calf was intended as an image, not of another god, but of the Lord, whose strength was symbolized by the strength of a young bull. The Israelites, however, had been forbidden to represent the Lord under any visible form. Cf. 20:4. In the tenth century Jeroboam made golden calves for the shrines at Bethel and Dan, presumably to function as thrones for the Lord as the ark did in Jerusalem (see 1 Kgs 12:27–30).
  2. 32:11–13 Moses uses three arguments to persuade the Lord to remain faithful to the Sinai covenant even though the people have broken it: (1) they are God’s own people, redeemed with God’s great power; (2) God’s reputation will suffer if they are destroyed; (3) the covenant with Abraham still stands. The Lord’s change of mind is a testimony to Israel’s belief in the power of intercessory prayer.
  3. 32:20 The water: according to Dt 9:21, this was the stream that flowed down Mount Sinai.
  4. 32:21–24 Aaron attempts to persuade Moses not to act in anger, just as Moses persuaded the Lord. He also shifts the blame from himself to the people.
  5. 32:29 Installed as priests: lit., “fill your hands,” a term for the ordination of priests (see 28:41; 29:9, 29, 33, 35; Nm 3:3). Because of their zeal for the true worship of the Lord, the Levites were chosen to be special ministers of the ritual service.
  6. 32:32 The book that you have written: a symbolic reference to the list of God’s faithful people.