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Acts 15:24
New Catholic Bible

24 It has come to our attention that some of our number, without having received any instructions from us, have upset you with their teachings and disturbed your peace of mind.

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Listen to Acts 15:24, 2 Corinthians 11:4, Galatians 1:7, Galatians 2:4, 2 Peter 2, Jude 3-25
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Acts 15:24
New International Version

24 We have heard that some went out from us without our authorization and disturbed you, troubling your minds by what they said.(A)

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2 Corinthians 11:4
New Catholic Bible

4 For if someone comes and proclaims another Jesus[a] than the one we proclaimed, or if you receive a different spirit from the one you received, or a different gospel from the one you accepted, you put up with that readily enough!

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Footnotes

  1. 2 Corinthians 11:4 Another Jesus: the false apostles present Jesus cast in the mold of Judaistic teachings (see 2 Cor 11:22). Different spirit: e.g., a spirit of bondage, fear, and worldliness (see Rom 8:15; 1 Cor 2:12; Gal 2:4; 4:24; Col 2:20-23) instead of a Spirit of freedom, love, joy, praise, and power (see 2 Cor 3:17; Rom 14:17; Gal 2:4; 5:1, 22; Eph 3:20; Col 1:11; 2 Tim 1:7). Different gospel: i.e., a gospel that is really no gospel at all (see Gal 1:6-9).
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2 Corinthians 11:4
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4 For if someone comes to you and preaches a Jesus other than the Jesus we preached,(A) or if you receive a different spirit(B) from the Spirit you received, or a different gospel(C) from the one you accepted, you put up with it(D) easily enough.

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2 Corinthians 10
2 Corinthians 12
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Galatians 1:7
New Catholic Bible

7 In reality, there is not another one, but there are some who are troubling you by perverting the gospel of Christ.

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Galatians 1:7
New International Version

7 which is really no gospel at all. Evidently some people are throwing you into confusion(A) and are trying to pervert(B) the gospel of Christ.

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Galatians 2
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Galatians 2:4
New Catholic Bible

4 Yet some false brethren were secretly brought in to spy on the freedom we have in Christ Jesus, so that they might reduce us to slavery.

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Galatians 2:4
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4 This matter arose because some false believers(A) had infiltrated our ranks to spy on(B) the freedom(C) we have in Christ Jesus and to make us slaves.

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2 Peter 2
New Catholic Bible

Warning against False Teachers[a]

Chapter 2

False Teachers Will Arise. 1 Just as there were false prophets who arose among the people, so there will be false teachers among you. They will introduce their disruptive views and even deny the very Master who redeemed them, thus bringing swift destruction on themselves.

2 Many will be seduced by their licentious ways, and because of these teachers the way of truth will be brought into disrepute. 3 In their greed they will exploit you with concocted stories.

The Condemnation of False Teachers. However, their condemnation has been hanging over them for a long time, and the destruction awaiting them does not slumber. 4 For God did not spare the angels who sinned, but he cast them into the dark abyss to be chained, where they are being held until the judgment.[b] 5 Nor did he spare the ancient world,[c] even though he saved Noah, a herald of righteousness, one of eight, when he brought a flood upon the world with its godless people.

6 God also reduced the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to ashes, thereby condemning them to total ruin and making them an example of what awaited the ungodly. 7 However, he rescued Lot, an upright man who was sickened by the licentiousness of the lawless society in which he lived 8 for that man was greatly tormented in his righteous soul by the crimes that he saw and about which he was told day after day.

9 Therefore, the Lord knows how to rescue the godly from their trials and to hold the wicked for punishment until the Day of Judgment. 10 Above all, he will punish those who succumb to the desires of their corrupt human nature and show no respect for authority.

The Ways of False Teachers. Bold and headstrong, they are not afraid to insult celestial beings, 11 whereas angels, despite their superior strength and power, do not bring slanderous accusations against such men in the Lord’s presence.[d] 12 These men are like wild beasts, mere creatures of instinct born to be caught and killed.

They pour abuse on things they do not understand, and in their corruption they also will be destroyed, 13 receiving the penalty[e] for doing wrong. They regard it as a pleasure to carouse in broad daylight. While they share your table, they are ugly blots and blemishes, reveling in their pleasures.

14 They have eyes that are always on the trail of adultery, insatiable in their desire for sinful pursuits. They seduce unstable people, and their hearts are fixed on greed. Truly, they are an accursed brood.[f] 15 They have abandoned the straight path and have gone astray, following in the steps of Balaam, the son of Beor,[g] who loved to receive payment for wrongdoing. 16 However, he received a rebuke for his crime when a mute donkey spoke with a human voice and put a stop to the prophet’s madness.

17 Such people are waterless springs and mists driven by a storm. For them the gloom of darkness has been reserved. 18 They speak boastful words devoid of meaning, and by arousing licentious desires of the flesh they entice people who are just escaping from living in error.

19 They promise them freedom, although they themselves are slaves of depravity.[h] For people are slaves of whatever has mastered them. 20 If they have escaped the world’s defilements through coming to know our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ and then again become entangled and are overpowered, they are worse off in this latter state than they were before.

21 It would have been better for them never to have known the way of righteousness than, having known it, to turn back and abandon the holy commandment that was handed on to them. 22 What happened to them manifests the truth of the proverbs:

“The dog returns to its own vomit,”[i]

and

“The washed sow returns to wallowing in the mud.”

Footnotes

  1. 2 Peter 2:1 The portrait of the false teachers is drawn in living colors. They deny Christ and his salvation, disfigure the Gospel’s grand ideas about life, and seek their own profit and personal success. They “are not afraid to insult celestial beings” (v. 10)—either the angels or the evil powers whom they claim the right to judge although this right belongs to the Lord. The teachings of the Gnostics multiply theories about the heavenly beings. But these lofty speculations do not prevent them from being propagators of immorality; the author likens them to Balaam, who at this time had become the prototype of the false, venal, and corrupting teacher (see Num 22:2—24:25; Deut 23:5; Rev 2:14-15); all of their preaching focuses only on false freedom, enslavement, and degeneracy. Despite all this, these teachers of falsehood call themselves Christians.
    The notice of their fate is severe. The author recalls the great chastisements of the past, the fall of the heavenly beings, the Flood, the unforgettable cursed cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, and the story of Balaam. These illustrations are taken from ancient Biblical accounts (see Gen 6:1-2; 6:5—8:22; 19:1-29; Num 22:2—24:25).
    Above all, the author wishes to exhort the believers to stand firm in their faith so that they will be spared on the day of judgment, as were Noah and Lot. Once in a while people have need of such efficacious admonition in order to take stock of their spiritual life.
  2. 2 Peter 2:4 The Bible gives no details on the sin of the angels. The dark abyss or Tartus: the term used by the Greeks for the place where the most wicked spirits were imprisoned.
  3. 2 Peter 2:5 The ancient world: the world before the Flood.
  4. 2 Peter 2:11 In the Lord’s presence: some manuscripts have: “from the Lord.”
  5. 2 Peter 2:13 Receiving the penalty: some manuscripts have: “receiving a reward.” In their pleasures: some manuscripts have: “in their love feasts.”
  6. 2 Peter 2:14 Accursed brood: literally, “children of a curse.”
  7. 2 Peter 2:15 Balaam, the son of Beor: see Num 22–24. Even though God had forbidden Balaam to curse Israel, Balaam was intent on doing it because he wanted the money he had been promised by Balak. In the same way, the false teachers wanted to extract money from those who listened to them.
  8. 2 Peter 2:19 Freedom . . . depravity: the “scoffers” use “freedom” to divest themselves of the moral law. But it is faith in Christ that leads to good behavior and true freedom (see Rom 6:15; Jas 1:25; 1 Pet 2:16).
  9. 2 Peter 2:22 The dog . . . vomit: see Prov 26:11. The washed . . . mud: its source is unknown. The dog that returns to its own vomit and the sow that is washed portray people who have made a religious profession or outward change without an inner change that affects their nature. They soon return to their true nature.
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2 Peter 2
New International Version

False Teachers and Their Destruction

2 But there were also false prophets(A) among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you.(B) They will secretly introduce destructive heresies, even denying the sovereign Lord(C) who bought them(D)—bringing swift destruction on themselves. 2 Many will follow their depraved conduct(E) and will bring the way of truth into disrepute. 3 In their greed(F) these teachers will exploit you(G) with fabricated stories. Their condemnation has long been hanging over them, and their destruction has not been sleeping.

4 For if God did not spare angels when they sinned,(H) but sent them to hell,[a] putting them in chains of darkness[b] to be held for judgment;(I) 5 if he did not spare the ancient world(J) when he brought the flood on its ungodly people,(K) but protected Noah, a preacher of righteousness, and seven others;(L) 6 if he condemned the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah by burning them to ashes,(M) and made them an example(N) of what is going to happen to the ungodly;(O) 7 and if he rescued Lot,(P) a righteous man, who was distressed by the depraved conduct of the lawless(Q) 8 (for that righteous man,(R) living among them day after day, was tormented in his righteous soul by the lawless deeds he saw and heard)— 9 if this is so, then the Lord knows how to rescue the godly from trials(S) and to hold the unrighteous for punishment on the day of judgment.(T) 10 This is especially true of those who follow the corrupt desire(U) of the flesh[c] and despise authority.

Bold and arrogant, they are not afraid to heap abuse on celestial beings;(V) 11 yet even angels, although they are stronger and more powerful, do not heap abuse on such beings when bringing judgment on them from[d] the Lord.(W) 12 But these people blaspheme in matters they do not understand. They are like unreasoning animals, creatures of instinct, born only to be caught and destroyed, and like animals they too will perish.(X)

13 They will be paid back with harm for the harm they have done. Their idea of pleasure is to carouse in broad daylight.(Y) They are blots and blemishes, reveling in their pleasures while they feast with you.[e](Z) 14 With eyes full of adultery, they never stop sinning; they seduce(AA) the unstable;(AB) they are experts in greed(AC)—an accursed brood!(AD) 15 They have left the straight way and wandered off to follow the way of Balaam(AE) son of Bezer,[f] who loved the wages of wickedness. 16 But he was rebuked for his wrongdoing by a donkey—an animal without speech—who spoke with a human voice and restrained the prophet’s madness.(AF)

17 These people are springs without water(AG) and mists driven by a storm. Blackest darkness is reserved for them.(AH) 18 For they mouth empty, boastful words(AI) and, by appealing to the lustful desires of the flesh, they entice people who are just escaping(AJ) from those who live in error. 19 They promise them freedom, while they themselves are slaves of depravity—for “people are slaves to whatever has mastered them.”(AK) 20 If they have escaped the corruption of the world by knowing(AL) our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ(AM) and are again entangled in it and are overcome, they are worse off at the end than they were at the beginning.(AN) 21 It would have been better for them not to have known the way of righteousness, than to have known it and then to turn their backs on the sacred command that was passed on to them.(AO) 22 Of them the proverbs are true: “A dog returns to its vomit,”[g](AP) and, “A sow that is washed returns to her wallowing in the mud.”

Footnotes

  1. 2 Peter 2:4 Greek Tartarus
  2. 2 Peter 2:4 Some manuscripts in gloomy dungeons
  3. 2 Peter 2:10 In contexts like this, the Greek word for flesh (sarx) refers to the sinful state of human beings, often presented as a power in opposition to the Spirit; also in verse 18.
  4. 2 Peter 2:11 Many manuscripts beings in the presence of
  5. 2 Peter 2:13 Some manuscripts in their love feasts
  6. 2 Peter 2:15 Greek Bosor
  7. 2 Peter 2:22 Prov. 26:11
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Jude 3-25
New Catholic Bible

Benefits of Being a Christian. 3 Beloved, I was just at the point of writing to you about the salvation we share, when it became necessary for me to write and urge you to fight earnestly for the faith that was once and for all entrusted to the saints.[a] 4 For certain men have infiltrated your ranks, people who long ago were designated for condemnation.[b] These godless persons pervert the grace of our God into an excuse for immorality and disown our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.

Character and Doom of the False Teachers.[c] 5 Although you already know all this, allow me to remind you that the Lord, who once delivered the people out of the land of Egypt, afterward destroyed those who refused to believe.[d] 6 Remember also that the angels, who were dissatisfied with the dominion that had been assigned to them and abandoned their proper dwelling place, have been kept bound by him in darkness with eternal chains until the judgment of the great Day.[e] 7 And do not fail to remember Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighboring cities, which in a similar way indulged in sexual immorality and perversion. They serve as an example of those who undergo the punishment of eternal fire.[f]

8 In the same way, these dreamers defile their bodies, make light of authority, and insult celestial beings.[g] 9 Even the archangel Michael, when he engaged in an argument with the devil about the body of Moses, did not dare to bring a slanderous accusation against him, but instead said: “May the Lord rebuke you!”[h] 10 However, these people pour abuse on anything they do not understand, and the very things that they know by instinct, like irrational animals, lead to their destruction.

11 Woe to them! They have followed in the footsteps of Cain; they have abandoned themselves to the error of Balaam for the sake of gain; and they have perished in the rebellion of Korah.[i] 12 [j]They are blemishes at your love feasts, eating with you without fear. They are shepherds who feed only themselves. They are like clouds blown about by winds without giving rain, or like trees in autumn barren and uprooted and so twice dead. 13 They are like wild sea waves whose foam reflects their shameless deeds, or like wandering stars for whom the gloom of darkness is stored up forever. 14 [k]Enoch, in the seventh generation from Adam, also prophesied against them when he said, “Behold, the Lord is coming with tens of thousands of his saints, 15 to pronounce judgment on humanity and to convict all the ungodly for all the godless deeds that each has impiously committed and for all the defiant words spoken against him by godless sinners.” 16 These are grumblers and fault-finders. They indulge their own passions,[l] and their mouths are full of bombastic talk as they flatter others in order to achieve their own ends.

17 Appeal to the Faithful. But you, dear friends, must remember the predictions made by the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ.[m] 18 For they said to you, “In the final age there will be scoffers who will follow their own ungodly passions.”[n] 19 It is these people who create divisions, who follow their natural instincts and do not possess the Spirit.

20 A Program of the Christian Life.[o] However, you, dear friends, must build yourselves up in your most holy faith and pray in the Holy Spirit. 21 Keep yourselves in the love of God as you await our Lord Jesus Christ in his mercy, who will grant you eternal life.

22 Have compassion for those who are wavering. 23 Save others by snatching them out of the fire. And for still others have compassion mixed with fear, hating even the tunic defiled by their bodies.

24 Doxology.[p] Now to him who is able to keep you from falling and to bring you safely to his glorious presence, unblemished and rejoicing, 25 to the only God, our Savior, through Jesus Christ, our Lord, be glory, majesty, power, and authority, before all time, now, and forevermore. Amen.

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Footnotes

  1. Jude 1:3 Those who possess the true faith must defend it zealously against all error. But this defense of the truth must always be carried out in a lawful manner. Saints: see note on Rom 1:7.
  2. Jude 1:4 Long ago were designated for condemnation: the author may be referring to Old Testament denunciations of godless men or to Enoch’s prophecy (see vv. 14-15) or he may mean that condemnation has long ago been ready to overtake them because of their sin (see 2 Pet 2:3).
  3. Jude 1:5 The fate of those who pervert faith in Christ and the Christian life is sketched out, in the eyes of the author, in that which overtook the most infamous evildoers of the Bible and which the Jewish literature of the period readily recounts. Thus, a few Biblical scenes are strung together: the people rebelling in the wilderness (Num 14:26-35; see 1 Cor 10:5); the fall of the mysterious heavenly beings that are likened to angels (Gen 6:1-3); the chastisement of the wicked cities (Gen 19:1-29); the punishment of Cain (Gen 4:1-24); the error of Balaam (Num 22:2—24:25; 31:16); the revolt of Korah (Num 16:1-35). Upon those whom he regards as liars, the author calls down the prophecy of judgment that is placed on the lips of Enoch, that ancestor whose mysterious destiny is scrutinized in Jewish literature (see Gen 5:18-24; Wis 4:10f; Lk 3:32-38; Heb 11:5).
    Who, then, are these men who pervert the Gospel? They are people who delight in bizarre speculations, who go so far as to deny the lordship of Christ and forget his Person, his role, and his unique work. They insult celestial beings; they doubtless misunderstand the angels or want to judge their merits and their respective roles. Even the archangel Michael—according to the apocryphal book entitled The Assumption of Moses—left to God alone the task of condemning the devil (see Zec 3:2). They are spiritual in discourse but lax in morals and corruptors.
  4. Jude 1:5 The first of three examples of divine punishment formerly meted out is that which befell those who had been saved but failed to keep the faith (see Num 14:28f).
  5. Jude 1:6 The second example is taken from Gen 6:1-4 as elaborated in the apocryphal Book of Enoch (see Jude 14). Enoch says that the celestial beings let themselves be seduced by the “daughters of men.” But in Jude as in 2 Pet 2:4, the statement that the angels sinned is not accompanied by any details.
  6. Jude 1:7 The third example is taken from Gen 19:1-24. The townsmen of Sodom lusted not after human beings but after the strangers who were angels. The apocryphal Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, like Jude 6-7, also compares the sin of the angels with that of the Sodomites.
  7. Jude 1:8 The false teachers are undeterred by the punishment of the fallen angels (vv. 6-7). Yet they themselves, by their crime and punishment, are like those who were chastised in the Old Testament.
  8. Jude 1:9 This is a reference to an incident recorded in the apocryphal Assumption of Moses, in which Michael the archangel has a dispute with the devil concerning who can claim Moses’ body after his death. Jude argues that if an archangel refrained from reviling even the devil, mere human beings are certainly wrong to revile angels (celestial beings—v. 8).
  9. Jude 1:11 The author gives three Old Testament personalities who each in some way illustrate the character of the false teachers: (1) footsteps of Cain: selfishness and hatred for a brother (see Gen 4:3f); (2) error of Balaam: surrendering integrity as a spiritual leader because of consuming greed (see note on 2 Pet 2:15); (3) rebellion of Korah: rebelling against God’s appointed leadership (see Num 16). Thus, the false teachers are loveless, greedy, and insubordinate—and destruction is sure to overtake them.
  10. Jude 1:12 Jude now characterizes the false teachers by the use of six graphic metaphors: (1) blemishes at your love feasts: see notes on 1 Cor 11:17-34; 11:27-34; and 2 Pet 2:13; (2) shepherds who feed only themselves: instead of caring for their sheep (see Ezek 34:8-10; Jn 10:12f); (3) clouds blown about by winds without giving rain: the false teachers promise much but give nothing; (4) trees in autumn barren and uprooted and so twice dead: once again, a figure of empty promises; (5) wild sea waves whose foam reflects their shameless deeds: their product is like the foam or scum at the seashore; (6) wandering stars: as these provide no guidance for navigation, neither do the false teachers give any reliable guide to the Christian life.
  11. Jude 1:14 Cited from the noncanonical Book of Enoch 1:9, probably from memory. Enoch, in the seventh generation from Adam: cited from Enoch 60:8; this refers to the Enoch in the line of Seth (Gen 5:18-24; 1 Chr 1:1-3), not the one in the line of Cain (Gen 4:17). The Book of Enoch was highly respected by many Jews and Christians of that time.
  12. Jude 1:16 These are . . . passions: suggested by Enoch 5:5.
  13. Jude 1:17 This is a reference to the apostolic preaching received through tradition, to which Jude alluded in v. 3.
  14. Jude 1:18 Right from the start, the apostolic catechesis had announced that Christians should not be astonished at the appearance of men full of delirium (see Acts 20:29-30). In the final age . . . ungodly passions: this does not seem to be an exact Scripture citation, but see Acts 20:29-31; 1 Tim 4:1; 2 Tim 3:1-5; 4:3; 2 Pet 3:3; see also Mt 24:24; Mk 13:22.
  15. Jude 1:20 Jude now tells Christians how to contend for the faith. (1) They must build themselves up in their faith, which is the orthodox body of truth and practice received from the Apostles (see Acts 2:42; Rom 6:17; Gal 1:23); they do so by having fellowship with the Lord and his people, by continuing in the Gospel and in the Word of God, and by worshiping in spirit and truth—especially the Eucharist. (2) They must be a praying people (see Lk 18:1), praying in the Holy Spirit (see Rom 8:26-27; Gal 4:6; Eph 6:18) that God’s Kingdom may come and his will may be done (see Mt 6:10-11). (3) They are to remain in God’s love by imitating Jesus (Mt 16:24) and by mutual love and support (see 1 Jn 5:1-4). (4) They are to wait expectantly for the Second Coming and to keep their eyes on the mercy of Jesus that leads to eternal life (see v. 3). (5) They are to tend to those who waver, snatching others from the judgment, and maintain an attitude of pity and concern but keep their distance from the corruptors.
  16. Jude 1:24 One of the greatest doxologies of the New Testament concludes this brief Letter. Remaining in the presence of the living God gives Christians the power to persevere and make progress. All this is due to Jesus Christ, who sums up in himself the majesty, the power, and the authority of God.
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Jude 3-25
New International Version

The Sin and Doom of Ungodly People

3 Dear friends,(A) although I was very eager to write to you about the salvation we share,(B) I felt compelled to write and urge you to contend(C) for the faith(D) that was once for all entrusted to God’s holy people.(E) 4 For certain individuals whose condemnation was written about[a] long ago have secretly slipped in among you.(F) They are ungodly people, who pervert the grace of our God into a license for immorality and deny Jesus Christ our only Sovereign and Lord.(G)

5 Though you already know all this,(H) I want to remind you(I) that the Lord[b] at one time delivered his people out of Egypt, but later destroyed those who did not believe.(J) 6 And the angels who did not keep their positions of authority but abandoned their proper dwelling—these he has kept in darkness, bound with everlasting chains for judgment on the great Day.(K) 7 In a similar way, Sodom and Gomorrah(L) and the surrounding towns(M) gave themselves up to sexual immorality and perversion. They serve as an example of those who suffer the punishment of eternal fire.(N)

8 In the very same way, on the strength of their dreams these ungodly people pollute their own bodies, reject authority and heap abuse on celestial beings.(O) 9 But even the archangel(P) Michael,(Q) when he was disputing with the devil about the body of Moses,(R) did not himself dare to condemn him for slander but said, “The Lord rebuke you!”[c](S) 10 Yet these people slander whatever they do not understand, and the very things they do understand by instinct—as irrational animals do—will destroy them.(T)

11 Woe to them! They have taken the way of Cain;(U) they have rushed for profit into Balaam’s error;(V) they have been destroyed in Korah’s rebellion.(W)

12 These people are blemishes at your love feasts,(X) eating with you without the slightest qualm—shepherds who feed only themselves.(Y) They are clouds without rain,(Z) blown along by the wind;(AA) autumn trees, without fruit and uprooted(AB)—twice dead. 13 They are wild waves of the sea,(AC) foaming up their shame;(AD) wandering stars, for whom blackest darkness has been reserved forever.(AE)

14 Enoch,(AF) the seventh from Adam, prophesied about them: “See, the Lord is coming(AG) with thousands upon thousands of his holy ones(AH) 15 to judge(AI) everyone, and to convict all of them of all the ungodly acts they have committed in their ungodliness, and of all the defiant words ungodly sinners have spoken against him.”[d](AJ) 16 These people are grumblers(AK) and faultfinders; they follow their own evil desires;(AL) they boast(AM) about themselves and flatter others for their own advantage.

A Call to Persevere

17 But, dear friends, remember what the apostles(AN) of our Lord Jesus Christ foretold.(AO) 18 They said to you, “In the last times(AP) there will be scoffers who will follow their own ungodly desires.”(AQ) 19 These are the people who divide you, who follow mere natural instincts and do not have the Spirit.(AR)

20 But you, dear friends, by building yourselves up(AS) in your most holy faith(AT) and praying in the Holy Spirit,(AU) 21 keep yourselves in God’s love as you wait(AV) for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ to bring you to eternal life.(AW)

22 Be merciful to those who doubt; 23 save others by snatching them from the fire;(AX) to others show mercy, mixed with fear—hating even the clothing stained by corrupted flesh.[e](AY)

Doxology

24 To him who is able(AZ) to keep you from stumbling and to present you before his glorious presence(BA) without fault(BB) and with great joy— 25 to the only God(BC) our Savior be glory, majesty, power and authority, through Jesus Christ our Lord, before all ages, now and forevermore!(BD) Amen.(BE)

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Footnotes

  1. Jude 1:4 Or individuals who were marked out for condemnation
  2. Jude 1:5 Some early manuscripts Jesus
  3. Jude 1:9 Jude is alluding to the Jewish Testament of Moses (approximately the first century a.d.).
  4. Jude 1:15 From the Jewish First Book of Enoch (approximately the first century b.c.)
  5. Jude 1:23 The Greek manuscripts of these verses vary at several points.
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