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申命記 4
Chinese Contemporary Bible (Traditional)

當守律法

4 「以色列人啊，要聆聽我傳授給你們的律法，要切實遵行，以便你們可以存活，並進入你們祖先的上帝耶和華賜給你們的那片土地。 2 我吩咐你們的，你們不可做任何增減，這是你們的上帝耶和華的命令，你們要遵守。 3 你們親眼看見耶和華在巴力·毗珥事件中的作為，你們的上帝耶和華毀滅了你們中間所有拜巴力·毗珥的人， 4 但你們這些信靠你們的上帝耶和華的人至今還活著。 5 看啊，遵照我的上帝耶和華的吩咐，我把律例和典章傳授給你們，好讓你們在將要佔領的土地上遵守。 6 你們要謹遵這些律例和典章，因為這樣就會讓外族人看見你們的智慧和聰明。他們聽見這些律法後，必說，『這偉大的民族真有智慧和聰明！』 7 我們的上帝耶和華與我們如此親近，隨時垂聽我們的呼求，有哪個偉大民族的神明能與之相比？ 8 有哪個偉大的民族擁有我今天所傳授給你們的如此公義的律例和典章？

9 「要謹慎、小心，不可忘記親眼所見的事，要一生銘記在心，並且告訴子子孫孫。 10 那天，你們在何烈山站在你們的上帝耶和華面前，耶和華對我說，『把民眾招聚起來，讓他們聽我的教誨，學習一生敬畏我，並傳授給自己的兒女。』 11 你們來到山腳下，站在那裡，山上烈焰沖天、烏雲密佈、極其幽暗。 12 耶和華在火焰中對你們說話，你們只聽見祂的聲音，卻看不見祂的形像。 13 祂向你們宣告祂的約，就是祂吩咐你們遵守的十誡，並寫在兩塊石版上。 14 那時，耶和華吩咐我把律例和典章傳授給你們，好讓你們在將要佔領的土地上遵守。

不可拜偶像

15 「你們要格外小心，耶和華在何烈山的火焰中對你們說話時，你們沒有看見任何形像， 16 所以不可墮落，去為自己製造任何形狀的神像——男人、女人、 17 飛禽走獸、 18 爬蟲或魚類。 19 當你們舉目觀看你們的上帝耶和華賜給天下萬民的日、月、星辰等天上萬象時，不要受誘惑去跪拜、供奉它們。 20 耶和華拯救你們脫離埃及那座熔鐵爐，讓你們做祂自己的子民，正如今日的情形。 21 因你們的緣故，耶和華向我發怒，起誓不讓我過約旦河、進入祂賜給你們作產業的那片佳美之地。 22 我將死在約旦河這邊，過不了約旦河。但你們必過去得到那片佳美之地。 23 你們要謹慎，不可忘記你們的上帝耶和華與你們所立的約，不可違背你們上帝耶和華的禁令，去製造任何形狀的神像。 24 因為你們的上帝耶和華是烈火，是痛恨不貞的上帝。

25 「將來，即使你們在那裡安頓已久、子孫滿堂，也不可墮落、製造任何形狀的神像，不可做你們的上帝耶和華視為邪惡的事，惹祂發怒。 26 否則，今天我叫天地作證，你們必很快從約旦河對面將要佔領的土地上滅亡，你們必被徹底消滅，不得在那裡長久居住。 27 耶和華必把你們驅散到列邦，使你們在列邦中的人數所剩無幾。 28 你們必在那裡供奉人用木石造的不會看、不會聽、不會吃、不會聞的神像。 29 但你們若在那裡尋求你們的上帝耶和華，全心全意地尋求祂，就必尋見。 30 日後，當你們遭遇這些事，受盡苦難的時候，必歸向你們的上帝耶和華，聽從祂。 31 因為你們的上帝耶和華充滿憐憫，祂不會拋棄你們，滅絕你們，也不會忘記祂與你們祖先所立的誓約。

獨一的上帝

32 「你們可以查考歷史，自上帝創造世人以來，這樣的奇事，天地之間何曾有過？誰曾聽聞？ 33 有哪個民族像你們一樣，聽見了上帝在火中說話，還活了下來？ 34 有哪個神明像你們的上帝耶和華那樣在埃及當著你們的面降災禍、行神蹟奇事、興起戰爭、伸出臂膀、施展大能的手、以偉大而可畏的作為拯救一族脫離異邦？ 35 耶和華行這樣的事，是要叫你們知道祂是上帝，除祂以外，別無他神。 36 祂讓你們聽見祂從天上來的聲音，好教導你們，又在地上讓你們看見祂的烈火，並聽見祂在烈火中說的話。 37 因為祂愛你們的祖先，所以揀選你們，親自用大能把你們從埃及領出來， 38 趕走比你們強大的民族，領你們進入他們的土地，把他們的土地賜給你們作產業，正如今日的情形。 39 所以，今天你們要知道並謹記，耶和華是天上地下的上帝，此外別無他神。 40 我今天將祂的律例和誡命傳授給你們，你們要遵守，以便你們及子孫都蒙福，在你們上帝耶和華所賜的土地上得享長壽。」

設立避難城

41 那時，摩西在約旦河東劃出三座城作避難城， 42 供素無冤仇卻誤殺他人者逃往避難。 43 三座城分別是曠野高原的比悉——供呂便人避難，基列的拉末——供迦得人避難，巴珊的哥蘭——供瑪拿西人避難。

重申律法

44 以下是摩西頒佈給以色列人的律法， 45 即在離開埃及後傳授給他們的法度、律例和典章。 46 當時他們在約旦河以東伯·毗珥對面的山谷，那裡原屬於希實本的亞摩利王西宏。摩西領以色列人離開埃及後消滅了西宏， 47 佔領了他的土地，還佔領了巴珊王噩的土地。西宏和噩是約旦河東亞摩利人的兩個王， 48 其國土從亞嫩谷邊的亞羅珥一直到西雲山，即黑門山， 49 包括約旦河東的整個亞拉巴，遠至毗斯迦山腳的亞拉巴海。

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Deutéronome 4
La Bible du Semeur

L’appel à la fidélité à l’Eternel

L’obéissance à la Loi

4 Maintenant, Israël, écoute les commandements et les lois que je t’enseigne. Respecte-les, afin de vivre et d’entrer en possession du pays que l’Eternel, le Dieu de tes ancêtres, te donne. 2 Vous n’ajouterez rien à ce que je vous commande et vous n’en retrancherez rien. Vous obéirez aux commandements de l’Eternel votre Dieu, que je vous transmets[a]. 3 Vous avez vu de vos yeux ce que l’Eternel votre Dieu a fait à cause du dieu Baal de Peor[b] : il a exterminé tous ceux d’entre vous qui s’étaient adonnés au culte de cette divinité. 4 Mais vous, qui êtes restés fidèles à l’Eternel votre Dieu, vous êtes tous vivants aujourd’hui.

5 Vous le savez : je vous ai enseigné les commandements et les lois, comme l’Eternel mon Dieu me l’a ordonné, afin que vous y obéissiez dans le pays où vous allez entrer pour en prendre possession. 6 Obéissez-y et appliquez-les, c’est là ce qui vous rendra sages et intelligents aux yeux des peuples : ils en entendront parler et ils s’écrieront : « Il n’y a qu’un peuple sage et avisé, c’est cette grande nation ! » 7 Où est, en effet, le peuple, même parmi les plus grands, qui a des dieux aussi proches de lui que l’Eternel notre Dieu l’est pour nous toutes les fois que nous l’invoquons ? 8 Et quel est le grand peuple qui a des commandements et des lois aussi justes que toute cette Loi que je vous donne aujourd’hui ?

La révélation sur le mont Sinaï

9 Seulement, veille attentivement sur toi-même, et garde-toi bien d’oublier les événements dont tu as été témoin ; qu’ils restent gravés dans ta mémoire pour tous les jours de ta vie et informes-en tes fils et tes petits-fils.

10 En particulier, n’oublie pas ce jour où tu t’es tenu devant l’Eternel ton Dieu au mont Horeb, lorsque l’Eternel m’a dit : « Assemble ce peuple devant moi et je lui communiquerai mes paroles, afin qu’il apprenne à me craindre tous les jours de sa vie sur la terre et qu’il l’enseigne à ses enfants[c]. » 11 A ce moment-là, vous vous êtes approchés du pied de la montagne et vous vous êtes tenus là alors qu’elle était embrasée d’un feu qui montait jusqu’au ciel, cerné de ténèbres et d’épais nuages. 12 L’Eternel vous a parlé du milieu du feu, vous avez entendu ses paroles, mais vous n’avez vu aucune forme ; il n’y avait qu’une voix. 13 Il vous a révélé les clauses de son alliance, ce qu’il vous ordonnait d’observer, à savoir les dix commandements[d]. Puis il les a écrites sur deux tablettes de pierre. 14 En même temps, il m’a ordonné de vous enseigner des commandements et des lois que vous devrez appliquer dans les pays où vous vous rendez pour en prendre possession.

L’interdiction des idoles

15 Vous prendrez bien garde à vous-mêmes, car vous n’avez vu aucune forme le jour où l’Eternel vous a parlé au mont Horeb du milieu du feu. 16 N’allez pas vous corrompre en vous fabriquant des idoles, des figures ou des représentations quelconques, d’après le modèle d’un homme ou d’une femme[e], 17 ou le modèle de quelque animal vivant sur la terre, celui d’un oiseau volant dans le ciel 18 ou celui d’un animal qui se meut à ras de terre ou encore d’un poisson nageant dans les eaux plus bas que la terre. 19 N’allez pas lever les yeux vers le ciel et regarder le soleil, la lune, les étoiles et tous les astres du ciel, pour vous laisser entraîner à vous prosterner devant eux et leur rendre un culte. L’Eternel, votre Dieu, a laissé cela à tous les peuples qui sont sous tous les cieux. 20 Mais vous, l’Eternel est allé vous chercher, il vous a arrachés à cette fournaise de fer qu’était l’Egypte pour faire de vous son peuple, celui qui lui appartient, comme vous l’êtes à présent[f].

21 L’Eternel s’est mis en colère contre moi à cause de vous et il a déclaré avec serment que je ne franchirais pas le Jourdain et que je n’entrerais pas dans le bon pays que l’Eternel, votre Dieu, vous donne à posséder[g]. 22 Car je vais mourir dans cet endroit-ci sans passer le Jourdain, mais vous, vous le franchirez et vous prendrez possession de ce bon pays. 23 Gardez-vous d’oublier l’alliance que l’Eternel votre Dieu a conclue avec vous et de vous fabriquer une idole représentant quoi que ce soit, contrairement aux ordres de l’Eternel votre Dieu. 24 Car l’Eternel votre Dieu est comme un feu qui consume[h], un Dieu qui ne tolère aucun rival[i].

L’exil, châtiment de l’idolâtrie

25 Ainsi, lorsque vous aurez des enfants et des petits-enfants, et que vous aurez habité un certain temps dans le pays, si vous vous laissez aller à fabriquer des idoles représentant quoi que ce soit, si vous faites ainsi ce que l’Eternel votre Dieu juge mauvais et que vous l’irritez, 26 je prends aujourd’hui à témoin contre vous le ciel et la terre : si vous faites cela, vous ne tarderez pas à disparaître du pays dont vous allez prendre possession après avoir traversé le Jourdain, vous n’y subsisterez pas longtemps, car vous serez entièrement détruits. 27 L’Eternel vous dispersera parmi les peuples et vous serez réduits à un petit nombre au milieu de ces peuples chez lesquels l’Eternel vous forcera à aller[j]. 28 Là, vous serez soumis à des dieux fabriqués par les hommes, des dieux de bois et de pierre, incapables de voir et d’entendre, de manger et de sentir. 29 Alors vous chercherez l’Eternel votre Dieu, et vous le trouverez, si vous vous tournez vers lui de tout votre cœur et de tout votre être[k]. 30 Dans votre détresse, lorsque tous ces malheurs auront fondu sur vous, dans la suite des temps, vous reviendrez à l’Eternel votre Dieu et vous lui obéirez. 31 Car l’Eternel votre Dieu est un Dieu compatissant, il ne vous abandonnera pas, ni ne vous détruira, il n’oubliera pas l’alliance qu’il a conclue par serment avec vos ancêtres.

L’Eternel seul est Dieu

32 En effet, Israël, informe-toi sur les temps anciens où tu n’étais pas encore né, depuis le jour où Dieu a créé l’homme sur la terre, informe-toi, d’un bout du ciel à l’autre : est-il jamais arrivé un événement aussi extraordinaire ? A-t-on jamais entendu rien de pareil ? 33 Un peuple a-t-il entendu comme toi la voix de Dieu[l] parlant au milieu du feu, sans perdre la vie ? 34 Et quel dieu a jamais entrepris d’aller se chercher un peuple du milieu d’un autre peuple, à force d’épreuves, de signes miraculeux, de prodiges, par des combats, et en intervenant avec puissance, en semant la terreur, comme tout ce que l’Eternel, votre Dieu, a fait pour vous en Egypte, et dont tu as été témoin[m] ? 35 Toi, il t’a fait voir tout cela, pour que tu saches que l’Eternel seul est Dieu, et qu’il n’y en a pas d’autre[n]. 36 Il t’a fait entendre sa voix du haut du ciel pour faire ton éducation ; et sur la terre, il t’a fait voir son feu imposant, d’où tu as entendu ses paroles. 37 Parce qu’il a aimé tes ancêtres et parce qu’il a choisi leurs descendants après eux, il t’a fait lui-même sortir d’Egypte en déployant une grande puissance 38 pour déposséder à ton profit des peuples plus grands et plus puissants que toi, afin de te faire entrer dans leur pays et de te le donner en possession, comme il va le faire maintenant. 39 Reconnais donc aujourd’hui et garde présent à l’esprit que l’Eternel seul est Dieu en haut dans le ciel et en bas sur la terre, et qu’il n’y en a pas d’autre. 40 Obéis à ses lois et à ses commandements que je te transmets aujourd’hui, afin que tu sois heureux, toi et tes enfants après toi, et que tu vives de nombreux jours dans le pays que l’Eternel ton Dieu te donne pour toujours.

Les cités de refuge à l’est du Jourdain

41 Alors Moïse choisit trois villes à l’est du Jourdain, 42 pour servir de refuge[o] à celui qui aurait tué quelqu’un involontairement sans lui avoir porté de haine ; le meurtrier pourra s’enfuir dans l’une de ces villes et il aura la vie sauve. 43 Pour la tribu de Ruben, c’était Bétser, sur le plateau du désert ; pour celle de Gad, Ramoth en Galaad ; et pour Manassé, Golân en Basan.

Israël doit s’attacher à l’Eternel seul

Introduction

44 Voici la Loi que Moïse exposa aux Israélites, 45 c’est-à-dire les ordonnances, les lois et les décrets qu’il leur communiqua après leur sortie d’Egypte, 46 lorsqu’ils campaient à l’est du Jourdain, dans la vallée en face de Beth-Peor au pays de Sihôn. Ce roi des Amoréens avait habité à Heshbôn et avait été battu par Moïse et les Israélites après leur sortie d’Egypte. 47 Ils prirent possession de son pays, ainsi que de celui d’Og, roi du Basan ; ces deux rois amoréens avaient régné sur les régions situées à l’est du Jourdain. 48 Israël occupa tout le pays qui s’étendait depuis Aroër sur la falaise qui domine le torrent de l’Arnon jusqu’à la montagne de Syôn, c’est-à-dire l’Hermon, 49 – y compris toute la plaine de la vallée du Jourdain du côté oriental du Jourdain, jusqu’à la mer Morte au pied du Pisga.

Footnotes

  1. 4.2 Voir Dt 13.1 ; Ap 22.18-19.
  2. 4.3 Allusion à l’événement récent relaté en Nb 25.1-18.
  3. 4.10 Pour les v. 10-12, voir Ex 19.10-25 ; voir Hé 12.18-19.
  4. 4.13 Le terme utilisé dans l’ancienne version grecque a donné notre mot décalogue. Voir Ex 20.1-17 ; 31.18 ; Dt 5.6-21.
  5. 4.16 Pour les v. 16-18, voir Ex 20.4 ; Lv 26.1 ; Dt 5.8 ; 27.15 ; Rm 1.23.
  6. 4.20 Voir Ex 19.5 ; Tt 2.14 ; 1 P 2.9.
  7. 4.21 Voir Nb 20.12.
  8. 4.24 Réminiscence en Hé 12.29.
  9. 4.24 Voir Ex 20.5.
  10. 4.27 Pour les v. 27-28, voir Dt 28.36.
  11. 4.29 Voir Jr 29.13-14.
  12. 4.33 Certains traduisent : d’un dieu.
  13. 4.34 Voir Ex 7 à 12.
  14. 4.35 Voir Es 45.21 ; Mc 12.32.
  15. 4.42 Voir Nb 35.9-34 ; Dt 19.1-13 ; Jos 20.1-9.
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Deuteronomy 4
New English Translation

The Privileges of the Covenant

4 Now, Israel, pay attention to the statutes and ordinances[a] I am about to teach you, so that you might live and go on to enter and take possession of the land that the Lord, the God of your ancestors,[b] is giving you. 2 Do not add a thing to what I command you nor subtract from it, so that you may keep the commandments of the Lord your God that I am delivering to[c] you. 3 You have witnessed what the Lord did at Baal Peor,[d] how he[e] eradicated from your midst everyone who followed Baal Peor.[f] 4 But you who remained faithful to the Lord your God are still alive to this very day, every one of you. 5 Look! I have taught you statutes and ordinances just as the Lord my God told me to do, so that you might carry them out in[g] the land you are about to enter and possess. 6 So be sure to do them, because this will testify of your wise understanding[h] to the people who will learn of all these statutes and say, “Indeed, this great nation is a very wise[i] people.” 7 In fact, what other great nation has a god so near to them like the Lord our God whenever we call on him? 8 And what other great nation has statutes and ordinances as just[j] as this whole law[k] that I am about to share with[l] you today?

Reminder of the Horeb Covenant

9 Again, however, pay very careful attention,[m] lest you forget the things you have seen and disregard them for the rest of your life; instead teach them to your children and grandchildren. 10 You[n] stood before the Lord your God at Horeb and he[o] said to me, “Assemble the people before me so that I can tell them my commands.[p] Then they will learn to revere me all the days they live in the land, and they will instruct their children.” 11 You approached and stood at the foot of the mountain, a mountain ablaze to the sky above it[q] and yet dark with a thick cloud.[r] 12 Then the Lord spoke to you from the middle of the fire; you heard speech but you could not see anything—only a voice was heard.[s] 13 And he revealed to you the covenant[t] he has commanded you to keep, the Ten Commandments,[u] writing them on two stone tablets. 14 Moreover, at that same time the Lord commanded me to teach you statutes and ordinances for you to keep in the land that you are about to enter and possess.[v]

The Nature of Israel’s God

15 Be very careful,[w] then, because you saw no form at the time the Lord spoke to you at Horeb from the middle of the fire. 16 I say this[x] so you will not corrupt yourselves by making an image in the form of any kind of figure. This includes the likeness of a human male or female, 17 any kind of land animal, any bird that flies in the sky, 18 anything that crawls[y] on the ground, or any fish in the deep waters under the earth.[z] 19 When you look up[aa] to the sky[ab] and see the sun, moon, and stars—the whole heavenly creation[ac]—you must not be seduced to worship and serve them,[ad] for the Lord your God has assigned[ae] them to all the people[af] of the world.[ag] 20 You, however, the Lord has selected and brought from Egypt, that iron-smelting furnace,[ah] to be his special people[ai] as you are today. 21 But the Lord became angry with me because of you and vowed that I would never cross the Jordan nor enter the good land that he[aj] is about to give you.[ak] 22 So I must die here in this land; I will not cross the Jordan. But you are going over and will possess that[al] good land. 23 Be on guard so that you do not forget the covenant of the Lord your God that he has made with you, and that you do not make an image of any kind, just as he[am] has forbidden[an] you. 24 For the Lord your God is a consuming fire; he is a jealous God.[ao]

Threat and Blessing following Covenant Disobedience

25 After you have produced children and grandchildren and have been in the land a long time,[ap] if you become corrupt and make an image of any kind[aq] and do other evil things before the Lord your God that enrage him,[ar] 26 I invoke heaven and earth as witnesses against you[as] today that you will surely and swiftly be removed[at] from the very land you are about to cross the Jordan to possess. You will not last long there because you will surely be[au] annihilated. 27 Then the Lord will scatter you among the peoples and there will be very few of you[av] among the nations where the Lord will drive you. 28 There you will worship gods made by human hands—wood and stone that can neither see, hear, eat, nor smell. 29 But if you seek the Lord your God from there, you will find him, if, indeed, you seek him with all your heart and soul.[aw] 30 In your distress when all these things happen to you in future days, if you return to the Lord your God and obey him[ax] 31 (for he[ay] is a merciful God), he will not let you down[az] or destroy you, for he cannot[ba] forget the covenant with your ancestors that he confirmed by oath to them.

The Uniqueness of Israel’s God

32 Indeed, ask about the distant past, starting from the day God created humankind[bb] on the earth, and ask[bc] from one end of heaven to the other, whether there has ever been such a great thing as this, or even a rumor of it. 33 Have a people ever heard the voice of God speaking from the middle of fire, as you yourselves have, and lived to tell about it? 34 Or has God[bd] ever before tried to deliver[be] a nation from the middle of another nation, accompanied by judgments,[bf] signs, wonders, war, strength, power,[bg] and other very terrifying things like the Lord your God did for you in Egypt before your very eyes? 35 You have been taught that the Lord alone is God—there is no other besides him. 36 From heaven he spoke to you in order to teach you, and on earth he showed you his great fire from which you also heard his words.[bh] 37 Moreover, because he loved[bi] your ancestors, he chose their[bj] descendants who followed them and personally brought you out of Egypt with his great power 38 to dispossess nations greater and stronger than you and brought you here this day to give you their land as your property.[bk] 39 Today realize and carefully consider that the Lord is God in heaven above and on earth below—there is no other! 40 Keep his statutes and commandments that I am setting forth[bl] today so that it may go well with you and your descendants and that you may enjoy longevity in the land that the Lord your God is about to give you as a permanent possession.”

The Narrative Concerning Cities of Refuge

41 Then Moses selected three cities in the Transjordan, toward the east. 42 Anyone who accidentally killed someone[bm] without hating him at the time of the accident[bn] could flee to one of those cities and be safe. 43 These cities are Bezer, in the wilderness plateau, for the Reubenites; Ramoth in Gilead for the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan for the Manassehites.

The Setting and Introduction of the Covenant

44 This is the law that Moses set before the Israelites.[bo] 45 These are the stipulations, statutes, and ordinances that Moses spoke to the Israelites after he had brought them out of Egypt, 46 in the Transjordan, in the valley opposite Beth Peor, in the land of King Sihon of the Amorites, who lived in Heshbon. (It is he whom Moses and the Israelites attacked after they came out of Egypt. 47 They possessed his land and that of King Og of Bashan—both of whom were Amorite kings in the Transjordan, to the east. 48 Their territory extended[bp] from Aroer at the edge of the Arnon valley as far as Mount Siyon[bq]—that is, Hermon— 49 including all the rift valley of the Transjordan in the east to the sea of the rift valley,[br] beneath the slopes[bs] of Pisgah.)

Footnotes

  1. Deuteronomy 4:1 tn These technical Hebrew terms (חֻקִּים [khuqqim] and מִשְׁפָּטִים [mishpatim]) occur repeatedly throughout the Book of Deuteronomy to describe the covenant stipulations to which Israel had been called to subscribe (see, in this chapter alone, vv. 1, 5, 6, 8). The word חֻקִּים derives from the verb חֹק (khoq, “to inscribe; to carve”) and מִשְׁפָּטִים (mishpatim) from שָׁפַט (shafat, “to judge”). They are virtually synonymous and are used interchangeably in Deuteronomy.
  2. Deuteronomy 4:1 tn Heb “fathers” (also in vv. 31, 37).
  3. Deuteronomy 4:2 tn Heb “commanding.”
  4. Deuteronomy 4:3 tc The LXX and Syriac read “to Baal Peor,” that is, the god worshiped at that place; see note on the name “Beth Peor” in Deut 3:29.
  5. Deuteronomy 4:3 tn Heb “the Lord your God.” The pronoun has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons to avoid redundancy.
  6. Deuteronomy 4:3 tn Or “followed the Baal of Peor” (so NAB, NIV, NRSV), referring to the pagan god Baal.
  7. Deuteronomy 4:5 tn Heb “in the midst of” (so ASV).
  8. Deuteronomy 4:6 tn Heb “it is wisdom and understanding.”
  9. Deuteronomy 4:6 tn Heb “wise and understanding.”
  10. Deuteronomy 4:8 tn Or “pure”; or “fair”; Heb “righteous.”
  11. Deuteronomy 4:8 tn The Hebrew phrase הַתּוֹרָה הַזֹּאת (hattorah hazzot), in this context, refers specifically to the Book of Deuteronomy. That is, it is the collection of all the חֻקִּים (khuqqim, “statutes,” 4:1) and מִשְׁפָּטִים (mishpatim, “ordinances,” 4:1) to be included in the covenant text. In a full canonical sense, of course, it pertains to the entire Pentateuch or Torah.
  12. Deuteronomy 4:8 tn Heb “place before.”
  13. Deuteronomy 4:9 tn Heb “watch yourself and watch your soul carefully.”
  14. Deuteronomy 4:10 tn The text begins with “(the) day (in) which.” In the Hebrew text v. 10 is subordinate to v. 11, but for stylistic reasons the translation treats v. 10 as an independent clause, necessitating the omission of the subordinating temporal phrase at the beginning of the verse.
  15. Deuteronomy 4:10 tn Heb “the Lord.” See note on “he” in 4:3.
  16. Deuteronomy 4:10 tn Heb “my words.” See v. 13; in Hebrew the “ten commandments” are the “ten words.”
  17. Deuteronomy 4:11 tn Heb “a mountain burning with fire as far as the heart of the heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heaven(s)” or “sky” depending on the context.
  18. Deuteronomy 4:11 tn Heb “darkness, cloud, and heavy cloud.”
  19. Deuteronomy 4:12 tn The words “was heard” are supplied in the translation to avoid the impression that the voice was seen.
  20. Deuteronomy 4:13 sn This is the first occurrence of the word בְּרִית (berit, “covenant”) in the Book of Deuteronomy but it appears commonly hereafter (4:23, 31; 5:2, 3; 7:9, 12; 8:18; 9:9, 10, 11, 15; 10:2, 4, 5, 8; 17:2; 29:1, 9, 12, 14, 15, 18, 21, 25; 31:9, 16, 20, 25, 26; 33:9). Etymologically, it derives from the notion of linking or yoking together. See M. Weinfeld, TDOT 2:255.
  21. Deuteronomy 4:13 tn Heb “the ten words.”
  22. Deuteronomy 4:14 tn Heb “to which you are crossing over to possess it.”
  23. Deuteronomy 4:15 tn Heb “give great care to your souls.”
  24. Deuteronomy 4:16 tn The words “I say this” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons. In the Hebrew text v. 16 is subordinated to “Be careful” in v. 15, but this makes for an unduly long sentence in English.
  25. Deuteronomy 4:18 tn Heb “creeping thing.”
  26. Deuteronomy 4:18 tn Heb “under the earth.”
  27. Deuteronomy 4:19 tn Heb “lest you lift up your eyes.” In the Hebrew text vv. 16-19 are subordinated to “Be careful” in v. 15, but this makes for an unduly long sentence in English.
  28. Deuteronomy 4:19 tn Or “heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heaven(s)” or “sky” depending on the context.
  29. Deuteronomy 4:19 tn Heb “all the host of heaven.”
  30. Deuteronomy 4:19 tn In the Hebrew text the verbal sequence in v. 19 is “lest you look up…and see…and be seduced…and worship them…and serve them.” However, the first two actions are not prohibited in and of themselves. The prohibition pertains to the final three actions. The first two verbs describe actions that are logically subordinate to the following actions and can be treated as temporal or circumstantial: “lest, looking up…and seeing…, you are seduced.” See Joüon 2:635 §168.h.
  31. Deuteronomy 4:19 tn Or “allotted.”
  32. Deuteronomy 4:19 tn Or “nations.”
  33. Deuteronomy 4:19 tn Heb “under all the heaven.”sn The OT views the heavenly host as God’s council, which surrounds his royal throne ready to do his bidding (see 1 Kgs 22:19). God has given this group, sometimes called the “sons of God” (cf. Job 1:6; 38:7; Ps 89:6), jurisdiction over the nations. See Deut 32:8 (LXX). Some also see this assembly as the addressee in Ps 82. While God delegated his council to rule over the nations, he established a theocratic government over Israel and ruled directly over his chosen people via the Mosaic covenant. See v. 20, as well as Deut 32:9.
  34. Deuteronomy 4:20 tn A כּוּר (kur) was not a source of heat but a crucible (“iron-smelting furnace”) in which precious metals were melted down and their impurities burned away (see I. Cornelius, NIDOTTE 2:618-19); cf. NAB “that iron foundry, Egypt.” The term is a metaphor for intense heat. Here it refers to the oppression and suffering Israel endured in Egypt. Since a crucible was used to burn away impurities, it is possible that the metaphor views Egypt as a place of refinement to bring Israel to a place of submission to divine sovereignty.
  35. Deuteronomy 4:20 tn Heb “to be his people of inheritance.” The Lord compares his people to valued property inherited from one’s ancestors and passed on to one’s descendants.
  36. Deuteronomy 4:21 tn Heb “the Lord your God.” See note on “he” in 4:3.
  37. Deuteronomy 4:21 tn The Hebrew text includes “(as) an inheritance,” or “(as) a possession.”
  38. Deuteronomy 4:22 tn Heb “this.” The translation uses “that” to avoid confusion; earlier in the verse Moses refers to Transjordan as “this land.”
  39. Deuteronomy 4:23 tn Heb “the Lord your God.” See note on “he” in 4:3.
  40. Deuteronomy 4:23 tn Heb “commanded.”
  41. Deuteronomy 4:24 tn The juxtaposition of the Hebrew terms אֵשׁ (ʾesh, “fire”) and קַנָּא (qannaʾ, “jealous”) is interesting in light of Deut 6:15 where the Lord is seen as a jealous God whose anger bursts into a destructive fire. For God to be “jealous” means that his holiness and uniqueness cannot tolerate pretended or imaginary rivals. It is not petty envy but response to an act of insubordination that must be severely judged (see H. Peels, NIDOTTE 3:937-40).
  42. Deuteronomy 4:25 tn Heb “have grown old in the land,” i.e., been there for a long time.
  43. Deuteronomy 4:25 tn Heb “a form of anything.” Cf. NAB, NASB, NRSV, TEV “an idol.”
  44. Deuteronomy 4:25 tn The infinitive construct is understood here as indicating the result, not the intention, of their actions.
  45. Deuteronomy 4:26 sn I invoke heaven and earth as witnesses against you. This stock formula introduces what is known form-critically as a רִיב (riv) or controversy pattern. It is commonly used in the ancient Near Eastern world in legal contexts and in the OT as a forensic or judicial device to draw attention to Israel’s violation of the Lord’s covenant with them (see Deut 30:19; Isa 1:2; 3:13; Jer 2:9). Since court proceedings required the testimony of witnesses, the Lord here summons heaven and earth (that is, all creation) to testify to his faithfulness, Israel’s disobedience, and the threat of judgment.
  46. Deuteronomy 4:26 tn Or “be destroyed”; KJV “utterly perish”; NLT “will quickly disappear”; CEV “you won’t have long to live.”
  47. Deuteronomy 4:26 tn Or “be completely” (so NCV, TEV). It is not certain here if the infinitive absolute indicates the certainty of the following action (cf. NIV) or its degree.
  48. Deuteronomy 4:27 tn Heb “you will be left men (i.e., few) of number.”
  49. Deuteronomy 4:29 tn Or “mind and being.” See Deut 6:5.
  50. Deuteronomy 4:30 tn Heb “hear his voice.” The expression is an idiom meaning “obey,” occurring in Deut 8:20; 9:23; 13:18; 21:18, 20; 26:14, 17; 27:10; 28:1-2, 15, 45, 62; 30:2, 8, 10, 20.
  51. Deuteronomy 4:31 tn Heb “the Lord your God.” See note on “he” in 4:3.
  52. Deuteronomy 4:31 tn Heb “he will not drop you,” i.e., “will not abandon you” (cf. NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT).
  53. Deuteronomy 4:31 tn Or “will not.” The translation understands the imperfect verbal form to have an added nuance of capability here.
  54. Deuteronomy 4:32 tn The Hebrew term אָדָם (ʾadam) may refer either to Adam or, more likely, to “man” in the sense of the human race (“mankind,” “humankind”). The idea here seems more universal in scope than reference to Adam alone would suggest.
  55. Deuteronomy 4:32 tn The verb is not present in the Hebrew text but has been supplied in the translation for clarification. The challenge has both temporal and geographical dimensions. The people are challenged to (1) inquire about the entire scope of past history and (2) conduct their investigation on a worldwide scale.
  56. Deuteronomy 4:34 tn The translation assumes the reference is to Israel’s God in which case the point is this: God’s intervention in Israel’s experience is unique in the sense that he has never intervened in such power for any other people on earth. The focus is on the uniqueness of Israel’s experience. Some understand the divine name here in a generic sense, “a god,” or “any god.” In this case God’s incomparability is the focus (cf. v. 35, where this theme is expressed).
  57. Deuteronomy 4:34 tn Heb “tried to go to take for himself.”
  58. Deuteronomy 4:34 tn Heb “by testings.” The reference here is the judgments upon Pharaoh in the form of plagues. See Deut 7:19 (cf. v. 18) and 29:3 (cf. v. 2).
  59. Deuteronomy 4:34 tn Heb “by strong hand and by outstretched arm.”
  60. Deuteronomy 4:36 tn Heb “and his words you heard from the midst of the fire.”
  61. Deuteronomy 4:37 tn The concept of love here is not primarily that of emotional affection but of commitment or devotion. This verse suggests that God chose Israel to be his special people because he loved the patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob) and had promised to bless their descendants. See as well Deut 7:7-9.
  62. Deuteronomy 4:37 tc The LXX, Smr, Syriac, Targum, and Vulgate read a third person masculine plural suffix for the MT’s third person masculine singular, “his descendants.” Cf. Deut 10:15. Quite likely the MT should be emended in this instance.
  63. Deuteronomy 4:38 tn Heb “(as) an inheritance,” that is, landed property that one can pass on to one’s descendants.
  64. Deuteronomy 4:40 tn Heb “commanding” (so NRSV).
  65. Deuteronomy 4:42 tn Heb “the slayer who slew his neighbor without knowledge.”
  66. Deuteronomy 4:42 tn Heb “yesterday and a third (day).” The point is that there was no animosity between the two parties at the time of the accident and therefore no motive for the killing.
  67. Deuteronomy 4:44 tn Heb “the sons of Israel” (likewise in the following verse).
  68. Deuteronomy 4:48 tn The words “their territory extended” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons. In the Hebrew text vv. 47-49 are all one sentence, but for the sake of English style and readability the translation divides the text into two sentences.
  69. Deuteronomy 4:48 sn Mount Siyon (the Hebrew name is שִׂיאֹן [siʾon], not to be confused with Zion [צִיּוֹן, tsiyyon]) is another name for Mount Hermon, also called Sirion and Senir (cf. Deut 3:9).
  70. Deuteronomy 4:49 sn The sea of the rift valley refers to the Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea in OT times (cf. Deut 3:17).
  71. Deuteronomy 4:49 sn The “slopes” refer to the ascent from the rift valley up to the plains in the east. The slopes of Pisgah are across from the northern tip of the Dead Sea.
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