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申命記 1
Chinese Contemporary Bible (Traditional)

前言

1 以下是摩西對以色列人說的話。當時以色列人在約旦河東的曠野、疏弗對面的亞拉巴，即巴蘭、陀弗、拉班、哈洗錄和底撒哈之間。 2 從何烈山取道西珥山到加低斯·巴尼亞，需十一天。 3 在離開埃及後第四十年的十一月一日，摩西把耶和華的一切吩咐告訴了以色列人。 4 那時，他已經打敗了希實本的亞摩利王西宏以及盤踞在以得來和亞斯她錄的巴珊王噩。 5 摩西在約旦河東的摩押講解律法，說： 6 「我們的上帝耶和華在何烈山對我們說，『你們在這裡已經住了多日， 7 現在該啟程前往亞摩利人的山區、亞拉巴地區、山地、丘陵、南地、沿海一帶、迦南和黎巴嫩，直到幼發拉底河。 8 看啊，我把那片土地賜給你們了，你們去佔領吧，那是耶和華起誓賜給你們祖先亞伯拉罕、以撒、雅各和他們後裔的地方。』

摩西設立首領

9 「那時，我對你們說，『我無法獨自承擔管理你們的重任， 10 因為你們的上帝耶和華使你們人丁興旺，以致今天人數多如天上的星星。 11 願你們祖先的上帝耶和華使你們人數更增千倍，照祂的應許賜福給你們。 12 但我怎能獨自擔當解決你們問題和爭端的重任呢？ 13 你們要從各支派中選出有智慧、有見識、受尊重的人，我要立他們做你們的首領。』 14 你們都同意這樣的做法。 15 於是，我把各支派中有智慧和受敬重的人立為你們的首領，即千夫長、百夫長、五十夫長、十夫長和其他官長，治理你們。 16 我吩咐這些官員要聆聽案件，公正地審理同胞之間或與外族人之間的訴訟， 17 不可偏私，不分貴賤，不懼情面，因為判決來自上帝。如果案件太難，可以交給我處理。 18 那時，我把一切當行之事都告訴了你們。

派人打探迦南

19 「我們照我們上帝耶和華的吩咐，從何烈山出發，走過你們所見的那大而可怕的曠野，前往亞摩利山區，來到加低斯·巴尼亞。 20 我對你們說，『我們的上帝耶和華賜給我們的亞摩利山區到了。 21 看啊，你們祖先的上帝耶和華已把那片土地賜給你們，你們要照著祂的應許去佔領那裡，不要懼怕，不要氣餒。』 22 你們來對我說，『我們要先派人去打探那地方，回來好告訴我們當走哪條路，當佔哪些城。』 23 我同意你們的建議，便從你們當中選出十二人，每支派選一人。 24 他們前往山區，到了以實各谷，打探那地方。 25 他們帶回來一些那裡的果子，稟告說，『我們的上帝耶和華賜給我們的地方很好。』

26 「但你們卻違背你們上帝耶和華的命令，不肯上去。 27 你們在帳篷中埋怨說，『耶和華憎恨我們，所以才領我們離開埃及，要把我們交在亞摩利人手裡，讓他們消滅我們。 28 我們怎能上去呢？那些弟兄的報告令我們膽戰心驚，他們說那裡的人比我們高大，城邑雄偉，城牆高達雲霄，還有亞衲人在那裡。』 29 我對你們說，『不要驚慌，不要怕他們。 30 你們的上帝耶和華必帶領你們，為你們爭戰，正如祂當著你們的面在埃及所行的一樣。 31 你們在曠野曾目睹你們的上帝耶和華像父親抱兒子一樣，一路把你們抱到這地方。』 32-33 祂為你們開路，為你們找安營的地方，夜間用火柱、白天用雲柱為你們引路。儘管如此，你們還是不信靠你們的上帝耶和華。

懲罰叛逆

34 「你們的埋怨惹耶和華發怒，祂起誓說， 35 『這邪惡的一代沒有一人能看見我起誓要賜給他們祖先的佳美之地， 36 只有耶孚尼的兒子迦勒能看見，我必把他所踏之地賜給他和他的後代，因為他全心全意地跟從我。』 37 因為你們的緣故，耶和華也向我發怒，說，『你也不能進入那片土地， 38 但你的助手——嫩的兒子約書亞可以進入。你要鼓勵他，因為他將帶領以色列承受那片土地。 39 你們說你們的子女會被擄去，但這些還不知善惡的孩子都將進入那片土地，我要把那裡賜給他們，他們將佔領那裡。 40 而你們要掉頭，沿紅海的路回到曠野。』

41 「於是，你們對我說，『我們得罪了耶和華，現在我們願意遵從我們的上帝耶和華的吩咐，上去作戰。』你們便各自拿起兵器，以為可以輕易攻佔山區。 42 但耶和華讓我告訴你們，『不要上去作戰，以免被敵人擊敗，因為耶和華不會與你們同在。』 43 我把耶和華的話轉告了你們，但你們不聽，違背耶和華的命令，擅自前往山區。 44 住在山區的亞摩利人蜂擁出擊，打敗了你們，從西珥追殺你們，一直追到何珥瑪。 45 你們回來在耶和華面前哭泣，但耶和華不理會你們的哭聲。 46 因此，你們在加低斯住了很久。

Listen to Deutéronome 1
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Deutéronome 1
La Bible du Semeur

Préambule

1 Voici les paroles que Moïse adressa à tout Israël à l’est du Jourdain, dans le désert, dans la plaine qui fait face à Souph, entre Parân et Tophel, et entre Labân, Hatséroth et Di-Zahab[a]. 2 Il y a onze journées de marche depuis Horeb[b], par le chemin de la montagne de Séir, jusqu’à Qadesh-Barnéa. 3 Le premier jour du onzième mois de la quarantième année[c] après la sortie d’Egypte, Moïse communiqua aux Israélites tout ce que l’Eternel lui ordonna pour eux. 4 Cela se passait après leur victoire sur Sihôn, roi des Amoréens, dont la capitale était Heshbôn, et sur Og, roi du Basan, qui résidait à Ashtaroth et à Edréi[d].

5 C’est au-delà du Jourdain, au pays de Moab, que Moïse se mit à leur exposer cette Loi. Il leur dit :

Prologue historique

La première génération des Juifs dans le désert

Le départ du Sinaï pour le pays de Canaan

6 L’Eternel notre Dieu nous a parlé au mont Horeb en ces termes : « Vous avez assez longtemps séjourné près de cette montagne[e]. 7 Levez le camp et partez, rendez-vous dans la région montagneuse des Amoréens et dans toutes les contrées voisines, la steppe, la montagne et la plaine côtière, le Néguev et les côtes de la mer, dans le pays des Cananéens et le Liban jusqu’au grand fleuve, l’Euphrate. 8 Voyez, je vous donne cette terre, entrez-y et prenez possession du pays que l’Eternel a promis par serment à vos ancêtres Abraham, Isaac et Jacob, de leur donner, à eux et à leurs descendants. »

L’institution des juges

9 A cette époque-là, je vous ai dit : « Je ne peux pas, à moi seul, assumer la responsabilité de vous tous[f]. 10 L’Eternel votre Dieu vous a multipliés, au point que vous êtes aujourd’hui aussi nombreux que les étoiles du ciel. 11 Que l’Eternel, le Dieu de vos ancêtres, vous rende mille fois plus nombreux encore, et qu’il vous bénisse comme il vous l’a promis. 12 Comment pourrais-je à moi seul m’occuper de vous, de vos affaires et de vos différends ? 13 Désignez dans chacune de vos tribus des hommes sages, intelligents et estimés, et je les mettrai à votre tête. » 14 Vous m’avez alors répondu : « Ce que tu proposes est une bonne chose. » 15 J’ai donc pris les chefs de vos tribus, des hommes sages et estimés, et je les ai établis chefs de vos « milliers », de vos « centaines », de vos « cinquantaines » et de vos « dizaines » et administrateurs pour vos tribus. 16 J’ai donné, en ce temps-là, les instructions suivantes à vos juges : « Ecoutez avec une attention égale les causes de vos compatriotes et jugez avec équité les différends de chacun dans ses rapports avec son compatriote ou avec un étranger. 17 Soyez impartiaux dans vos décisions, écoutez le petit comme le grand, et ne vous laissez pas intimider par qui que ce soit ; car la justice relève de Dieu. Si une cause paraît trop difficile pour vous, soumettez-la moi et je l’examinerai. » 18 C’est ainsi que je vous ai ordonné à ce moment-là tout ce que vous avez à faire.

L’envoi d’éclaireurs

19 Après cela, nous sommes partis du mont Horeb, nous avons traversé tout ce vaste et terrible désert que vous avez vu, en nous dirigeant vers la montagne des Amoréens, comme l’Eternel notre Dieu nous l’avait ordonné ; et nous sommes arrivés à Qadesh-Barnéa[g]. 20 Je vous ai dit alors : « Vous voilà arrivés à la montagne des Amoréens que l’Eternel notre Dieu nous donne. 21 Regardez : l’Eternel votre Dieu met le pays à votre disposition ; allez-y et prenez-en possession, comme l’Eternel, le Dieu de vos ancêtres, vous l’a dit. N’ayez pas peur, ne vous laissez pas effrayer. »

La révolte du peuple

22 Alors vous êtes tous venus me trouver pour me dire : « Nous voudrions envoyer quelques hommes en avant pour qu’ils fassent, pour nous, une reconnaissance du pays et qu’ils nous renseignent sur la route que nous devons prendre et sur les villes où nous devons aller. » 23 La proposition m’a parue bonne et j’ai pris douze hommes d’entre vous, un par tribu[h]. 24 Ils ont pris la direction de la montagne et sont arrivés jusqu’à la vallée d’Eshkol qu’ils ont explorée. 25 Ils ont emporté des produits du pays et nous les ont rapportés. Dans leur rapport, ils nous ont dit : « Le pays que l’Eternel notre Dieu nous donne est un bon pays. »

26 Mais vous avez refusé de vous y rendre et vous avez désobéi à l’Eternel votre Dieu. 27 Vous vous êtes plaints sous vos tentes en disant : « C’est parce que l’Eternel nous hait qu’il nous a fait sortir d’Egypte, pour nous livrer aux Amoréens afin de nous exterminer. 28 Où veux-tu que nous allions ? Nos compatriotes nous ont démoralisés en disant : “C’est un peuple plus grand et plus fort que nous, leurs villes sont immenses et leurs remparts atteignent le ciel ; nous avons même vu là-bas des descendants d’Anaq[i].” »

29 Je vous ai répondu : « Ne vous effrayez pas et n’ayez pas peur d’eux. 30 L’Eternel votre Dieu, qui marche à votre tête, combattra lui-même pour vous, tout comme il l’a fait pour vous en Egypte – vous l’avez bien vu – 31 et dans le désert, où vous avez pu constater que l’Eternel votre Dieu s’est occupé de vous comme un homme s’occupe de son fils ; il l’a fait tout au long du chemin que vous avez parcouru pour arriver jusqu’ici. » 32 Malgré tout cela, vous n’avez pas fait confiance à l’Eternel votre Dieu, 33 qui marchait devant vous sur le chemin pour vous chercher vos lieux de campement, vous précédant la nuit dans une colonne de feu pour vous montrer la route sur laquelle marcher, et le jour dans la nuée.

Le salaire de l’incrédulité

34 Quand l’Eternel entendit vos propos, il s’est irrité et a fait ce serment : 35 « Aucun des hommes de cette génération rebelle ne verra le beau pays que j’ai promis par serment à vos ancêtres, 36 excepté Caleb, fils de Yephounné. Lui, il le verra et je lui donnerai, à lui et à ses descendants, le pays que son pied a foulé, parce qu’il a fidèlement accompli ma volonté[j]. »

37 L’Eternel s’est aussi mis en colère contre moi à cause de vous et il a dit : « Toi non plus, tu n’y entreras pas. 38 Par contre, Josué, fils de Noun ton assistant, y entrera ; encourage-le, car c’est lui qui mettra Israël en possession de ce pays. 39 Ce sont vos enfants, dont vous avez prétendu qu’ils deviendraient la proie des ennemis, vos fils qui aujourd’hui ne savent pas encore distinguer le bien du mal, qui y entreront ; c’est à eux que je le donnerai, et ils en prendront possession. 40 Quant à vous, faites demi-tour. Repartez au désert en direction de la mer des Roseaux ! »

La défaite face aux Amoréens

41 Alors vous vous êtes écriés : « Nous avons commis une faute contre l’Eternel. Nous irons et combattrons, comme l’Eternel notre Dieu nous l’a ordonné. » Chacun de vous a pris ses armes. Vous avez décidé présomptueusement de gravir la montagne. 42 Mais l’Eternel m’a dit : « Ordonne-leur de ne pas monter et de ne pas combattre, car je ne suis pas avec eux, et ils vont se faire battre par leurs ennemis. » 43 Cependant, j’ai eu beau vous parler, vous n’avez pas écouté : vous avez désobéi à l’Eternel et vous avez eu la témérité de gravir la montagne. 44 Alors les Amoréens qui l’occupent sont sortis pour marcher contre vous et vous ont poursuivis comme un essaim d’abeilles, ils vous ont battus depuis Séir jusqu’à Horma. 45 A votre retour, vous avez pleuré devant l’Eternel, mais il ne vous a pas écoutés, il a fait la sourde oreille à vos lamentations. 46 C’est ainsi que vous êtes restés très longtemps à Qadesh.

Footnotes

  1. 1.1 Lieux difficiles à identifier à moins qu’ils ne correspondent aux étapes de la traversée du désert par les Israélites (voir Nb 11.35 ; 12.16 ; 33.20).
  2. 1.2 Nom habituel du mont Sinaï dans le Deutéronome (sauf 33.2).
  3. 1.3 Dieu avait condamné Israël à errer durant quarante ans au désert (Nb 14.33-34). Ce décompte inclut les deux années passées près du Sinaï et sur le chemin vers Qadesh et les trente-huit ans dans le désert (voir 2.14 ; 8.2-5 ; 29.4-6 ; Hé 3.7-19).
  4. 1.4 Manque dans le texte hébreu traditionnel. Voir Nb 21.21-35 ; Jos 12.4.
  5. 1.6 Selon Ex 19.1 comparé à Nb 10.11 : un peu plus de onze mois (du calendrier israélite, qui compte en mois lunaires).
  6. 1.9 Allusion à la nomination des juges sur le conseil de Jéthro (Ex 18.13-27).
  7. 1.19 Pour les v. 19-46, voir Nb 13.1 à 14.45.
  8. 1.23 Voir Nb 13.1-15.
  9. 1.28 Anciens habitants de Canaan, décrits comme étant des « géants ».
  10. 1.36 Voir Nb 13.6 ; 14.24 ; Jos 14.6-14.
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Deuteronomy 1
New English Translation

The Covenant Setting

1 This is what[a] Moses said to all of Israel in the Transjordanian[b] wilderness, the arid rift valley opposite[c] Suph,[d] between[e] Paran[f] and Tophel,[g] Laban,[h] Hazeroth,[i] and Di Zahab.[j] 2 Now it is ordinarily an eleven-day journey[k] from Horeb[l] to Kadesh Barnea[m] by way of Mount Seir.[n] 3 However, it was not until[o] the first day of the eleventh month[p] of the fortieth year[q] that Moses addressed the Israelites just as[r] the Lord had instructed him to do. 4 This took place after the defeat[s] of King Sihon[t] of the Amorites, whose capital was[u] in Heshbon,[v] and King Og of Bashan, whose capital was[w] in Ashtaroth,[x] specifically in Edrei.[y] 5 So it was in the Transjordan, in Moab, that Moses began to deliver these words:[z]

Events at Horeb

6 The Lord our God spoke to us at Horeb and said, “You have stayed[aa] in the area of this mountain long enough. 7 Head out[ab] and resume your journey. Enter the Amorite hill country, and all its neighboring areas, including the rift valley,[ac] the hill country, the foothills,[ad] the Negev,[ae] and the coastal plain—all of Canaan and Lebanon as far as the Great River, that is, the Euphrates. 8 Look! I have already given the land to you.[af] Go, occupy the territory that I,[ag] the Lord, promised[ah] to give to your ancestors[ai] Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and to their descendants.”[aj] 9 I also said to you at that time, “I am no longer able to sustain you by myself. 10 The Lord your God has increased your population[ak] to the point that you are now as numerous as the very stars of the sky.[al] 11 Indeed, may the Lord, the God of your ancestors, make you a thousand times more numerous than you are now, blessing you[am] just as he said he would! 12 But how can I alone bear up under the burden of your hardship and strife? 13 Select wise and practical[an] men, those known among your tribes, whom I may appoint as your leaders.” 14 You replied to me that what I had said to you was good. 15 So I chose[ao] as your tribal leaders wise and well-known men, placing them over you as administrators of groups of thousands, hundreds, fifties, and tens, and also as other tribal officials. 16 I furthermore admonished your judges at that time that they[ap] should pay attention to issues among your fellow citizens[aq] and judge fairly,[ar] whether between one person and a native Israelite[as] or a resident foreigner.[at] 17 They[au] must not discriminate in judgment, but hear the lowly[av] and the great alike. Nor should they be intimidated by human beings, for judgment belongs to God. If the matter being adjudicated is too difficult for them, they should bring it before me for a hearing.

Instructions at Kadesh Barnea

18 So I instructed you at that time regarding everything you should do. 19 Then we left Horeb and passed through all that immense, forbidding wilderness that you saw on the way to the Amorite hill country as the Lord our God had commanded us to do, finally arriving at Kadesh Barnea. 20 Then I said to you, “You have come to the Amorite hill country, which the Lord our God is about to give[aw] us. 21 Look, he[ax] has placed the land in front of you![ay] Go up, take possession of it, just as the Lord, the God of your ancestors, said to do. Do not be afraid or discouraged!” 22 So all of you approached me and said, “Let’s send some men ahead of us to scout out the land and bring us back word as to how we should attack it and what the cities are like there.” 23 I thought this was a good idea,[az] so I sent[ba] twelve men from among you, one from each tribe. 24 They left and went up to the hill country, coming to the Eshcol Valley,[bb] which they scouted out. 25 Then they took[bc] some of the produce of the land and carried it back down to us. They also brought a report to us, saying, “The land that the Lord our God is about to give us is good.”

Disobedience at Kadesh Barnea

26 You were not willing to go up, however, but instead rebelled against the Lord your God.[bd] 27 You complained among yourselves privately[be] and said, “Because the Lord hates us he brought us from Egypt to deliver us over to the Amorites so they could destroy us! 28 What is going to happen to us? Our brothers have drained away our courage[bf] by describing people who are more numerous[bg] and taller than we are, and great cities whose defenses appear to be as high as heaven[bh] itself! Moreover, they said they saw[bi] Anakites[bj] there.” 29 So I responded to you, “Do not be terrified[bk] of them! 30 The Lord your God is about to go[bl] ahead of you; he will fight for you, just as you saw him do in Egypt[bm] 31 and in the wilderness, where you saw him[bn] carrying you along like a man carries his son. This he did everywhere you went until you came to this very place.” 32 However, through all this you did not have confidence in the Lord your God, 33 who would go before you on the way to find places for you to camp, appearing in a fire at night and in a cloud by day to show you the way you ought to go.

Judgment at Kadesh Barnea

34 When the Lord heard you, he became angry and made this vow:[bo] 35 “Not a single person[bp] of this evil generation will see the good land that I promised to give to your ancestors! 36 The exception is Caleb son of Jephunneh;[bq] he will see it and I will give him and his descendants the territory on which he has walked, because he has wholeheartedly followed me.”[br] 37 As for me, the Lord was also angry with me on your account. He said, “You also will not be able to go there. 38 However, Joshua son of Nun, your assistant,[bs] will go. Encourage him, because he will enable Israel to inherit the land.[bt] 39 Also, your infants, who you thought would die on the way,[bu] and your children, who as yet do not know good from bad,[bv] will go there; I will give them the land and they will possess it. 40 But as for you,[bw] turn back and head for the wilderness by the way to the Red Sea.”[bx]

Unsuccessful Conquest of Canaan

41 Then you responded to me and admitted, “We have sinned against the Lord. We will now go up and fight as the Lord our God has told us to do.” So you each put on your battle gear and prepared to go up to the hill country. 42 But the Lord told me: “Tell them this: ‘Do not go up and fight, because I will not be with you and you will be defeated by your enemies.’” 43 I spoke to you, but you did not listen. Instead you rebelled against the Lord[by] and recklessly went up to the hill country. 44 The Amorite inhabitants of that area[bz] confronted[ca] you and chased you like a swarm of bees, striking you down from Seir as far as Hormah.[cb] 45 Then you came back and wept before the Lord, but he[cc] paid no attention to you whatsoever.[cd] 46 Therefore, you remained at Kadesh for a long time—indeed, for the full time.[ce]

Footnotes

  1. Deuteronomy 1:1 tn Heb “These are the words.”
  2. Deuteronomy 1:1 tn Heb “on the other side of the Jordan.” This would appear to favor authorship by someone living on the west side of the Jordan, that is, in Canaan, whereas the biblical tradition locates Moses on the east side (cf. v. 5). However the Hebrew phrase בְּעֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן (beʿever hayyarden) is a frozen form meaning “Transjordan,” a name appropriate from any geographical vantage point. To this day, one standing east of the Jordan can describe himself as being in Transjordan.
  3. Deuteronomy 1:1 tn The Hebrew term מוֹל (mol) may also mean “in front of” or “near” (cf. NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT).
  4. Deuteronomy 1:1 sn This place is otherwise unattested and its location is unknown. Perhaps it is Khirbet Sufah, 4 mi (6 km) SSE of Madaba, Jordan.
  5. Deuteronomy 1:1 tn The Hebrew term בֵּין (ben) may suggest “in the area of.”
  6. Deuteronomy 1:1 sn Paran is the well-known desert area between Mount Sinai and Kadesh Barnea (cf. Num 10:12; 12:16).
  7. Deuteronomy 1:1 sn Tophel refers possibly to eṭ-Ṭafîleh, 15 mi (25 km) SE of the Dead Sea, or to Dâbîlu, another name for Paran. See H. Cazelles, “Tophel (Deut. 1:1),” VT 9 (1959): 412-15.
  8. Deuteronomy 1:1 sn Laban. Perhaps this refers to Libnah (Num 33:20).
  9. Deuteronomy 1:1 sn Hazeroth. This probably refers to ʿAin Khadra. See Y. Aharoni, The Land of the Bible, 199-200.
  10. Deuteronomy 1:1 sn Di Zahab. Perhaps this refers to Mina al-Dhahab on the eastern Sinai coast.
  11. Deuteronomy 1:2 sn An eleven-day journey was about 140 mi (233 km).
  12. Deuteronomy 1:2 sn Horeb is another name for Sinai. “Horeb” occurs 9 times in the Book of Deuteronomy and “Sinai” only once (33:2). “Sinai” occurs 13 times in the Book of Exodus and “Horeb” only 3 times.
  13. Deuteronomy 1:2 sn Kadesh Barnea. Possibly this refers to ʿAin Qudeis, about 50 mi (80 km) southwest of Beer Sheba, but more likely to ʿAin Qudeirat, 5 mi (8 km) NW of ʿAin Qudeis. See R. Cohen, “Did I Excavate Kadesh Barnea?” BAR 7 (1981): 20-33.
  14. Deuteronomy 1:2 sn Mount Seir is synonymous with Edom. “By way of Mount Seir” refers to the route from Horeb that ended up in Edom Cf. CEV “by way of the Mount Seir Road”; TEV “by way of the hill country of Edom.”
  15. Deuteronomy 1:3 tn Heb “in” or “on.” Here there is a contrast between the ordinary time of eleven days (v. 2) and the actual time of forty years, so “not until” brings out that vast disparity.
  16. Deuteronomy 1:3 sn The eleventh month is Shebat in the Hebrew calendar, January/February in the modern (Gregorian) calendar.
  17. Deuteronomy 1:3 sn The fortieth year would be 1406 b.c. according to the “early” date of the exodus. See E. H. Merrill, Kingdom of Priests, 66-75.
  18. Deuteronomy 1:3 tn Heb “according to all which.”
  19. Deuteronomy 1:4 tn Heb “when he struck [or “smote”].”
  20. Deuteronomy 1:4 sn See Deut 2:26-3:22.
  21. Deuteronomy 1:4 tn Heb “who lived.”
  22. Deuteronomy 1:4 sn Heshbon is probably modern Tell Hesban, about 7.5 mi (12 km) south southwest of Amman, Jordan.
  23. Deuteronomy 1:4 tn Heb “who lived.”
  24. Deuteronomy 1:4 sn Ashtaroth is probably Tell ʿAshtarah, about 22 mi (35 km) due east of the Sea of Galilee.
  25. Deuteronomy 1:4 sn Edrei is probably modern Derʿa, 60 mi (95 km) south of Damascus (see Num 21:33; Josh 12:4; 13:12, 31).
  26. Deuteronomy 1:5 tn Heb “this instruction”; KJV, NIV, NRSV “this law”; TEV “God’s laws and teachings.” The Hebrew noun תּוֹרָה (torah) is derived from the verb יָרָה (yarah, “to teach”) and here it refers to the Book of Deuteronomy, not the Pentateuch as a whole.
  27. Deuteronomy 1:6 tn Heb “lived”; “dwelled.”
  28. Deuteronomy 1:7 tn Heb “turn”; NAB “Leave here”; NIV, TEV “Break camp.”
  29. Deuteronomy 1:7 sn As a geographic feature the rift valley (עֲרָבָה, ʿaravah) extends from Galilee to the Gulf of Aqaba. The reference here probably includes the Jordan Valley and continues to the wider part of the rift valley below the Dead Sea. Some versions transliterate the name as Arabah (ASV, NAB, NIV, NRSV).
  30. Deuteronomy 1:7 tn The שְׁפֵלָה (shephelah) is the geographical region between the Mediterranean coastal plain and the hill country, sometimes called the “western foothills” (NIV, CEV, NLT), “Judean foothills” (Holman), “lowland” (NASB, ESV), or by the Hebrew “Shephelah” (NRSV).
  31. Deuteronomy 1:7 sn The Negev is the area of central, southern Judah, south of the hill country and Beer Sheba and west of the rift valley. As a geographic feature it is a depression extending south to the gulf of Aqaba, but the reference here is probably to the northern portion of the region.
  32. Deuteronomy 1:8 tn Heb “I have placed before you the land.”
  33. Deuteronomy 1:8 tn Heb “the Lord.” Since the Lord is speaking, it is preferable for clarity to supply the first person pronoun in the translation.
  34. Deuteronomy 1:8 tn Heb “swore” (so NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT). This refers to God’s promise, made by solemn oath, to give the patriarchs the land.
  35. Deuteronomy 1:8 tn Heb “fathers” (also in vv. 11, 21, 35).
  36. Deuteronomy 1:8 tn Heb “their seed after them.”
  37. Deuteronomy 1:10 tn Heb “multiplied you.”
  38. Deuteronomy 1:10 tn Or “heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heaven(s)” or “sky” depending on the context.
  39. Deuteronomy 1:11 tn Heb “may he bless you.”
  40. Deuteronomy 1:13 tn The Hebrew verb נְבֹנִים (nevonim, from בִּין [bin]) is a Niphal referring to skill or intelligence (see T. Fretheim, NIDOTTE 1:652-53).
  41. Deuteronomy 1:15 tn Or “selected”; Heb “took.”
  42. Deuteronomy 1:16 tn Or “you.” A number of English versions treat the remainder of this verse and v. 17 as direct discourse rather than indirect discourse (cf. KJV, NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT).
  43. Deuteronomy 1:16 tn Heb “brothers.” The term “brothers” could, in English, be understood to refer to siblings, so “fellow citizens” has been used in the translation.
  44. Deuteronomy 1:16 tn The Hebrew word צֶדֶק (tsedeq, “fairly”) carries the basic idea of conformity to a norm of expected behavior or character, one established by God himself. Fair judgment adheres strictly to that norm or standard (see D. Reimer, NIDOTTE 3:750).
  45. Deuteronomy 1:16 tn Heb “between a man and his brother.” The first use of “brother” in this verse refers broadly to fellow citizens. This second use is narrower, being in opposition to the “resident foreigner.” The גֵּר (ger) “resident foreigner” was not simply a foreigner (Hebrew נֵכָר; nekar) but was essentially a naturalized citizen and had equal protection under the law. This is one of the verses designed to ensure that equal treatment (see also Deut 10:16-19; 16:18-20; Exod 12:49; Num 15:16, 29).
  46. Deuteronomy 1:16 sn On the Hebrew ger (גֵּר) “resident foreigner,” see notes at Exod 12:19 and Deut 29:11.
  47. Deuteronomy 1:17 tn Heb “you,” and throughout the verse (cf. NASB, NRSV).
  48. Deuteronomy 1:17 tn Heb “the small,” but referring to social status, not physical stature.
  49. Deuteronomy 1:20 tn The Hebrew participle has an imminent future sense here, although many English versions treat it as a present tense (“is giving us,” NAB, NIV, NRSV) or a predictive future (“will give us,” NCV).
  50. Deuteronomy 1:21 tn Heb “the Lord your God.” The pronoun (“he”) has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons, to avoid repetition.
  51. Deuteronomy 1:21 tn Or “has given you the land” (cf. NAB, NIV, NRSV).
  52. Deuteronomy 1:23 tn Heb “the thing was good in my eyes.”
  53. Deuteronomy 1:23 tn Or “selected” (so NIV, NRSV, TEV); Heb “took.”
  54. Deuteronomy 1:24 tn Or “the Wadi Eshcol” (so NAB).sn The Eshcol Valley is a verdant valley near Hebron, still famous for its viticulture (cf. Num 13:22-23). The Hebrew name “Eshcol” means “trestle,” that is, the frame on which grape vines grow.
  55. Deuteronomy 1:25 tn The Hebrew text includes “in their hand,” which is unnecessary and somewhat redundant in English style.
  56. Deuteronomy 1:26 tn Heb “the mouth of the Lord your God.” To include “the mouth” would make for odd English style. The mouth stands by metonymy for the Lord’s command, which in turn represents the Lord himself.
  57. Deuteronomy 1:27 tn Heb “in your tents,” that is, privately.
  58. Deuteronomy 1:28 tn Heb “have caused our hearts to melt.”
  59. Deuteronomy 1:28 tn Heb “greater.” Many English versions understand this to refer to physical size or strength rather than numbers (cf. “stronger,” NAB, NIV, NRSV; “bigger,” NASB).
  60. Deuteronomy 1:28 tn Or “as the sky.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heaven(s)” or “sky” depending on the context.
  61. Deuteronomy 1:28 tn Heb “we have seen.”
  62. Deuteronomy 1:28 tn Heb “the sons of the Anakim.”sn Anakites were giant people (Num 13:33; Deut 2:10, 21; 9:2) descended from a certain Anak whose own forefather Arba founded the city of Kiriath Arba, i.e., Hebron (Josh 21:11).
  63. Deuteronomy 1:29 tn Heb “do not tremble and do not be afraid.” Two synonymous commands are combined for emphasis.
  64. Deuteronomy 1:30 tn The Hebrew participle indicates imminent future action here, though some English versions treat it as a predictive future (“will go ahead of you,” NCV; cf. also TEV, CEV).
  65. Deuteronomy 1:30 tn Heb “according to all which he did for you in Egypt before your eyes.”
  66. Deuteronomy 1:31 tn Heb “the Lord your God.” The pronoun (“him”) has been employed in the translation for stylistic reasons.
  67. Deuteronomy 1:34 tn Heb “and swore,” i.e., made an oath or vow.
  68. Deuteronomy 1:35 tn Heb “Not a man among these men.”
  69. Deuteronomy 1:36 sn Caleb had, with Joshua, brought back to Israel a minority report from Canaan urging a conquest of the land, for he was confident of the Lord’s power (Num 13:6, 8, 16, 30; 14:30, 38).
  70. Deuteronomy 1:36 tn Heb “the Lord.” The pronoun (“me”) has been employed in the translation, since it sounds strange to an English reader for the Lord to speak about himself in third person.
  71. Deuteronomy 1:38 tn Heb “the one who stands before you”; NAB “your aide”; TEV “your helper.”
  72. Deuteronomy 1:38 tn Heb “it”; the referent (the land) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  73. Deuteronomy 1:39 tn Heb “would be a prey.”
  74. Deuteronomy 1:39 sn Do not know good from bad. This is a figure of speech called a merism (suggesting a whole by referring to its extreme opposites). Other examples are the tree of “the knowledge of good and evil” (Gen 2:9), the boy who knows enough “to reject the wrong and choose the right” (Isa 7:16; 8:4), and those who “cannot tell their right hand from their left” (Jonah 4:11). A young child is characterized by lack of knowledge.
  75. Deuteronomy 1:40 tn The Hebrew pronoun is plural, as are the following verbs, indicating that Moses and the people are addressed (note v. 41).
  76. Deuteronomy 1:40 tn Heb “the Reed Sea.” “Reed” is a better translation of the Hebrew סוּף (suf), traditionally rendered “red.” The name “Red Sea” is based on the LXX which referred to it as ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης (eruthras thalassēs, “red sea”). Nevertheless, because the body of water in question is known in modern times as the Red Sea, this term was used in the translation. The part of the Red Sea in view here is not the one crossed in the exodus but its eastern arm, now known as the Gulf of Eilat or Gulf of Aqaba.
  77. Deuteronomy 1:43 tn Heb “the mouth of the Lord.” See note at 1:26.
  78. Deuteronomy 1:44 tn Heb “in that hill country,” repeating the end of v. 43.
  79. Deuteronomy 1:44 tn Heb “came out to meet.”
  80. Deuteronomy 1:44 sn Hormah is probably Khirbet el-Meshash, 5.5 mi (9 km) west of Arad and 7.5 mi (12 km) SE of Beer Sheba. Its name is a derivative of the verb חָרָם (kharam, “to ban; to exterminate”). See Num 21:3.
  81. Deuteronomy 1:45 tn Heb “the Lord.” The pronoun (“he”) has been employed in the translation here for stylistic reasons, to avoid redundancy.
  82. Deuteronomy 1:45 tn Heb “did not hear your voice and did not turn an ear to you.”
  83. Deuteronomy 1:46 tn Heb “like the days which you lived.” This refers to the rest of the forty-year period in the desert before Israel arrived in Moab.
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Deuteronomy 1
New International Version

The Command to Leave Horeb

1 These are the words Moses spoke to all Israel in the wilderness east of the Jordan(A)—that is, in the Arabah(B)—opposite Suph, between Paran(C) and Tophel, Laban, Hazeroth and Dizahab. 2 (It takes eleven days to go from Horeb(D) to Kadesh Barnea(E) by the Mount Seir(F) road.)(G)

3 In the fortieth year,(H) on the first day of the eleventh month,(I) Moses proclaimed(J) to the Israelites all that the Lord had commanded him concerning them. 4 This was after he had defeated Sihon(K) king of the Amorites,(L) who reigned in Heshbon,(M) and at Edrei had defeated Og(N) king of Bashan, who reigned in Ashtaroth.(O)

5 East of the Jordan in the territory of Moab,(P) Moses began to expound this law, saying:

6 The Lord our God said to us(Q) at Horeb,(R) “You have stayed long enough(S) at this mountain. 7 Break camp and advance into the hill country of the Amorites;(T) go to all the neighboring peoples in the Arabah,(U) in the mountains, in the western foothills, in the Negev(V) and along the coast, to the land of the Canaanites(W) and to Lebanon,(X) as far as the great river, the Euphrates.(Y) 8 See, I have given you this land(Z).(AA) Go in and take possession of the land the Lord swore(AB) he would give to your fathers—to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob—and to their descendants after them.”

The Appointment of Leaders

9 At that time I said to you, “You are too heavy a burden(AC) for me to carry alone.(AD) 10 The Lord your God has increased(AE) your numbers(AF) so that today you are as numerous(AG) as the stars in the sky.(AH) 11 May the Lord, the God of your ancestors, increase(AI) you a thousand times and bless you as he has promised!(AJ) 12 But how can I bear your problems and your burdens and your disputes all by myself?(AK) 13 Choose some wise, understanding and respected men(AL) from each of your tribes, and I will set them over you.”

14 You answered me, “What you propose to do is good.”

15 So I took(AM) the leading men of your tribes,(AN) wise and respected men,(AO) and appointed them to have authority over you—as commanders(AP) of thousands, of hundreds, of fifties and of tens and as tribal officials.(AQ) 16 And I charged your judges at that time, “Hear the disputes between your people and judge(AR) fairly,(AS) whether the case is between two Israelites or between an Israelite and a foreigner residing among you.(AT) 17 Do not show partiality(AU) in judging; hear both small and great alike. Do not be afraid of anyone,(AV) for judgment belongs to God. Bring me any case too hard for you, and I will hear it.”(AW) 18 And at that time I told you everything you were to do.(AX)

Spies Sent Out

19 Then, as the Lord our God commanded us, we set out from Horeb and went toward the hill country of the Amorites(AY) through all that vast and dreadful wilderness(AZ) that you have seen, and so we reached Kadesh Barnea.(BA) 20 Then I said to you, “You have reached the hill country of the Amorites, which the Lord our God is giving us. 21 See, the Lord your God has given you the land. Go up and take possession(BB) of it as the Lord, the God of your ancestors, told you. Do not be afraid;(BC) do not be discouraged.”(BD)

22 Then all of you came to me and said, “Let us send men ahead to spy(BE) out the land(BF) for us and bring back a report about the route we are to take and the towns we will come to.”

23 The idea seemed good to me; so I selected(BG) twelve of you, one man from each tribe. 24 They left and went up into the hill country, and came to the Valley of Eshkol(BH) and explored it. 25 Taking with them some of the fruit of the land, they brought it down to us and reported,(BI) “It is a good land(BJ) that the Lord our God is giving us.”(BK)

Rebellion Against the Lord

26 But you were unwilling to go up;(BL) you rebelled(BM) against the command of the Lord your God. 27 You grumbled(BN) in your tents and said, “The Lord hates us; so he brought us out of Egypt to deliver us into the hands of the Amorites to destroy us. 28 Where can we go? Our brothers have made our hearts melt in fear. They say, ‘The people are stronger and taller(BO) than we are; the cities are large, with walls up to the sky. We even saw the Anakites(BP) there.’”

29 Then I said to you, “Do not be terrified; do not be afraid(BQ) of them.(BR) 30 The Lord your God, who is going before you, will fight(BS) for you, as he did for you in Egypt, before your very eyes, 31 and in the wilderness. There you saw how the Lord your God carried(BT) you, as a father carries his son, all the way you went until you reached this place.”(BU)

32 In spite of this,(BV) you did not trust(BW) in the Lord your God, 33 who went ahead of you on your journey, in fire by night and in a cloud by day,(BX) to search(BY) out places for you to camp and to show you the way you should go.

34 When the Lord heard(BZ) what you said, he was angry(CA) and solemnly swore:(CB) 35 “No one from this evil generation shall see the good land(CC) I swore to give your ancestors, 36 except Caleb(CD) son of Jephunneh. He will see it, and I will give him and his descendants the land he set his feet on, because he followed the Lord wholeheartedly.(CE)”

37 Because of you the Lord became angry(CF) with me also and said, “You shall not enter(CG) it, either. 38 But your assistant, Joshua(CH) son of Nun, will enter it. Encourage(CI) him, because he will lead(CJ) Israel to inherit(CK) it. 39 And the little ones that you said would be taken captive,(CL) your children who do not yet know(CM) good from bad—they will enter the land. I will give it to them and they will take possession of it. 40 But as for you, turn around and set out toward the desert along the route to the Red Sea.[a](CN)”

41 Then you replied, “We have sinned against the Lord. We will go up and fight, as the Lord our God commanded us.” So every one of you put on his weapons, thinking it easy to go up into the hill country.

42 But the Lord said to me, “Tell them, ‘Do not go up and fight, because I will not be with you. You will be defeated by your enemies.’”(CO)

43 So I told you, but you would not listen. You rebelled against the Lord’s command and in your arrogance you marched up into the hill country. 44 The Amorites who lived in those hills came out against you; they chased you like a swarm of bees(CP) and beat you down from Seir(CQ) all the way to Hormah.(CR) 45 You came back and wept before the Lord,(CS) but he paid no attention(CT) to your weeping and turned a deaf ear(CU) to you. 46 And so you stayed in Kadesh(CV) many days—all the time you spent there.

Footnotes

  1. Deuteronomy 1:40 Or the Sea of Reeds
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