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上帝的选民

我在基督里说真话,绝无谎言。我被圣灵感动的良心可以作证, 我心里极为忧愁,痛苦不止! 为了我的弟兄——我的同胞以色列人,即使我自己被咒诅、与基督隔绝,我也愿意! 身为以色列人,他们拥有上帝儿子的名分、上帝的荣耀、诸约、律法、圣殿敬拜和各种应许。 蒙拣选的族长是他们的先祖,基督降世为人也是做以色列人。祂是至大至尊,永远当受称颂的上帝。阿们!

当然,这并不表示上帝的话落了空,因为从以色列生的,不一定都是以色列人, 亚伯拉罕的后裔不一定都是亚伯拉罕的儿女,圣经上说:“以撒生的才可算为你的后裔。” 这话的意思是:亚伯拉罕凭血气所生的儿女并不是上帝的儿女,只有凭应许所生的才算是他的后裔。 因为上帝曾这样应许他:“明年这时候,我会再来,撒拉必生一个儿子。”

10 后来,利百加和我们的先祖以撒结婚,怀了双胞胎。 11 在这对孩子还未出生,还没有显出谁善谁恶之前,上帝为了显明自己拣选人并不是按人的行为,而是按祂自己的旨意, 12 便对利百加说:“将来大的要服侍小的。” 13 正如圣经上说:“我爱雅各,厌恶以扫。”

14 这样看来,我们该怎么下结论呢?难道上帝不公平吗?当然不是! 15 祂曾对摩西说:

“我要怜悯谁就怜悯谁,
要恩待谁就恩待谁。”

16 可见这并不在于人的意志和努力,而在于祂的怜悯。 17 圣经记载着上帝对法老说的话:“我使你兴起是为了在你身上彰显我的权能,使我的名传遍天下。” 18 总之,上帝要怜悯谁,就怜悯谁;要叫谁顽固,就叫谁顽固。

上帝的烈怒和怜悯

19 这样,你肯定会对我说:“为什么上帝还指责人呢?谁能抗拒祂的旨意呢?” 20 你这个人啊!你是谁啊?竟敢顶撞上帝!受造之物怎能对造物主说:“你为什么把我造成这样?” 21 陶匠难道不可以从一团泥中拿一部分造贵重的器皿,又拿一部分造平凡的器皿吗?

22 倘若上帝要显示祂的烈怒和权能,就尽量容忍那些祂预备要毁灭的器皿, 23 以便在那些祂怜悯并预备赐予荣耀的器皿上彰显祂丰盛的荣耀,这难道不可以吗? 24 那些蒙怜悯的器皿就是我们这些从犹太人和外族人中被上帝呼召的人。 25 正如上帝在《何西阿书》上说:

“本来不是我子民的,
我要称他们为‘我的子民’;
本来不是我所爱的,
我要称他们为‘我所爱的’。
26 从前我在什么地方对他们说,
‘你们不是我的子民。’
将来也要在那里对他们说,
‘你们是永活上帝的儿女。’”

27 关于以色列人,以赛亚先知曾疾呼:

“以色列人虽多如海沙,
但得救的只是剩余的人,
28 因为上帝要在世上迅速、
彻底地执行祂的判决。”

29 以赛亚又说:

“若不是万军之主给我们存留后裔,
我们早就像所多玛和蛾摩拉一样灭亡了。”

以色列人和福音

30 这样看来,我们该说什么呢?本来不追求义的外族人却因信而得到了义。 31 以色列人靠遵行律法追求义,却徒劳无功。 32 为什么会这样呢?因为他们不凭信心,只靠自己的行为去追求义,结果就在那块“绊脚石”上跌倒了。 33 正如圣经上说:

“看啊!我在锡安放了一块绊脚石,
一块使人跌倒的磐石。
但信靠祂的人必不致蒙羞。”

Deus escolhe Israel

Digo-lhes a verdade, tendo Cristo como testemunha, e minha consciência e o Espírito Santo a confirmam. Meu coração está cheio de amarga tristeza e angústia sem fim por meu povo, meus irmãos judeus.[a] Eu estaria disposto a ser amaldiçoado para sempre, separado de Cristo, se isso pudesse salvá-los. Eles são o povo de Israel, escolhidos para serem filhos adotivos de Deus.[b] Ele lhes revelou sua glória, fez uma aliança com eles e lhes deu sua lei e o privilégio de adorá-lo e receber suas promessas. Do povo de Israel vêm os patriarcas, e o próprio Cristo, quanto à sua natureza humana, era israelita. E ele é Deus, aquele que governa sobre todas as coisas e é digno de louvor eterno! Amém.[c]

Acaso Deus deixou de cumprir sua promessa a Israel? Não, pois nem todos os descendentes de Israel pertencem, de fato, ao povo de Deus. Só porque são descendentes de Abraão não significa que são, verdadeiramente, filhos de Abraão. Pois as Escrituras dizem: “Isaque é o filho de quem depende a sua descendência”.[d] Isso significa que os descendentes físicos de Abraão não são, necessariamente, filhos de Deus. Apenas os filhos da promessa são considerados filhos de Abraão. Pois Deus havia prometido: “Voltarei por esta época, e Sara terá um filho”.[e]

10 Esse fato não é único. Também Rebeca ficou grávida de nosso antepassado Isaque e deu à luz gêmeos. 11 Antes de eles nascerem, porém, antes mesmo de terem feito qualquer coisa boa ou má, ela recebeu uma mensagem de Deus. (Essa mensagem mostra que Deus escolhe as pessoas conforme os propósitos dele 12 e as chama sem levar em conta as obras que praticam.) Foi dito a Rebeca: “Seu filho mais velho servirá a seu filho mais novo”.[f] 13 Nas palavras das Escrituras: “Amei Jacó, mas rejeitei Esaú”.[g]

14 Estamos dizendo, então, que Deus foi injusto? Claro que não! 15 Pois Deus disse a Moisés:

“Terei misericórdia de quem eu quiser,
e mostrarei compaixão a quem eu quiser”.[h]

16 Portanto, a misericórdia depende apenas de Deus, e não de nosso desejo nem de nossos esforços.

17 Pois as Escrituras afirmam que Deus disse ao faraó: “Eu o coloquei em posição de autoridade com o propósito de mostrar em você meu poder e propagar meu nome por toda a terra”.[i] 18 Como podem ver, ele escolhe ter misericórdia de alguns e endurecer o coração de outros.

19 Mas algum de vocês dirá: “Então por que Deus os culpa? Não estão apenas cumprindo a vontade dele?”.

20 Ora, quem é você, mero ser humano, para discutir com Deus? Acaso o objeto criado pode dizer àquele que o criou: “Por que você me fez assim?” 21 O oleiro não tem o direito de usar o mesmo barro para fazer um vaso para uso especial e outro para uso comum? 22 Da mesma forma, Deus tem o direito de mostrar sua ira e seu poder, suportando com muita paciência aqueles que são objeto de sua ira, preparados para a destruição.[j] 23 Ele age desse modo para que as riquezas de sua glória brilhem com esplendor ainda maior sobre aqueles dos quais ele tem misericórdia, aqueles que ele preparou previamente para a glória. 24 E nós estamos entre os que ele chamou, tanto dentre os judeus como dentre os gentios.

25 A esse respeito, Deus diz na profecia de Oseias:

“Chamarei ‘meu povo’
aqueles que não eram meu povo,
e amarei aqueles
que antes eu não amava”.[k]

26 E também:

“No lugar onde lhes foi dito:
‘Vocês não são meu povo’,
eles serão chamados
‘filhos do Deus vivo’”.[l]

27 E, a respeito de Israel, o profeta Isaías clamou:

“Embora o povo de Israel seja numeroso como a areia do mar,
apenas um remanescente será salvo.
28 Pois o Senhor executará sua sentença sobre a terra
de modo rápido e decisivo”.[m]

29 E, como Isaías tinha dito em outra passagem:

“Se o Senhor dos Exércitos
não houvesse poupado alguns de nossos filhos,
teríamos sido exterminados como Sodoma
e destruídos como Gomorra”.[n]

A incredulidade de Israel

30 Que significa tudo isso? Embora os gentios não buscassem seguir as normas de Deus, foram declarados justos, e isso aconteceu pela fé. 31 Já o povo de Israel, que se esforçou tanto para cumprir a lei a fim de se tornar justo, nunca teve sucesso. 32 Por que não? Porque tentaram se tornar justos por meio de suas obras, e não pela fé. Tropeçaram na grande pedra em seu caminho, 33 e a esse respeito as Escrituras afirmam:

“Ponho em Sião uma pedra que os faz tropeçar,
uma rocha que os faz cair.
Mas quem confiar nele
jamais será envergonhado”.[o]

Footnotes

  1. 9.3 Em grego, meus irmãos.
  2. 9.4 Em grego, para a adoção como filhos.
  3. 9.5 OuQue Deus, aquele que governa sobre todas as coisas, seja louvado para sempre! Amém.
  4. 9.7 Gn 21.12.
  5. 9.9 Gn 18.10,14.
  6. 9.12 Gn 25.23.
  7. 9.13 Ml 1.2-3.
  8. 9.15 Êx 33.19.
  9. 9.17 Êx 9.16, conforme a Septuaginta.
  10. 9.22 Ou prontos para a ruína.
  11. 9.25 Os 2.23.
  12. 9.26 Os 1.10.
  13. 9.27-28 Is 10.22-23, conforme a Septuaginta.
  14. 9.29 Is 1.9, conforme a Septuaginta.
  15. 9.33 Is 8.14; 28.16, conforme a Septuaginta.

Israël dans l’histoire du salut

Les sentiments de Paul à l’égard des Israélites

Je dis la vérité, en tant qu’homme uni à Christ, je ne mens pas ; ma conscience, en accord avec l’Esprit Saint, me rend ce témoignage : j’éprouve une profonde tristesse et un chagrin continuel dans mon cœur. Oui, je demanderais à Dieu d’être maudit[a] et séparé de Christ pour mes frères, nés du même peuple que moi. Ce sont les Israélites. C’est à eux qu’appartiennent la condition de fils adoptifs de Dieu, la manifestation glorieuse de la présence divine, les alliances[b], le don de la Loi, le culte et les promesses ; à eux les patriarches ! Et c’est d’eux qu’est issu Christ dans son humanité ; il est aussi au-dessus de tout, Dieu béni pour toujours. Amen !

Le véritable Israël selon l’élection de Dieu

Ce n’est pas que la Parole de Dieu soit restée sans effet ! Car ce ne sont pas tous ceux qui descendent du patriarche Israël[c] qui constituent Israël ; et ceux qui descendent d’Abraham ne sont pas tous ses enfants. Car Dieu dit à Abraham : C’est par Isaac que te sera suscitée une descendance[d]. Cela veut dire que tous les enfants de la descendance naturelle d’Abraham ne sont pas enfants de Dieu. Seuls les enfants nés selon la promesse sont considérés comme sa descendance. Car telle est la promesse de Dieu : Vers cette époque, je viendrai, et Sara aura un fils[e].

10 Et ce n’est pas tout : Rébecca eut des jumeaux nés d’un seul et même père, de notre ancêtre Isaac. 11-12 Or, Dieu a un plan qui s’accomplit selon son libre choix et qui dépend, non des actions des hommes, mais uniquement de la volonté de celui qui appelle. Et pour que ce plan demeure, c’est avant même la naissance de ces enfants, et par conséquent avant qu’ils n’aient fait ni bien ni mal, que Dieu dit à Rébecca : L’aîné sera assujetti au cadet[f]. 13 Ceci s’accorde avec cet autre texte de l’Ecriture : J’ai aimé Jacob, et j’ai écarté Esaü[g].

Le Dieu souverain est juste

14 Mais alors, que dire ? Dieu serait-il injuste ? Loin de là ! 15 Car il a dit à Moïse :

Je ferai grâce à qui je veux faire grâce,
j’aurai compassion de qui je veux avoir compassion[h] .

16 Cela ne dépend donc ni de la volonté de l’homme, ni de ses efforts, mais de Dieu qui fait grâce. 17 Dans l’Ecriture, Dieu dit au pharaon :

Voici pourquoi je t’ai fait parvenir où tu es : pour montrer en toi ma puissance et pour que ma renommée se répande par toute la terre[i] .

18 Ainsi donc, Dieu fait grâce à qui il veut et il endurcit qui il veut.

19 Tu vas me dire : pourquoi alors fait-il encore des reproches ? Car qui a jamais pu résister à sa volonté ? 20 Mais, qui es-tu donc toi, un homme, pour critiquer Dieu ? L’ouvrage demandera-t-il à l’ouvrier : « Pourquoi m’as-tu fait ainsi[j]? » 21 Le potier n’a-t-il pas le droit, à partir du même bloc d’argile, de fabriquer un pot d’usage noble et un autre pour l’usage courant ?

22 Et qu’as-tu à redire si Dieu, parce qu’il voulait montrer sa colère et faire connaître sa puissance, a supporté avec une immense patience ceux qui étaient les objets de sa colère, tout prêts[k] pour la destruction ? 23 Oui, qu’as-tu à redire si Dieu a agi ainsi pour manifester la richesse de sa gloire en faveur de ceux qui sont les objets de sa compassion, ceux qu’il a préparés d’avance pour la gloire ?

Pour les Juifs et pour les non-Juifs

24 C’est nous qui sommes les objets de sa compassion, nous qu’il a appelés non seulement d’entre les Juifs, mais aussi d’entre les non-Juifs. 25 C’est ce qu’il dit dans le livre du prophète Osée :

Celui qui n’était pas mon peuple,je l’appellerai « mon peuple ».
Celle qui n’était pas la bien-aimée,je la nommerai « bien-aimée »[l].

26 Au lieu même où on leur avait dit : « Vous n’êtes pas mon peuple », on leur dira alors : « Vous êtes les enfants du Dieu vivant[m] . »

27 Et pour ce qui concerne Israël, Esaïe déclare de son côté :

Même si les descendants d’Israëlétaient aussi nombreux que les grains de sable au bord de la mer,
seul un reste sera sauvé.
28 Car pleinement et promptement[n] ,le Seigneur accomplira sa parole sur la terre[o].

29 Et comme Esaïe l’avait dit par avance :

Si le Seigneur des armées célestesne nous avait laissé des descendants,
nous ressemblerions à Sodome,
nous serions comme Gomorrhe[p] .

Etre juste : par la foi et non par la Loi

30 Que dire maintenant ? Voici ce que nous disons : les païens qui ne cherchaient pas à être déclarés justes par Dieu ont saisi cette justice, mais il s’agit de la justice qui est reçue par la foi. 31 Les Israélites, eux, qui cherchaient à être déclarés justes en obéissant à une loi, n’y sont pas parvenus[q]. 32 Pour quelle raison ? Parce qu’ils ont cherché à être déclarés justes non pas en comptant sur la foi, mais comme si la justice pouvait provenir de la pratique de la Loi. Ils ont buté contre la pierre qui fait tomber, 33 conformément à ce que dit l’Ecriture :

Moi, je place en Sionune pierre qu’on heurte,
un rocher qui fait trébucher.
Celui qui met en lui sa confiancene connaîtra jamais le déshonneur[r].

Footnotes

  1. 9.3 Autre traduction : Je souhaiterais être maudit.
  2. 9.4 Certains manuscrits ont : l’alliance.
  3. 9.6 Autre traduction : tous ceux qui font partie d’Israël.
  4. 9.7 Gn 21.12.
  5. 9.9 Gn 18.10, 14.
  6. 9.11-12 Gn 25.23.
  7. 9.13 Ml 1.2-3.
  8. 9.15 Ex 33.19.
  9. 9.17 Ex 9.16 cité selon l’ancienne version grecque.
  10. 9.20 Voir Es 45.9.
  11. 9.22 Autre traduction : préparés pour.
  12. 9.25 Os 2.25.
  13. 9.26 Os 2.1 ; 1.9.
  14. 9.28 Autre traduction : de façon décisive.
  15. 9.28 Es 10.22-23 cité selon l’ancienne version grecque.
  16. 9.29 Es 1.9 cité selon l’ancienne version grecque. Sodome… Gomorrhe : deux villes qui ont subi un terrible jugement de la part de Dieu (Gn 19.23-28).
  17. 9.31 Autre traduction : n’ont pas trouvé une Loi par laquelle ils auraient pu être déclarés justes.
  18. 9.33 Es 8.14 ; 28.16 cités selon l’ancienne version grecque.

Paul’s Anguish Over Israel

I speak the truth in Christ—I am not lying,(A) my conscience confirms(B) it through the Holy Spirit— I have great sorrow and unceasing anguish in my heart. For I could wish that I myself(C) were cursed(D) and cut off from Christ for the sake of my people,(E) those of my own race,(F) the people of Israel.(G) Theirs is the adoption to sonship;(H) theirs the divine glory,(I) the covenants,(J) the receiving of the law,(K) the temple worship(L) and the promises.(M) Theirs are the patriarchs,(N) and from them is traced the human ancestry of the Messiah,(O) who is God over all,(P) forever praised![a](Q) Amen.

God’s Sovereign Choice

It is not as though God’s word(R) had failed. For not all who are descended from Israel are Israel.(S) Nor because they are his descendants are they all Abraham’s children. On the contrary, “It is through Isaac that your offspring will be reckoned.”[b](T) In other words, it is not the children by physical descent who are God’s children,(U) but it is the children of the promise who are regarded as Abraham’s offspring.(V) For this was how the promise was stated: “At the appointed time I will return, and Sarah will have a son.”[c](W)

10 Not only that, but Rebekah’s children were conceived at the same time by our father Isaac.(X) 11 Yet, before the twins were born or had done anything good or bad(Y)—in order that God’s purpose(Z) in election might stand: 12 not by works but by him who calls—she was told, “The older will serve the younger.”[d](AA) 13 Just as it is written: “Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.”[e](AB)

14 What then shall we say?(AC) Is God unjust? Not at all!(AD) 15 For he says to Moses,

“I will have mercy on whom I have mercy,
    and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.”[f](AE)

16 It does not, therefore, depend on human desire or effort, but on God’s mercy.(AF) 17 For Scripture says to Pharaoh: “I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display my power in you and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.”[g](AG) 18 Therefore God has mercy on whom he wants to have mercy, and he hardens whom he wants to harden.(AH)

19 One of you will say to me:(AI) “Then why does God still blame us?(AJ) For who is able to resist his will?”(AK) 20 But who are you, a human being, to talk back to God?(AL) “Shall what is formed say to the one who formed it,(AM) ‘Why did you make me like this?’”[h](AN) 21 Does not the potter have the right to make out of the same lump of clay some pottery for special purposes and some for common use?(AO)

22 What if God, although choosing to show his wrath and make his power known, bore with great patience(AP) the objects of his wrath—prepared for destruction?(AQ) 23 What if he did this to make the riches of his glory(AR) known to the objects of his mercy, whom he prepared in advance for glory(AS) 24 even us, whom he also called,(AT) not only from the Jews but also from the Gentiles?(AU) 25 As he says in Hosea:

“I will call them ‘my people’ who are not my people;
    and I will call her ‘my loved one’ who is not my loved one,”[i](AV)

26 and,

“In the very place where it was said to them,
    ‘You are not my people,’
    there they will be called ‘children of the living God.’”[j](AW)

27 Isaiah cries out concerning Israel:

“Though the number of the Israelites be like the sand by the sea,(AX)
    only the remnant will be saved.(AY)
28 For the Lord will carry out
    his sentence on earth with speed and finality.”[k](AZ)

29 It is just as Isaiah said previously:

“Unless the Lord Almighty(BA)
    had left us descendants,
we would have become like Sodom,
    we would have been like Gomorrah.”[l](BB)

Israel’s Unbelief

30 What then shall we say?(BC) That the Gentiles, who did not pursue righteousness, have obtained it, a righteousness that is by faith;(BD) 31 but the people of Israel, who pursued the law as the way of righteousness,(BE) have not attained their goal.(BF) 32 Why not? Because they pursued it not by faith but as if it were by works. They stumbled over the stumbling stone.(BG) 33 As it is written:

“See, I lay in Zion a stone that causes people to stumble
    and a rock that makes them fall,
    and the one who believes in him will never be put to shame.”[m](BH)

Footnotes

  1. Romans 9:5 Or Messiah, who is over all. God be forever praised! Or Messiah. God who is over all be forever praised!
  2. Romans 9:7 Gen. 21:12
  3. Romans 9:9 Gen. 18:10,14
  4. Romans 9:12 Gen. 25:23
  5. Romans 9:13 Mal. 1:2,3
  6. Romans 9:15 Exodus 33:19
  7. Romans 9:17 Exodus 9:16
  8. Romans 9:20 Isaiah 29:16; 45:9
  9. Romans 9:25 Hosea 2:23
  10. Romans 9:26 Hosea 1:10
  11. Romans 9:28 Isaiah 10:22,23 (see Septuagint)
  12. Romans 9:29 Isaiah 1:9
  13. Romans 9:33 Isaiah 8:14; 28:16

I say the truth in Christ, I lie not, my conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Ghost,

That I have great heaviness and continual sorrow in my heart.

For I could wish that myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh:

Who are Israelites; to whom pertaineth the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises;

Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen.

Not as though the word of God hath taken none effect. For they are not all Israel, which are of Israel:

Neither, because they are the seed of Abraham, are they all children: but, In Isaac shall thy seed be called.

That is, They which are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God: but the children of the promise are counted for the seed.

For this is the word of promise, At this time will I come, and Sarah shall have a son.

10 And not only this; but when Rebecca also had conceived by one, even by our father Isaac;

11 (For the children being not yet born, neither having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth;)

12 It was said unto her, The elder shall serve the younger.

13 As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated.

14 What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid.

15 For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion.

16 So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy.

17 For the scripture saith unto Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might shew my power in thee, and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth.

18 Therefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth.

19 Thou wilt say then unto me, Why doth he yet find fault? For who hath resisted his will?

20 Nay but, O man, who art thou that repliest against God? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus?

21 Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour, and another unto dishonour?

22 What if God, willing to shew his wrath, and to make his power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath fitted to destruction:

23 And that he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy, which he had afore prepared unto glory,

24 Even us, whom he hath called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles?

25 As he saith also in Osee, I will call them my people, which were not my people; and her beloved, which was not beloved.

26 And it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people; there shall they be called the children of the living God.

27 Esaias also crieth concerning Israel, Though the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, a remnant shall be saved:

28 For he will finish the work, and cut it short in righteousness: because a short work will the Lord make upon the earth.

29 And as Esaias said before, Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha.

30 What shall we say then? That the Gentiles, which followed not after righteousness, have attained to righteousness, even the righteousness which is of faith.

31 But Israel, which followed after the law of righteousness, hath not attained to the law of righteousness.

32 Wherefore? Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law. For they stumbled at that stumblingstone;

33 As it is written, Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone and rock of offence: and whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed.