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申命记 19
Chinese New Version (Simplified)

避难城(A)

19 “耶和华你的　神把列国的民剪除了，耶和华你的　神把他们的地赐给了你，你赶走了那些国民，住在他们的城市和房屋以后， 2 你就要在耶和华你的　神赐给你得为业的地上，为自己分别三座城。 3 你要为自己预备道路，又要把耶和华你的　神给你作产业的地分为三区，使误杀人的可以逃到那里去。

4 “误杀人的逃到那里，就可以存活，规例是这样：无意杀了人，彼此又素无仇恨的， 5 譬如他和邻舍同进森林砍伐树木，他手里挥着斧子砍伐树木的时候，斧头竟脱了把，落在邻舍身上，以致那人死了，他就可以逃到这些城中的一座去，这样他就可以活命， 6 免得报血仇的，心中怒火如焚的时候，追赶那误杀人的，因为路途长远，就追上了他，把他杀死；其实他没有该死的罪，因为他和那人素无仇恨。 7 因此我吩咐你：‘你要为自己分别三座城。’ 8 如果耶和华你的　神照着他向你列祖起过的誓，扩张你的境界，把他应许赐给你列祖的全地，都赐给了你， 9 如果你谨守遵行我今日吩咐你的这一切诫命，爱耶和华你的　神，常常行他的道路，你就要在这三座城以外，再加添三座城； 10 免得无辜人的血，流在耶和华你的　神要赐给你作产业的地上，以致流人血的罪归在你身上。

11 “但是，如果有人恨他的邻舍，埋伏着等他，起来攻击他，把他杀死了，然后逃到这些城中的一座； 12 他本城的长老要派人去，把他从那里带出来，交在报血仇的人手中，好把他处死。 13 你的眼睛不可顾惜他，却要把流无辜人的血的罪从以色列中除掉，好使你平安无事。

不可挪移地界

14 “在耶和华你的　神要赐给你承受为业的地上，不可挪移你邻舍的地界，因为那是先人立定的。

证人的条例

15 “人无论有甚么过错，或是犯了甚么罪恶，不可凭着一个见证人的指证，总要凭着两个见证人的口供，或是三个见证人的口供，才可以确定。 16 如果有强横的见证人起来，指证某人作恶， 17 那么，两个彼此争讼的人，就要站在耶和华面前，和当时在职的祭司与审判官面前。 18 审判官要仔细查问；如果见证人是个假证人，作假见证陷害自己的兄弟， 19 你们就要像他想怎样对待自己的兄弟一样对待他，这样，你就把那恶从你们中间除掉。 20 其余的人听见了，就必害怕，不敢再在你中间行这样的恶事了。 21 你的眼睛不可顾惜，要以命偿命，以眼还眼，以牙还牙，以手还手，以脚还脚。”

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申命记 19
Chinese Contemporary Bible (Simplified)

设立避难城

19 “你们的上帝耶和华毁灭那些民族，把他们的土地赐给你们，使你们赶走他们，住进他们的城邑和房屋后， 2-3 你们要把土地划分为三个地区，在每个地区设立一座避难城，修好通往这三座城的道路，以便误杀人者可以逃往最近的避难城。

4 “如果有人无意间杀了素无冤仇的同伴，他可以逃往避难城，以保住性命。 5 例如，有人和朋友去森林砍树，斧头脱柄，误杀了朋友，他就可以逃往避难城，以保住性命。 6 否则，如果避难城离误杀人者太远，怒火中烧的报仇者就会追上去杀死他。其实他是不该死的，因为他与被误杀的人素无冤仇。 7 因此，我吩咐你们要设立三座避难城。

8-9 “如果你们谨遵我今天吩咐你们的这一切诫命，爱你们的上帝耶和华，一生遵行祂的旨意，祂就会按照祂对你们祖先所起的誓，扩张你们的疆域，把应许给你们祖先的土地赐给你们。那时，你们要再设三座避难城， 10 免得无辜人的血流在你们的上帝耶和华赐给你们作产业之地，以致你们担当枉杀无辜的罪。

11 “如果有人因憎恨邻居而暗中埋伏，杀了邻居，然后逃到避难城， 12 他本城的长老要派人去把他带回来，交给复仇的人，将他处死。 13 不可怜悯他，要从以色列除掉这种滥杀无辜的罪，这样你们才会顺利。

14 “在你们的上帝耶和华将要赐给你们作产业之地，你们不可挪动邻居的界石，因为那是先人立的。

15 “如果人犯了什么罪或有什么过失，不可凭一个证人作证就定罪，要有两三个证人才可以定案。 16 如果有人作伪证诬陷别人， 17 诉讼双方要站在耶和华面前，让当值的祭司和审判官定夺。 18 审判官要仔细审查案件，如果发现那人作伪证， 19 就要按照他企图加给被诬告者的伤害处罚他。这样，就从你们当中除掉了罪恶。 20 其他人听说后，都会害怕，不敢再做这种恶事。 21 你们对恶人不可心软，要以命偿命，以眼还眼，以牙还牙，以手还手，以脚还脚。

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Deuteronomy 19
New English Translation

Laws Concerning Manslaughter

19 When the Lord your God destroys the nations whose land he[a] is about to give you and you dispossess them and settle in their cities and houses, 2 you must set apart for yourselves three cities[b] in the middle of your land that the Lord your God is giving you as a possession. 3 You shall build a roadway and divide into thirds the whole extent[c] of your land that the Lord your God is providing as your inheritance; anyone who kills another person should flee to the closest of these cities. 4 Now this is the law pertaining to one who flees there in order to live,[d] if he has accidentally killed another[e] without hating him at the time of the accident.[f] 5 Suppose he goes with someone else[g] to the forest to cut wood and when he raises the ax[h] to cut the tree, the ax head flies loose[i] from the handle and strikes[j] his fellow worker[k] so hard that he dies. The person responsible[l] may then flee to one of these cities to save himself.[m] 6 Otherwise the blood avenger will chase after the killer in the heat of his anger, eventually overtake him,[n] and kill him,[o] though this is not a capital case[p] since he did not hate him at the time of the accident. 7 Therefore, I am commanding you to set apart for yourselves three cities. 8 If the Lord your God enlarges your borders as he promised your ancestors[q] and gives you all the land he pledged to them,[r] 9 and then you are careful to observe all these commandments[s] I am giving[t] you today (namely, to love the Lord your God and to always walk in his ways), then you must add three more cities[u] to these three. 10 You must not shed innocent blood[v] in your land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance, for that would make you guilty.[w] 11 However, suppose a person hates someone else[x] and stalks him, attacks him, kills him,[y] and then flees to one of these cities. 12 The elders of his own city must send for him and remove him from there to deliver him over to the blood avenger[z] to die. 13 You must not pity him, but purge from Israel the guilt of shedding innocent blood,[aa] so that it may go well with you.

Laws Concerning Witnesses

14 You must not encroach on your neighbor’s property,[ab] which will have been defined[ac] in the inheritance you will obtain in the land the Lord your God is giving you.[ad]

15 A single witness may not testify[ae] against another person for any trespass or sin that he commits. A matter may be legally established[af] only on the testimony of two or three witnesses. 16 If a false[ag] witness testifies against another person and accuses him of a crime,[ah] 17 then both parties to the controversy must stand before the Lord, that is, before the priests and judges[ai] who will be in office in those days. 18 The judges will thoroughly investigate the matter, and if the witness should prove to be false and to have given false testimony against the accused,[aj] 19 you must do to him what he had intended to do to the accused. In this way you will purge[ak] the evil from among you. 20 The rest of the people will hear and become afraid to keep doing such evil among you. 21 You must not show pity; the principle will be a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, and a foot for a foot.[al]

Footnotes

  1. Deuteronomy 19:1 tn Heb “the Lord your God.” The pronoun has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons to avoid redundancy.
  2. Deuteronomy 19:2 sn These three cities, later designated by Joshua, were Kedesh of Galilee, Shechem, and Hebron (Josh 20:7-9).
  3. Deuteronomy 19:3 tn Heb “border.”
  4. Deuteronomy 19:4 tn Heb “and this is the word pertaining to the one who kills who flees there and lives.”
  5. Deuteronomy 19:4 tn Heb “who strikes his neighbor without knowledge.”
  6. Deuteronomy 19:4 tn Heb “yesterday and a third (day)” (likewise in v. 6). The point is that there was no animosity between the two parties at the time of the accident and therefore no motive for the killing. Cf. NAB “had previously borne no malice”; NRSV “had not been at enmity before.”
  7. Deuteronomy 19:5 tn Heb “his neighbor” (so NAB, NIV); NASB “his friend.”
  8. Deuteronomy 19:5 tn Heb “and he raises his hand with the iron.”
  9. Deuteronomy 19:5 tn Heb “the iron slips off.”
  10. Deuteronomy 19:5 tn Heb “finds.”
  11. Deuteronomy 19:5 tn Heb “his neighbor.”
  12. Deuteronomy 19:5 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the person responsible for his friend’s death) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  13. Deuteronomy 19:5 tn Heb “and live.”
  14. Deuteronomy 19:6 tn Heb “and overtake him, for the road is long.”
  15. Deuteronomy 19:6 tn Heb “smite with respect to life,” that is, fatally.
  16. Deuteronomy 19:6 tn Heb “no judgment of death.”
  17. Deuteronomy 19:8 tn Heb “fathers.”
  18. Deuteronomy 19:8 tn Heb “he said to give to your ancestors.” The pronoun has been used in the translation instead for stylistic reasons.
  19. Deuteronomy 19:9 tn Heb “all this commandment.” This refers here to the entire covenant agreement of the Book of Deuteronomy as encapsulated in the Shema (Deut 6:4-5).
  20. Deuteronomy 19:9 tn Heb “commanding”; NAB “which I enjoin on you today.”
  21. Deuteronomy 19:9 sn You will add three more cities. Since these are alluded to nowhere else and thus were probably never added, this must be a provision for other cities of refuge should they be needed (cf. v. 8). See P. C. Craigie, Deuteronomy (NICOT), 267.
  22. Deuteronomy 19:10 tn Heb “innocent blood must not be shed.” The Hebrew phrase דָּם נָקִי (dam naqi) means the blood of a person to whom no culpability or responsibility adheres because what he did was without malice aforethought (HALOT 224 s.v דָּם 4.b).
  23. Deuteronomy 19:10 tn Heb “and blood will be upon you” (cf. KJV, ASV); NRSV “thereby bringing bloodguilt upon you.”
  24. Deuteronomy 19:11 tn Heb “his neighbor.”
  25. Deuteronomy 19:11 tn Heb “rises against him and strikes him fatally.”
  26. Deuteronomy 19:12 tn The גֹאֵל הַדָּם (goʾel haddam, “avenger of blood”) would ordinarily be a member of the victim’s family who, after due process of law, was invited to initiate the process of execution (cf. Num 35:16-28). See R. Hubbard, NIDOTTE 1:789-94.
  27. Deuteronomy 19:13 sn Purge out the blood of the innocent. Because of the corporate nature of Israel’s community life, the whole community shared in the guilt of unavenged murder unless and until vengeance occurred. Only this would restore spiritual and moral equilibrium (Num 35:33).
  28. Deuteronomy 19:14 tn Heb “border.” Cf. NRSV “You must not move your neighbor’s boundary marker.”
  29. Deuteronomy 19:14 tn Heb “which they set off from the beginning.”
  30. Deuteronomy 19:14 tn The Hebrew text includes “to possess it.” This phrase has been left untranslated to avoid redundancy.
  31. Deuteronomy 19:15 tn Heb “rise up” (likewise in v. 16).
  32. Deuteronomy 19:15 tn Heb “may stand.”
  33. Deuteronomy 19:16 tn Heb “violent” (חָמָס, khamas). This is a witness whose motivation from the beginning is to do harm to the accused and who, therefore, resorts to calumny and deceit. See I. Swart and C. VanDam, NIDOTTE 2:177-80.
  34. Deuteronomy 19:16 tn Or “rebellion.” Rebellion against God’s law is in view (cf. NAB “of a defection from the law”).
  35. Deuteronomy 19:17 tn The appositional construction (“before the Lord, that is, before the priests and judges”) indicates that these human agents represented the Lord himself, that is, they stood in his place (cf. Deut 16:18-20; 17:8-9).
  36. Deuteronomy 19:18 tn Heb “his brother” (also in the following verse).
  37. Deuteronomy 19:19 tn Heb “you will burn out” (בִּעַרְתָּ, biʿarta). Like a cancer, unavenged sin would infect the whole community. It must, therefore, be excised by the purging out of its perpetrators who, presumably, remained unrepentant (cf. Deut 13:6; 17:7, 12; 21:21; 22:21-22, 24; 24:7).
  38. Deuteronomy 19:21 sn This kind of justice is commonly called lex talionis or “measure for measure” (cf. Exod 21:23-25; Lev 24:19-20). It is likely that it is the principle that is important and not always a strict application. That is, the punishment should fit the crime and it may do so by the payment of fines or other suitable and equitable compensation (cf. Exod 22:21; Num 35:31). See T. S. Frymer-Kensky, “Tit for Tat: The Principle of Equal Retribution in Near Eastern and Biblical Law,” BA 43 (1980): 230-34.
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