BARTHOLOMEW bär thŏl’ ə mu (Βαρθολομαῖος, G978; Aram. בַּר תַּלְמַי, son of Talmai). One of Christ’s apostles, named in all four lists of the Twelve (Matt 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:14; Acts 1:13).

The name of Bartholomew occurs only in these lists of the Twelve, always in the second group of four. In the synoptics his name always stands next to that of Philip, who heads the second group in all the lists. In Acts the name of Thomas stands between Philip and Bartholomew.

Bartholomew may not have been the apostle’s complete name. As the first syllable indicates, the name prob. was a patronymic, Bar-Talmai, designating him simply as “the son of Talmai.” On this view it may be assumed that he had a personal name in addition. But it is possible that the name, while originally a patronymic, had become an independent proper name, like Barnabas. If he had no other name, we know nothing further about this apostle from the Scriptures.

A comparison of the lists of the Twelve in the synoptics with the story of the fourth gospel has led to the widely accepted view that Bartholomew is to be identified with Nathanael in the fourth gospel. Several observations support the identification. The synoptics never mention Nathanael, while the fourth gospel never speaks of Bartholomew. The juxtaposition of the names of Philip and Bartholomew in the lists of the Twelve suggests the close relationship between the two depicted in John 1:43-51. All the companions of Nathanael (1:35-51) are known apostles. In John 21:1, 2 Nathanael appears as a member of a group of apostles. Christ’s promise to Nathanael, that he would be a witness to the central role of the Son of Man in God’s revelation to men, suggests an apostolic function (1:50, 51). There is nothing against the identification; it creates no difficulties.

Yet the identification is not proved. To assume the identification without question, as is often done, is to go beyond the evidence. Categorically to reject the identification is likewise unwarranted. Other proposed identifications for Bartholomew—Matthew, Matthias, the unnamed Emmaus disciple (Luke 24:13-32), even Paul—are all groundless hypotheses. If Bartholomew is not the same as Nathanael, he remains a mere name among the Twelve. See Nathanael.

Tradition has been busy with the name of Bartholomew. Widely different fields of missionary labor have been assigned to him—India, Phrygia, and Armenia. Various apostles were named as his co-workers, and different forms of martyrdom were ascribed to him.

Bibliography M. R. James, The Apocryphal NT (1924), 166-186; 467, 468; D. Browne, “Who Was Nathanael?” ExpT, XXXVIII (1927), 286; R. B. Y. Scott, “Who Was Nathanael?” ExpT XXXVIII (1927), 93, 94; W. P. Barker, Twelve Who Were Chosen (1957), 57-63; W. Barclay, The Master’s Men (1959), 102-113.