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Psalm 60
Lexham English Bible

A Lament After a Defeat and a Prayer for Restoration

For the music director, according to Shushan Eduth.[a]

A miktam of David. To teach.

When he fought Mesopotamia and Aram Zobah, and Joab returned and struck Edom in the Valley of Salt, twelve thousand persons.[b]

60 O God, you have rejected us. You have broken us.
You have been angry. Restore us!
2 You have made the land quake. You have split it open.
Heal its fissures, because it totters.
3 You have shown your people hard things;
You have given us wine that staggers.
4 You have rallied those who fear you round a banner
out of bowshot,[c] Selah
5 so that your beloved ones may be rescued.
Save by your right hand and answer us.
6 God has spoken in his holiness,
“I will rejoice;
I will divide up Shechem,
and portion out the valley of Succoth.
7 Gilead is mine, and Manasseh is mine,
and Ephraim is the helmet for[d] my head;
Judah is my scepter.[e]
8 Moab is my washing pot;
over Edom, I will cast my sandal.
On account of me, O Philistia, raise a shout.”
9 Who will bring me to the fortified city?
Who will lead me to Edom?
10 Have not you yourself rejected us, O God,
and not gone out with our armies, O God?
11 Give us help against the adversary,
for the help of humankind is futile.
12 Through God we will do valiantly,[f]
and it is he who will tread down our enemies.

Footnotes

  1. Psalm 60:1 Perhaps “The Lily of Testimony”
  2. Psalm 60:1 The Hebrew Bible counts the superscription as the first two verses of the psalm; the English verse number is reduced by two
  3. Psalm 60:4 Literally “from the presence of the bow”
  4. Psalm 60:7 Literally “protection of”
  5. Psalm 60:7 Or “commander’s rod”
  6. Psalm 60:12 Literally “might”
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Psalm 60
International Standard Version

To the Director: A special Davidic psalm to the tune of[a] “Lily of The Covenant,” for teaching about his battle with Aram-naharaim and Aram-zobah, when Joab returned and attacked 12,000 Edomites in the Salt Valley.[b]

A Prayer for God’s Help against Adversaries

60 God, you have cast us off;
    you have breached our defenses
and you have become enraged.
    Return to us!
2 You made the earth quake;
    you broke it open.
Repair its fractures,
    because it has shifted.
3 You made your people go through hard times;
    you had us drink wine that makes us stagger.

4 But you have given a banner to those who fear you,
    so they may display it in honor of truth.[c]
Interlude
5 So your loved ones may be delivered,
    save us by your power[d]
        and answer us quickly!

6 Then God spoke in his holiness,

“I will rejoice—
    I will divide Shechem;
        I will portion out the Succoth Valley.
7 Gilead belongs to me,
    and Manasseh is mine.
Ephraim is my helmet,
    and Judah my scepter.
8 Moab is my wash basin;
    over Edom I will throw my shoes;
        over Philistia I will celebrate my triumph.”

9 Who will lead me to the fortified city?
    Who will lead me to Edom?
10 Aren’t you the one, God, who has cast us off?
    Didn’t you refuse, God, to accompany our armies?

11 Help us in our distress,
    for human help is worthless.
12 Through God we will fight[e] valiantly;
    and it is he who will crush our enemies.[f]

Footnotes

  1. Psalm 60:1 Lit. David according to
  2. Psalm 60:1 I.e. Dead Sea region
  3. Psalm 60:4 Or display it because of the archer
  4. Psalm 60:5 Lit. right hand
  5. Psalm 60:12 Lit. will do
  6. Psalm 60:12 vv.5-12 is the same as Psalm 108:6-13.
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Psalm 59
Psalm 61
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2 Samuel 8:1-14
Lexham English Bible

David’s Military Victories Continue

8 It happened afterwards that David attacked the Philistines and subdued them, and he took Metheg Ammah from the hands of the Philistines. 2 When he defeated Moab, he measured them with the cord, making them lie on the ground. He measured two cords to kill and the third cord[a] to let live.[b] So Moab became servants of David, bringing tribute. 3 Then David struck down Hadadezer the son of Rehob, king of Zobah, when he went to restore his monument[c] at the Euphrates River. 4 David captured from him one thousand and seven hundred horsemen and twenty thousand foot soldiers.[d] David hamstrung all the chariot horses, but from them[e] he spared a hundred chariot horses. 5 When Aram of Damascus came to help Hadadezer, the king of Zobah, David killed twenty-two thousand men of Aram. 6 David placed garrisons in Aram of Damascus, so Aram became servants of David, bringing tribute. Yahweh protected David everywhere he went.

7 David took the small round gold shields which had belonged[f] to the servants of Hadadezer, and he brought them to Jerusalem. 8 From Betah and from Berothai, the towns of Hadadezer, King David took very many bronze items.

9 When Toi, the king of Hamath, heard that David had defeated all the army of Hadadezer, 10 Toi sent Joram his son to King David to greet him[g] and to congratulate him because he had fought against Hadadezer and defeated him; for Hadadezer had often been at war with Toi.[h] He brought with him[i] objects of silver and objects of gold and objects of bronze. 11 King David dedicated them also to Yahweh along with the silver and the gold that he had dedicated from all of the nations which he had subdued; 12 from Aram and from Moab and from the Ammonites[j] and from the Philistines and from Amalek and from the plunder of Hadadezer the son of Rehob, the king of Zobah. 13 So David made a name for himself when he returned from defeating Aram in the Valley of Salt, eighteen thousand. 14 He put garrisons in Edom; all over Edom he put garrisons, and all of Edom became servants of David. Yahweh protected David wherever he went.

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Footnotes

  1. 2 Samuel 8:2 Literally “the filling of a cord”
  2. 2 Samuel 8:2 This method of selection must have been well known to the reader, but the exact procedure has been obscured over the millennia. It may be that one out of three lived through the process, only to become subservient
  3. 2 Samuel 8:3 Hebrew “hand”
  4. 2 Samuel 8:4 Literally “men of infantry”
  5. 2 Samuel 8:4 Literally “from him”
  6. 2 Samuel 8:7 Literally “been”
  7. 2 Samuel 8:10 Literally “to ask peace for himself”
  8. 2 Samuel 8:10 Literally “for Hadadezer was a man of wars with Toi”
  9. 2 Samuel 8:10 Literally “In his hand were”
  10. 2 Samuel 8:12 Literally “sons/children of Ammon”
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2 Samuel 8:1-14
International Standard Version

David’s Military Victories(A)

8 Sometime later, David defeated and subdued the Philistines, taking Metheg-ammah away from the Philistines. 2 David also conquered Moab, then measured them with a cord, making them lie down on the ground. He executed everyone measured out in each two lengths’ measurement of the cord, but spared the ones measured out by every third length. Then the Moabites were placed under servitude to David, and made to pay tribute.

3 David also attacked King Hadadezer, Rehob’s son from Zobah, when he was attempting to restore his hegemony[a] over the Euphrates[b] River. 4 David captured 1,000 of his chariots, 1,700[c] horsemen, and 20,000 foot soldiers. David hamstrung all the chariot horses except for enough to supply[d] 100 chariots. 5 When Arameans came from Damascus to help King Hadadezer of Zobah, David killed 22,000 of them. 6 David erected garrisons in the Aramean kingdom of Damascus, placing the Arameans under servitude to him,[e] and they paid tribute to him. 7 David also confiscated the gold shields that belonged to Hadadezer’s officers and took them to Jerusalem. 8 He[f] also confiscated a vast quantity of bronze from Betah and Berothai, cities under Hadadezer’s control.

9 When King Tou of Hamath learned that David had conquered the entire army of King Hadadezer of Zobah, 10 Tou sent his son Joram to King David to greet him and congratulate him on his victory over Hadadezer, because he had been at war with Tou. Joram brought articles of silver, gold, and bronze with him, 11 and King David dedicated them to the Lord, along with the silver and gold that had been dedicated from all the nations that he had conquered, 12 including from Edom, Moab, the Ammonites, the Philistines, Amalek, and spoil from King Hadadezer, Rehob’s son from Zobah.

13 David made a name for himself when he returned from killing 18,000 Edomites in the Salt Valley. 14 He erected garrisons throughout Edom, and all the Edomites became subservient to David, while the Lord gave victory to David wherever he went.

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Footnotes

  1. 2 Samuel 8:3 Lit. hand
  2. 2 Samuel 8:3 The Heb. lacks Euphrates
  3. 2 Samuel 8:4 So MT; LXX reads 7,000; cf. 1Chr 18:4
  4. 2 Samuel 8:4 The Heb. lacks enough to supply
  5. 2 Samuel 8:6 Lit. David
  6. 2 Samuel 8:8 Lit. David
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2 Samuel 7
2 Samuel 9
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2 Samuel 10
Lexham English Bible

The Ammonites Refuse David’s Loyal Love

10 Afterwards the king of the Ammonites died,[a] and his son Hanun ruled in his place. 2 David said, “I will show loyal love with Hanun, the son of Nahash, as his father showed loyal love with me.” So David sent to console him concerning his father, by the hand of his servants. And the servants of David came to the land of the Ammonites.[b] 3 But the commanders of the Ammonites[c] said to Hanun their master, “In your opinion,[d] is David honoring your father because he has sent condolences to you? Is it not in order to search the city, to spy it out, and to overthrow it that David sent his servants to you?” 4 Then Hanun took the servants of David, and he shaved off half of their beards and cut their garments off in the middle up to their buttocks, then sent them away. 5 When they told David, he sent to meet them, for the men were greatly ashamed. And the king said, “Remain in Jericho until your beards have grown, and then you can return.”

Israel Fights Ammon and Aram

6 When the Ammonites[e] saw that they had become odious to David, the Ammonites[f] sent word and hired Aram Beth-Rehob and Aram-Zobah, twenty thousand infantry; and they also hired the king of Maacah, a thousand men, and the men of Tob, twelve thousand men. 7 When David heard, he sent Joab and all the army of mighty warriors. 8 The Ammonites[g] came out and drew up a battle formation[h] at the entrance of the gate, but Aram-Zobah and Rehob and the men of Tob and Maacah were alone in the open field. 9 When Joab saw that the battle was to be fought on two fronts,[i] he chose from all the members of the elite troops of Israel and lined them up for battle[j] to meet Aram. 10 The rest of the army he placed into the hand of his brother Abishai, who arranged them in battle lines[k] to meet the Ammonites.[l] 11 Then he said, “If Aram is stronger than I am, you must become my deliverer; but if the Ammonites[m] are too strong for you, then I will come to rescue you. 12 Be strong, and let us strengthen ourselves for the sake of the people and for the sake of the cities of our God. May Yahweh do what is good in his eyes. 13 Joab and all the people who were with him moved forward into the battle against Aram, and they fled from before him. 14 When the Ammonites[n] saw that Aram had fled, they fled from before Abishai and entered the city. Then Joab returned from fighting against the Ammonites[o] and came to Jerusalem.

The Arameans Regroup for Attack

15 When the Arameans saw that they were defeated before Israel, they gathered themselves together. 16 Then Hadadezer sent and brought out the Arameans who were beyond the Euphrates, and they came to Helam. Now Shobach, the commander of the army of Hadadezer, was at their head.[p] 17 David was told, so he gathered all Israel and crossed over the Jordan and came to Helam. Aram arranged themselves in battle lines[q] to meet David, and they fought with him. 18 And Aram fled before Israel, and David killed from the Arameans seven hundred chariot teams and forty thousand horsemen. He struck down Shobach, the commander of his army, and he died there. 19 When all the kings, the servants of Hadadezer, saw that he had been defeated before Israel, they made peace with Israel and served them, and Aram was afraid to help the Ammonites[r] any longer.

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Footnotes

  1. 2 Samuel 10:1 Literally “And it happened afterwards that the king of the sons of Ammon died”
  2. 2 Samuel 10:2 Literally “sons/children of Ammon”
  3. 2 Samuel 10:3 Literally “sons/children of Ammon”
  4. 2 Samuel 10:3 Literally “In your eyes”
  5. 2 Samuel 10:6 Literally “sons/children of Ammon”
  6. 2 Samuel 10:6 Literally “sons/children of Ammon”
  7. 2 Samuel 10:8 Literally “sons/children of Ammon”
  8. 2 Samuel 10:8 Literally “drew up battle”
  9. 2 Samuel 10:9 Literally “the face of the battle was against him in front and in the rear”
  10. 2 Samuel 10:9 Literally “arrayed”
  11. 2 Samuel 10:10 Literally “arrayed”
  12. 2 Samuel 10:10 Literally “sons/children of Ammon”
  13. 2 Samuel 10:11 Literally “sons/children of Ammon”
  14. 2 Samuel 10:14 Literally “sons/children of Ammon”
  15. 2 Samuel 10:14 Literally “sons/children of Ammon”
  16. 2 Samuel 10:16 Literally “before the face of them”
  17. 2 Samuel 10:17 Literally “arrayed”
  18. 2 Samuel 10:19 Literally “sons/children of Ammon”
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2 Samuel 10
International Standard Version

Subjugation of Ammon and Aram(A)

10 Sometime later, the Ammonite king died and his son Hanun succeeded him as king, 2 so David told himself, “I will be loyal to Nahash’s son Hanun, since in his loyalty his father showed gracious love to me.” So David sent a delegation[a] to Hanun to console him about his loss of[b] his father.

But when David’s delegation arrived in Ammonite territory, 3 the Ammonite officials asked their lord Hanun, “Do you think that because David has sent a delegation of consolers to you that he is honoring your father? His delegation has arrived intending to search, scout the land, and then overthrow it, hasn’t it?” 4 So Hanun arrested David’s delegation, shaved off half of their beards, cut off their clothes at the waist line, and sent them away in disgrace.[c]

5 When David had been informed about the incident,[d] he sent word[e] to them, since the men had been deeply humiliated. The king told them, “Stay at Jericho until your beards have grown back, and then return.”

6 When the Ammonites realized that they had created quite a stink with[f] David, they hired 20,000 Aramean mercenaries from Beth-rehob and Zobah, along with the king of Maacah and 1,000 men, and 12,000 men from Tob. 7 In response, David sent out Joab and his entire army of elite soldiers. 8 The Ammonites went out in battle formation at the entrance to the city[g] gate, while the Arameans from Zobah and Rehob, along with the army[h] from Tob and Maacah, were out by themselves in the open fields.

9 When Joab observed that the battle lines were set up to oppose him both in front and behind, he appointed the best troops in Israel and arrayed them to oppose the Arameans, 10 putting the rest of his forces under the command of his brother Abishai, who arrayed them to oppose the Ammonites. 11 He said, “If the Arameans prove too strong for me, then you are to help me. If the Ammonites prove too strong for you, then I will come help you. 12 Be strong, be courageous on behalf of our people and for the cities of our God, and may the Lord do what he thinks is best.”

13 So Joab and the soldiers who were with him attacked the Arameans in battle formation, and the Arameans retreated in front of him. 14 When the Ammonites saw the Arameans retreating, they also retreated from Abishai back to the city. Then Joab broke off his attack against the Ammonites and went back to Jerusalem. 15 After the Arameans realized that they had been defeated by Israel, they regrouped. 16 Hadadezer sent for the Arameans who lived beyond the Euphrates River,[i] and they set out for Helam, with Shobach[j] leading them as commander of Hadadezer’s army.

17 When David learned this, he mustered all of Israel, crossed the Jordan River, and approached Helam. The Arameans assembled in battle array to attack David, and started their assault. 18 But the Arameans retreated from Israel, and David’s forces[k] killed 700 of their charioteers, 40,000 soldiers, and mortally wounded Shobach, the commander of their army. As a result, Shobach[l] died there. 19 When all the kings who were allied with[m] Hadadezer saw that they had been defeated by Israel, they sought terms of peace with the Israelis and became subservient to them. Furthermore, the Arameans were afraid to help the Ammonites anymore.

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Footnotes

  1. 2 Samuel 10:2 Lit. sent by the hand of his servants
  2. 2 Samuel 10:2 The Heb. lacks his loss of
  3. 2 Samuel 10:4 The Heb. lacks in disgrace
  4. 2 Samuel 10:5 The Heb. lacks about the incident
  5. 2 Samuel 10:5 The Heb. lacks word
  6. 2 Samuel 10:6 Lit. had become odious to
  7. 2 Samuel 10:8 The Heb. lacks city
  8. 2 Samuel 10:8 Lit. men
  9. 2 Samuel 10:16 The Heb. lacks Euphrates
  10. 2 Samuel 10:16 Cf. 1Chr 19:16, which reads Shophach
  11. 2 Samuel 10:18 Lit. David
  12. 2 Samuel 10:18 Lit. he
  13. 2 Samuel 10:19 Lit. were servants of
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1 Chronicles 19
Lexham English Bible

The Ammonites Humiliate David’s Messengers

19 And it happened that after this Nahash the king of the Ammonites[a] died, and his son reigned in his place. 2 And David said, “I will deal kindly with Hanun the son of Nahash because his father showed kindness to me.” So David sent messengers to comfort him concerning his father. And the servants of David came to the land of the Ammonites,[b] to Hanun, to comfort him. 3 But the princes of the Ammonites[c] said to Hanun, “Do you think[d] because David sent comforters to you that David honors your father? Is it not for the purpose of exploring so as to overthrow and spy out the land that his servants have come to you?” 4 So Hanun took the servants of David and shaved them and cut off their garments at the middle, up to the buttocks, and sent them away. 5 And they went and told David concerning the men, and he inquired of them, for the men were very disgraced. And the king said, “Dwell in Jericho until your beards grow out; then return.”

6 And when the Ammonites[e] saw that they made themselves odious to David, Hanun and the Ammonites[f] sent one thousand talents of silver to hire for themselves horses and chariots from Aram-Naharaim, Aram-Maacah, and Zobah. 7 And they hired for themselves thirty-two thousand chariots and the king of Maacah and his people, and they came and encamped before Medeba. And the Ammonites[g] were gathered from their cities and came to the battle. 8 And when David heard, he sent Joab and the entire army of mighty warriors. 9 And the Ammonites[h] went out and took up positions for battle at the entrance of the city. And the kings who had come were alone in the field.

10 When Joab saw that there was a battle line[i] against him at the front and the back, he chose from among the chosen men in Israel and arranged them to meet Aram. 11 And the remainder of the people he put in the hand of Abishai his brother, and they were arranged to meet the Ammonites.[j] 12 And he said, “If Aram is too strong for me, then you must be a help to me, but if the Ammonites[k] are too strong for you, then I will help you. 13 Be strong! Let us strengthen ourselves on behalf of our people and on behalf of the cities of our God. And may Yahweh do what is good in his eyes.” 14 And Joab and the people who were with him drew near before Aram for battle, and they fled before him. 15 And when the Ammonites[l] saw that Aram had fled, they also fled before Abishai his brother, and they came to the city. Then Joab came to Jerusalem.

16 And when Aram saw that they were defeated before Israel, they sent messengers and brought out Aram, who was from beyond the Euphrates,[m] with Shophach the commander of the army of Hadadezer before them. 17 And when it was told to David, he gathered all Israel and crossed the Jordan. And he came to them and was arrayed against them. Then David was arrayed to meet Aram in battle, and they fought with him. 18 And Aram fled before Israel. And David killed from Aram the men of seven thousand chariots and forty thousand foot soldiers, and he put to death Shophach the commander of the army. 19 And when the servants of Hadadezer saw that they were defeated before Israel, they made peace with David and became servants to him. So Aram was no longer willing to help the Ammonites.[n]

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Footnotes

  1. 1 Chronicles 19:1 Literally “sons of Ammon”
  2. 1 Chronicles 19:2 Literally “sons of Ammon”
  3. 1 Chronicles 19:3 Literally “sons of Ammon”
  4. 1 Chronicles 19:3 Literally “In your eyes”
  5. 1 Chronicles 19:6 Literally “sons of Ammon”
  6. 1 Chronicles 19:6 Literally “sons of Ammon”
  7. 1 Chronicles 19:7 Literally “sons of Ammon”
  8. 1 Chronicles 19:9 Literally “sons of Ammon”
  9. 1 Chronicles 19:10 Literally “the face of the battle”
  10. 1 Chronicles 19:11 Literally “sons of Ammon”
  11. 1 Chronicles 19:12 Literally “sons of Ammon”
  12. 1 Chronicles 19:15 Literally “sons of Ammon”
  13. 1 Chronicles 19:16 Or “the river”
  14. 1 Chronicles 19:19 Literally “sons of Ammon”
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1 Chronicles 19
International Standard Version

Subjugation of Ammon and Aram(A)

19 Some time later, King Nahash of Ammon died and his son succeeded him, 2 so David told himself, “I will be loyal to Nahash’s son Hanun, since his father showed loyal, gracious love to me.” So David sent a delegation[a] to console him about his loss of his[b] father.

But when David’s delegation arrived to visit[c] Hanun in Ammonite territory to console him, 3 the Ammonite officials asked Hanun, “Do you think that because David has sent a delegation of consolers to you that he is honoring your father? His delegation has arrived to search, overthrow, and scout the land, hasn’t it?” 4 So Hanun arrested David’s delegation, shaved off their beards, cut off their clothes at the waist line, and sent them away in disgrace.[d]

5 After they had departed, David was informed about the men, so he sent word[e] to them, since they had been deeply humiliated. He told them, “Stay at Jericho until your beards have grown back, and then return.”

6 When the Ammonites realized that they had created quite a stink with David, Hanun and the Ammonites spent 1,000 silver talents[f] to hire chariots and mercenaries from Mesopotamia, from Aram-maacah, and from Zobah. 7 They hired 32,000 chariots, along with the king of Maacah and his army, who arrived and encamped at Medeba. The Ammonites also were mustered and came out to battle from their home cities. 8 In response, David sent out Joab and his entire army of elite soldiers. 9 The Ammonites went out in battle formation in front of the entrance to the city while the kings who had come stayed by themselves in the open fields.

10 When Joab observed that the battle lines were set up to oppose him both in front and behind, he appointed some special forces from Israel and arrayed them to oppose the Arameans, 11 putting the rest of his forces under command of his brother Abishai, who arrayed them to oppose the Ammonites. 12 He told Abishai,[g] “If the Arameans prove too strong for me, then you are to help me. If the Ammonites prove too strong for you, then I will help you. 13 Be strong, be courageous on behalf of our people and for the cities of our God, and may the Lord do what he thinks is best.” 14 So Joab and the soldiers who were with him attacked the Arameans in battle formation, and the Arameans retreated in front of him. 15 When the Ammonites saw the Arameans retreating, they also retreated from Joab’s brother Abishai back to the city and Joab left for Jerusalem. 16 After the Arameans realized that they had been defeated by Israel, they sent for the Arameans who lived beyond the Euphrates River.[h] Shophach[i] was leading them as commander of Hadadezer’s army.

17 When David learned this, he mustered all of Israel, crossed the Jordan, approached the Arameans, and drew up his forces against them. After David had assembled in battle array against the Arameans, the Arameans[j] attacked him. 18 The Arameans retreated from Israel, and David’s forces[k] killed 7,000 Aramean charioteers, 40,000 soldiers, and Shophach, the commander of their army. 19 When Hadadezer’s officials saw that they had been defeated by Israel, they sought terms of peace with David and became subservient to him. After this, the Arameans were unwilling to help the Ammonites anymore.

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Footnotes

  1. 1 Chronicles 19:2 Lit. servants; and so throughout the section
  2. 1 Chronicles 19:2 The Heb. lacks his loss of
  3. 1 Chronicles 19:2 The Heb. lacks visit
  4. 1 Chronicles 19:4 The Heb. lacks in disgrace
  5. 1 Chronicles 19:5 The Heb. lacks word
  6. 1 Chronicles 19:6 I.e., about 75,000 pounds; a talent weighed about 75 pounds
  7. 1 Chronicles 19:12 The Heb. lacks to Abishai
  8. 1 Chronicles 19:16 The Heb. lacks Euphrates
  9. 1 Chronicles 19:16 Cf. 2Sam 10:16, which reads Shobach
  10. 1 Chronicles 19:17 Lit. Arameans, they
  11. 1 Chronicles 19:18 Lit. David
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1 Chronicles 18
1 Chronicles 20
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