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Second Example: Animals Punish the Egyptians and Benefit the Israelites

15 In return for their senseless, wicked thoughts,
    which misled them into worshiping dumb[a] serpents and worthless insects,
You sent upon them swarms of dumb creatures for vengeance;(A)
16     that they might recognize that one is punished by the very things through which one sins.(B)

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Footnotes

  1. 11:15 Dumb: that is, irrational.

Second Example Resumed

23 Hence those unrighteous who lived a life of folly,
    you tormented through their own abominations.(A)

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27 For by the things through which they suffered distress,
    being tortured by the very things they deemed gods,
They saw and recognized the true God whom formerly they had refused to know;
    with this, their final condemnation[a] came upon them.(A)

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Footnotes

  1. 12:27 Condemnation: the death of Egyptian firstborn and the destruction of their army in the sea.

27 If you refuse to let them go, then I will send a plague of frogs over all your territory.

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Third Plague: The Gnats. 12 Thereupon the Lord spoke to Moses: Speak to Aaron: Stretch out your staff and strike the dust of the earth, and it will turn into gnats[a](A) throughout the land of Egypt.

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Footnotes

  1. 8:12, 17 Gnats, flies: it is uncertain what species of troublesome insects are meant here in vv. 12–14 and then in vv. 17–27, the identification as “gnat” (vv. 12–14) and as “fly” (vv. 17–27) being based on the rendering of the Septuagint. Others suggest “lice” in vv. 12–14, while rabbinic literature renders Hebrew ‘arob in vv. 17–27 as a “mixture of wild animals.” In the Hebrew of the Old Testament, the word occurs only in the context of the plagues (see also Ps 78:45 and 105:31).

17 For if you do not let my people go, I will send swarms of flies upon you and your servants and your people and your houses. The houses of the Egyptians and the very ground on which they stand will be filled with swarms of flies.

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