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19 You will say to me, then, “So why does he still blame people? Who can stand against his purpose?” 20 Are you, a mere human being, going to answer God back? “Surely the clay won’t say to the potter, ‘Why did you make me like this?’ ” 21 Doesn’t the potter have authority over the clay, so that he can make from the same lump one vessel for honor, and another for dishonor? 22 Supposing God wanted to demonstrate his anger and make known his power, and for that reason put up very patiently with the vessels of anger created for destruction, 23 in order to make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy, the ones he prepared in advance for glory— 24 including us, whom he called not only from among the Jews but also from among the Gentiles?

God calls a remnant

25 This is what he says in Hosea,

I will call “not my people” “my people”;
and “not beloved” I will call “beloved.”
26 And in the place where it was said to them,
“You are not my people,”
there they will be called “sons of the living God.”

27 Isaiah cries out, concerning Israel,

Even if the number of Israel’s sons are like the sand by the sea,
only a remnant shall be saved;
28 for the Lord will bring judgment on the earth, complete and decisive.

29 As Isaiah said in an earlier passage,

If the Lord of hosts had not left us seed,
we would have become like Sodom, and been made like Gomorrah.

Israel, the nations and the Messiah

30 What then shall we say? That the nations, who were not aspiring towards covenant membership, have obtained covenant membership, but it is a covenant membership based on faith. 31 Israel meanwhile, though eager for the law which defined the covenant, did not attain to the law. 32 Why not? Because they did not pursue it on the basis of faith, but as though it was on the basis of works. They have stumbled over the stumbling stone, 33 as the Bible says,

Look: I am placing in Zion
a stone that will make people stumble,
a rock that will trip people up;
and the one who believes in him
will never be put to shame.

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