Footnotes

1. Revelation 11:1 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.
2. Revelation 11:1 tn Grk “a reed” (but these were used for measuring). Cf. Ezek 40:3ff.
3. Revelation 11:1 tn Grk “saying.”
4. Revelation 11:2 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.
5. Revelation 11:2 tn On the term αὐλήν (aulēn) BDAG 150 s.v. αὐλή 1 states, “(outer) court of the temple…Rv 11:2.”
6. Revelation 11:2 tn The precise meaning of the phrase ἔκβαλε ἔξωθεν (ekbale exōthen) is difficult to determine.
7. Revelation 11:2 tn Or “to the nations” (the same Greek word may be translated “Gentiles” or “nations”).
8. Revelation 11:2 sn The holy city appears to be a reference to Jerusalem. See also Luke 21:24.
9. Revelation 11:3 tn The word “authority” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. “Power” would be another alternative that could be supplied here.
10. Revelation 11:4 sn This description is parenthetical in nature.
11. Revelation 11:5 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
12. Revelation 11:5 tn This is a collective singular in Greek.
13. Revelation 11:5 tn See L&N 20.45 for the translation of κατεσθίω (katesthiō) as “to destroy utterly, to consume completely.”
14. Revelation 11:5 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
15. Revelation 11:6 tn Or “authority.”
16. Revelation 11:6 tn Grk “the days.”
17. Revelation 11:6 tn Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
18. Revelation 11:6 tn Or “authority.”
19. Revelation 11:7 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
20. Revelation 11:7 tn Or “be victorious over”; traditionally, “overcome.”
21. Revelation 11:8 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
22. Revelation 11:8 tn The Greek word πλατεῖα (plateia) refers to a major (broad) street (L&N 1.103).
23. Revelation 11:8 tn Grk “spiritually.”
24. Revelation 11:9 tn The word “every” is not in the Greek text, but is implied by the following list.
25. Revelation 11:9 tn The Greek term καί (kai) has not been translated before this and the following items in the list, since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
26. Revelation 11:9 tn Or “to be buried.”
27. Revelation 11:11 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.
28. Revelation 11:11 tn Grk “fell upon.”
29. Revelation 11:12 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
30. Revelation 11:12 tn Though the nearest antecedent to the subject of ἤκουσαν (ēkousan) is the people (“those who were watching them”), it could also be (based on what immediately follows) that the two prophets are the ones who heard the voice.
31. Revelation 11:12 tn Grk “they”; the referent (the two prophets) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
32. Revelation 11:12 tn The conjunction καί (kai) seems to be introducing a temporal clause contemporaneous in time with the preceding clause.
33. Revelation 11:13 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
34. Revelation 11:13 tn Grk “seven thousand names of men.”
35. Revelation 11:14 tn Grk “has passed.”
36. Revelation 11:15 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
37. Revelation 11:15 tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”
38. Revelation 11:16 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
39. Revelation 11:16 tn Grk “they fell down on their faces.” BDAG 815 s.v. πίπτω 1.b.α.ב. has “fall down, throw oneself to the ground as a sign of devotion or humility, before high-ranking persons or divine beings.”
40. Revelation 11:17 tn Grk “saying.”
41. Revelation 11:17 tn On this word BDAG 755 s.v. παντοκράτωρ states, “the Almighty, All-Powerful, Omnipotent (One) only of God…(ὁ) κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ π.…Rv 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7; 21:22.”
42. Revelation 11:17 tn The aorist verb ἐβασίλευσας (ebasileusas) has been translated ingressively.
43. Revelation 11:18 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
44. Revelation 11:18 tn Or “The Gentiles” (the same Greek word may be translated “Gentiles” or “nations”).
45. Revelation 11:18 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.
46. Revelation 11:18 tn See the note on the word “servants” in 1:1.
47. Revelation 11:18 tn Grk “who fear.”
48. Revelation 11:18 tn The words “the time has come” do not occur except at the beginning of the verse; the phrase has been repeated for emphasis and contrast. The Greek has one finite verb (“has come”) with a compound subject (“your wrath,” “the time”), followed by three infinitive clauses (“to be judged,” “to give,” “to destroy”). The rhetorical power of the repetition of the finite verb in English thus emulates the rhetorical power of its lone instance in Greek.
49. Revelation 11:18 tn Or “who deprave.” There is a possible wordplay here on two meanings for διαφθείρω (diaphtheirō), with the first meaning “destroy” and the second meaning either “to ruin” or “to make morally corrupt.” See L&N 20.40.
50. Revelation 11:19 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
51. Revelation 11:19 tn Or “sounds,” “voices.” It is not entirely clear what this refers to. BDAG 1071 s.v. φωνή 1 states, “In Rv we have ἀστραπαὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ βρονταί (cp. Ex 19:16) 4:5; 8:5; 11:19; 16:18 (are certain other sounds in nature thought of here in addition to thunder, as e.g. the roar of the storm?…).”
52. Revelation 11:19 tn Although BDAG 1075 s.v. χάλαζα gives the meaning “hail” here, it is not clear whether the adjective μεγάλη (megalē) refers to the intensity of the storm or the size of the individual hailstones, or both.