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La parabola dei contadini

20 Un giorno, mentre Gesù stava insegnando e predicando il Vangelo nel tempio, fu affrontato dai capi sacerdoti e dagli altri capi giudei, insieme con gli anziani. Gli chiesero con che diritto facesse quelle cose o chi lʼavesse autorizzato.

«Prima di rispondere, voglio farvi io una domanda», rispose Gesù. «Secondo voi, Giovanni fu mandato da Dio o agiva semplicemente di sua iniziativa?»

Essi cominciarono a discutere fra di loro: «Se diciamo che il messaggio di Giovanni era dʼispirazione divina, allora Gesù ci chiederà perché non gli abbiamo creduto. Se invece diciamo che Giovanni non fu mandato da Dio, la folla ci lincerà senzʼaltro, perché tutti sono convinti che era un profeta».

Finalmente risposero: «Non lo sappiamo!»

Allora Gesù disse: «In tal caso, neppure io risponderò alla vostra domanda».

Poi Gesù si rivolse di nuovo alla folla e raccontò questa parabola: «Un uomo piantò una vigna e lʼaffittò ad alcuni contadini, poi partì per un paese lontano, dove rimase per lungo tempo. 10 Al tempo della vendemmia, egli mandò uno dei suoi uomini dai contadini per ritirare la sua parte del raccolto. Ma i contadini lo picchiarono e lo mandarono indietro a mani vuote. 11 Allora il padrone mandò un altro servo, ma accadde la stessa cosa; il poveretto fu picchiato e insultato e rimandato indietro a mani vuote. 12 Il padrone volle mandare ancora un terzo uomo, che però subì la stessa sorte degli altri. Anchʼegli fu ferito e cacciato via.

13 “Che posso fare?” si domandò allora il padrone. “Ma sì… manderò il mio carissimo figlio; senzʼaltro avranno rispetto di lui!”

14 Ma quando i contadini videro arrivare il figlio del padrone, dissero: “Questa è lʼoccasione della nostra vita! Quel tipo erediterà la vigna, quando suo padre morirà. Avanti, uccidiamolo, così la proprietà sarà nostra!” 15 Lo trascinarono, quindi, fuori dalla vigna e lo uccisero.

Secondo voi, che cosa farà il padrone? 16 Ve lo dico io: verrà, ucciderà quei contadini e affitterà la vigna ad altri». «Non sia mai!» esclamarono i presenti.

17 Gesù li guardò e disse: «Allora che intendono le Scritture, quando dicono: “La pietra scartata dai costruttori è diventata la pietra più importante”»?

18 E aggiunse: «Chi inciamperà in quella pietra sarà frantumato; e quelli su cui cadrà, saranno ridotti in polvere».

Farisei e Sadducei

19 Udita la storia di Gesù, i capi sacerdoti e i capi religiosi volevano arrestarlo immediatamente, perché si erano resi conto che stava parlando di loro. Infatti erano proprio loro i malvagi contadini della sua parabola. Tuttavia temevano che, se fossero stati proprio loro ad arrestarlo, si sarebbe scatenata una rivolta.

20 Perciò cercarono di fargli dire qualcosa di compromettente da riferire al governatore romano e farlo quindi arrestare.

Considerando questa possibilità, mandarono delle spie dallʼaspetto di brave persone. 21 Costoro dissero a Gesù: «Maestro, sappiamo che quello che tu insegni è giusto. Dici sempre la verità e non dai peso allʼapparenza degli uomini, ma insegni la volontà di Dio.

22 Ora, dicci: è giusto pagare le tasse al governo romano?»

23 Gesù, conoscendo la loro malafede, rispose:

24 «Fatemi vedere una moneta. Di chi è il ritratto qui sopra? E di chi è il nome?»

Risposero: «Di Cesare, lʼimperatore romano».

25 Allora Gesù concluse: «Quindi, date a Cesare ciò che è di Cesare, e date a Dio tutto ciò che è di Dio!»

26 Così fallì il loro tentativo di comprometterlo agli occhi del popolo, anzi, sorpresi dalla sua risposta, non sapevano più che cosa dire.

27 Allora alcuni Sadducei, quelli che dicevano che nessuno può risorgere dopo la morte, 28 fecero a Gesù questa domanda: «Maestro, le leggi di Mosè stabiliscono che se un uomo muore senza figli, suo fratello dovrà sposarne la vedova e i loro figli apparterranno legalmente al morto, per mantenere il suo nome. 29 Dunque, cʼera una famiglia di sette fratelli. Il maggiore si sposò e morì senza lasciare figli. 30 Suo fratello, allora, sposò la vedova, ma anchʼegli morì senza figli. 31 E così via, uno dopo lʼaltro, tutti e sette i fratelli la sposarono e morirono, sempre senza avere figli. 32 Alla fine anche la donna morì. 33 Ecco la domanda: alla risurrezione di chi sarà moglie quella donna, dato che tutti i fratelli lʼhanno avuta in moglie?!»

34-35 Gesù rispose: «Il matrimonio è per la gente qui sulla terra, ma quando quelli che sono giudicati degni della risurrezione vanno in cielo, non si sposano, 36 né possono più morire. In queste cose sono come angeli, e sono figli di Dio, perché sono risorti alla nuova vita dalla morte.

37-38 Ma, per quanto riguarda la risurrezione, perfino gli scritti di Mosè ne sono una prova. Perché, quando Mosè descrive come Dio gli apparve nel cespuglio ardente, dice che: “il Signore è il Dio dʼAbramo, il Dio di Isacco e il Dio di Giacobbe”. Dicendo che Dio è il Dio di una persona, significa che questa persona è viva, non morta! Perciò, dal punto di vista di Dio, tutti gli uomini sono vivi».

39 «Ben detto, Signore!» approvarono alcuni dottori della legge lì presenti.

40 E questo mise fine alle loro domande, perché non avevano più coraggio di farne altre.

41 Poi Gesù domandò loro: «Come mai dicono che Cristo, il Messia, deve essere discendente del re Davide? 42-43 Davide stesso scrisse nel libro dei Salmi: “Dio disse al mio Signore, il Messia: Siedi alla mia destra, finché non ti abbia messo i nemici sotto i piedi”. 44 Comʼè possibile che il Messia sia contemporaneamente discendente e Signore di Davide?»

45 Poi, mentre la folla ascoltava, si rivolse ai discepoli e disse: 46 «Diffidate di questi dottori della legge, perché a loro piace passeggiare avvolti in vesti dignitose e avere glʼinchini della gente, quando passano per strada. E come ci tengono ai posti dʼonore nelle sinagoghe e nei banchetti! 47 Ma perfino mentre recitano lunghe preghiere con grande sfoggio di commozione, architettano i loro intrighi per truffare le vedove delle loro proprietà! Perciò, per questi uomini ci sarà la più severa condanna di Dio!»

The Authority of Jesus Questioned(A)

20 One day as Jesus was teaching the people in the temple courts(B) and proclaiming the good news,(C) the chief priests and the teachers of the law, together with the elders, came up to him. “Tell us by what authority you are doing these things,” they said. “Who gave you this authority?”(D)

He replied, “I will also ask you a question. Tell me: John’s baptism(E)—was it from heaven, or of human origin?”

They discussed it among themselves and said, “If we say, ‘From heaven,’ he will ask, ‘Why didn’t you believe him?’ But if we say, ‘Of human origin,’ all the people(F) will stone us, because they are persuaded that John was a prophet.”(G)

So they answered, “We don’t know where it was from.”

Jesus said, “Neither will I tell you by what authority I am doing these things.”

The Parable of the Tenants(H)

He went on to tell the people this parable: “A man planted a vineyard,(I) rented it to some farmers and went away for a long time.(J) 10 At harvest time he sent a servant to the tenants so they would give him some of the fruit of the vineyard. But the tenants beat him and sent him away empty-handed. 11 He sent another servant, but that one also they beat and treated shamefully and sent away empty-handed. 12 He sent still a third, and they wounded him and threw him out.

13 “Then the owner of the vineyard said, ‘What shall I do? I will send my son, whom I love;(K) perhaps they will respect him.’

14 “But when the tenants saw him, they talked the matter over. ‘This is the heir,’ they said. ‘Let’s kill him, and the inheritance will be ours.’ 15 So they threw him out of the vineyard and killed him.

“What then will the owner of the vineyard do to them? 16 He will come and kill those tenants(L) and give the vineyard to others.”

When the people heard this, they said, “God forbid!”

17 Jesus looked directly at them and asked, “Then what is the meaning of that which is written:

“‘The stone the builders rejected
    has become the cornerstone’[a]?(M)

18 Everyone who falls on that stone will be broken to pieces; anyone on whom it falls will be crushed.”(N)

19 The teachers of the law and the chief priests looked for a way to arrest him(O) immediately, because they knew he had spoken this parable against them. But they were afraid of the people.(P)

Paying Taxes to Caesar(Q)

20 Keeping a close watch on him, they sent spies, who pretended to be sincere. They hoped to catch Jesus in something he said,(R) so that they might hand him over to the power and authority of the governor.(S) 21 So the spies questioned him: “Teacher, we know that you speak and teach what is right, and that you do not show partiality but teach the way of God in accordance with the truth.(T) 22 Is it right for us to pay taxes to Caesar or not?”

23 He saw through their duplicity and said to them, 24 “Show me a denarius. Whose image and inscription are on it?”

“Caesar’s,” they replied.

25 He said to them, “Then give back to Caesar what is Caesar’s,(U) and to God what is God’s.”

26 They were unable to trap him in what he had said there in public. And astonished by his answer, they became silent.

The Resurrection and Marriage(V)

27 Some of the Sadducees,(W) who say there is no resurrection,(X) came to Jesus with a question. 28 “Teacher,” they said, “Moses wrote for us that if a man’s brother dies and leaves a wife but no children, the man must marry the widow and raise up offspring for his brother.(Y) 29 Now there were seven brothers. The first one married a woman and died childless. 30 The second 31 and then the third married her, and in the same way the seven died, leaving no children. 32 Finally, the woman died too. 33 Now then, at the resurrection whose wife will she be, since the seven were married to her?”

34 Jesus replied, “The people of this age marry and are given in marriage. 35 But those who are considered worthy of taking part in the age to come(Z) and in the resurrection from the dead will neither marry nor be given in marriage, 36 and they can no longer die; for they are like the angels. They are God’s children,(AA) since they are children of the resurrection. 37 But in the account of the burning bush, even Moses showed that the dead rise, for he calls the Lord ‘the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.’[b](AB) 38 He is not the God of the dead, but of the living, for to him all are alive.”

39 Some of the teachers of the law responded, “Well said, teacher!” 40 And no one dared to ask him any more questions.(AC)

Whose Son Is the Messiah?(AD)

41 Then Jesus said to them, “Why is it said that the Messiah is the son of David?(AE) 42 David himself declares in the Book of Psalms:

“‘The Lord said to my Lord:
    “Sit at my right hand
43 until I make your enemies
    a footstool for your feet.”’[c](AF)

44 David calls him ‘Lord.’ How then can he be his son?”

Warning Against the Teachers of the Law

45 While all the people were listening, Jesus said to his disciples, 46 “Beware of the teachers of the law. They like to walk around in flowing robes and love to be greeted with respect in the marketplaces and have the most important seats in the synagogues and the places of honor at banquets.(AG) 47 They devour widows’ houses and for a show make lengthy prayers. These men will be punished most severely.”

Footnotes

  1. Luke 20:17 Psalm 118:22
  2. Luke 20:37 Exodus 3:6
  3. Luke 20:43 Psalm 110:1

Jesus’ Authority Questioned(A)

20 Now (B)it happened on one of those days, as He taught the people in the temple and preached the gospel, that the chief priests and the scribes, together with the elders, confronted Him and spoke to Him, saying, “Tell us, (C)by what authority are You doing these things? Or who is he who gave You this authority?”

But He answered and said to them, “I also will ask you one thing, and answer Me: The (D)baptism of John—was it from heaven or from men?”

And they reasoned among themselves, saying, “If we say, ‘From heaven,’ He will say, ‘Why [a]then did you not believe him?’ But if we say, ‘From men,’ all the people will stone us, (E)for they are persuaded that John was a prophet.” So they answered that they did not know where it was from.

And Jesus said to them, “Neither will I tell you by what authority I do these things.”

The Parable of the Wicked Vinedressers(F)

Then He began to tell the people this parable: (G)“A certain man planted a vineyard, leased it to [b]vinedressers, and went into a far country for a long time. 10 Now at [c]vintage-time he (H)sent a servant to the vinedressers, that they might give him some of the fruit of the vineyard. But the vinedressers beat him and sent him away empty-handed. 11 Again he sent another servant; and they beat him also, treated him shamefully, and sent him away empty-handed. 12 And again he sent a third; and they wounded him also and cast him out.

13 “Then the owner of the vineyard said, ‘What shall I do? I will send my beloved son. Probably they will respect him when they see him.’ 14 But when the vinedressers saw him, they reasoned among themselves, saying, ‘This is the (I)heir. Come, (J)let us kill him, that the inheritance may be (K)ours.’ 15 So they cast him out of the vineyard and (L)killed him. Therefore what will the owner of the vineyard do to them? 16 He will come and destroy those vinedressers and give the vineyard to (M)others.”

And when they heard it they said, “Certainly not!”

17 Then He looked at them and said, “What then is this that is written:

(N)‘The stone which the builders rejected
Has become the chief cornerstone’?

18 Whoever falls on that stone will be (O)broken; but (P)on whomever it falls, it will grind him to powder.”

19 And the chief priests and the scribes that very hour sought to lay hands on Him, but they [d]feared the people—for they knew He had spoken this parable against them.

The Pharisees: Is It Lawful to Pay Taxes to Caesar?(Q)

20 (R)So they watched Him, and sent spies who pretended to be righteous, that they might seize on His words, in order to deliver Him to the power and the authority of the governor.

21 Then they asked Him, saying, (S)“Teacher, we know that You say and teach rightly, and You do not show personal favoritism, but teach the way of God in truth: 22 Is it lawful for us to pay taxes to Caesar or not?”

23 But He perceived their craftiness, and said to them, [e]“Why do you test Me? 24 Show Me a denarius. Whose image and inscription does it have?”

They answered and said, “Caesar’s.”

25 And He said to them, (T)“Render[f] therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s.”

26 But they could not catch Him in His words in the presence of the people. And they marveled at His answer and kept silent.

The Sadducees: What About the Resurrection?(U)

27 (V)Then some of the Sadducees, (W)who deny that there is a resurrection, came to Him and asked Him, 28 saying: “Teacher, Moses wrote to us that if a man’s brother dies, having a wife, and he dies without children, his brother should take his wife and raise up offspring for his brother. 29 Now there were seven brothers. And the first took a wife, and died without children. 30 And the second [g]took her as wife, and he died childless. 31 Then the third took her, and in like manner the seven [h]also; and they left no children, and died. 32 Last of all the woman died also. 33 Therefore, in the resurrection, whose wife does she become? For all seven had her as wife.”

34 Jesus answered and said to them, “The sons of this age marry and are given in marriage. 35 But those who are (X)counted worthy to attain that age, and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry nor are given in marriage; 36 nor can they die anymore, for (Y)they are equal to the angels and are sons of God, (Z)being sons of the resurrection. 37 But even Moses showed in the burning bush passage that the dead are raised, when he called the Lord (AA)‘the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.’ 38 For He is not the God of the dead but of the living, for (AB)all live to Him.”

39 Then some of the scribes answered and said, “Teacher, You have spoken well.” 40 But after that they dared not question Him anymore.

Jesus: How Can David Call His Descendant Lord?(AC)

41 And He said to them, (AD)“How can they say that the Christ is the Son of David? 42 Now David himself said in the Book of Psalms:

(AE)‘The Lord said to my Lord,
“Sit at My right hand,
43 Till I make Your enemies Your footstool.” ’

44 Therefore David calls Him ‘Lord’; (AF)how is He then his Son?”

Beware of the Scribes(AG)

45 (AH)Then, in the hearing of all the people, He said to His disciples, 46 (AI)“Beware of the scribes, who desire to go around in long robes, (AJ)love greetings in the marketplaces, the best seats in the synagogues, and the best places at feasts, 47 (AK)who devour widows’ houses, and for a (AL)pretense make long prayers. These will receive greater condemnation.”

Footnotes

  1. Luke 20:5 NU, M omit then
  2. Luke 20:9 tenant farmers
  3. Luke 20:10 Lit. the season
  4. Luke 20:19 M were afraid—for
  5. Luke 20:23 NU omits Why do you test Me?
  6. Luke 20:25 Pay
  7. Luke 20:30 NU omits the rest of v. 30.
  8. Luke 20:31 NU, M also left no children