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Juges 1
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Introduction : conquête limitée du pays

Les tribus du Sud conquièrent en partie leur territoire

1 Après la mort de Josué, les Israélites consultèrent l’Eternel pour savoir quelle tribu devait aller la première attaquer les Cananéens. 2 L’Eternel répondit : C’est Juda qui ira la première : je livre le pays en son pouvoir.

3 Alors les hommes de Juda dirent à ceux de Siméon, frère de Juda[a] : Venez avec nous à la conquête du territoire qui nous a été attribué. Nous combattrons ensemble les Cananéens. Ensuite, nous vous aiderons également à conquérir le territoire qui vous est échu.

Les gens de Siméon se joignirent donc à eux, 4 et Juda se mit en campagne. L’Eternel leur donna la victoire sur les Cananéens et les Phéréziens[b]. A Bézeq, ils battirent dix mille hommes. 5 En effet, ils tombèrent là sur le roi Adoni-Bézeq et l’attaquèrent. Ils battirent les Cananéens et les Phéréziens. 6 Adoni-Bézeq s’enfuit, mais ils le poursuivirent, s’emparèrent de lui et lui coupèrent les pouces des mains et des pieds[c]. 7 Adoni-Bézeq s’exclama : Soixante-dix rois[d], dont on avait coupé les pouces des mains et des pieds, ramassaient les miettes qui tombaient sous ma table. Dieu m’a rendu ce que j’ai fait.

On l’emmena à Jérusalem et c’est là qu’il mourut.

8 Les hommes de Juda attaquèrent Jérusalem et s’en emparèrent. Ils massacrèrent ses habitants et mirent le feu à la ville. 9 Ensuite, ils partirent combattre les Cananéens qui occupaient la région montagneuse, le Néguev et le Bas-Pays.

10 Juda marcha aussi contre les Cananéens qui habitaient Hébron, dont le nom était autrefois Qiryath-Arba. Ils battirent Shéshaï, Ahimân et Talmaï[e]. 11 De là, ils partirent attaquer les habitants de Debir, appelée autrefois Qiryath-Sépher[f]. 12 Caleb promit sa fille Aksa en mariage à celui qui battrait et prendrait Qiryath-Sépher. 13 Ce fut son neveu Otniel, fils de Qenaz, le frère cadet de Caleb, qui s’en empara ; et Caleb lui donna sa fille Aksa en mariage. 14 Dès son arrivée auprès de son mari, elle l’engagea à demander un champ à son père Caleb. Puis elle sauta de son âne et Caleb lui demanda : Quel est ton désir ?

15 Elle lui répondit : Accorde-moi un cadeau. Puisque tu m’as établie dans une terre aride, donne-moi aussi des points d’eau.

Et Caleb lui donna les sources supérieures et les sources inférieures.

16 Les descendants du Qénien, beau-père de Moïse, quittèrent la ville des palmiers[g] avec les hommes de Juda pour aller s’installer parmi le peuple dans les territoires désertiques de Juda qui se situent au sud d’Arad. 17 Les hommes de Juda se joignirent à ceux de Siméon, frère de Juda, pour battre les Cananéens qui habitaient Tsephath, ils en exterminèrent la population et détruisirent entièrement la ville, pour la vouer à l’Eternel, et on lui donna le nom de Horma.

18 Les gens de Juda s’emparèrent également[h] de Gaza, d’Ashkelôn et d’Eqrôn[i] ainsi que des territoires voisins de ces villes. 19 L’Eternel lui-même était avec eux, et c’est ainsi que les hommes de Juda purent conquérir la région montagneuse. Ils ne réussirent pas à déposséder les habitants de la vallée, car ceux-ci disposaient de chars de combat bardés de fer. 20 On attribua Hébron à Caleb, comme Moïse l’avait dit. Il en expulsa les trois descendants d’Anaq[j]. 21 Les descendants de Benjamin ne dépossédèrent pas les Yebousiens qui habitaient Jérusalem ; ceux-ci y vivent encore aujourd’hui avec les Benjaminites.

Les tribus du Nord conquièrent en partie leur territoire

22 Les descendants de Joseph partirent de leur côté attaquer Béthel et l’Eternel fut avec eux. 23 Ils envoyèrent d’abord des hommes en reconnaissance à Béthel qui s’appelait autrefois Louz. 24 Les envoyés virent un homme sortir de la ville et ils lui dirent : Montre-nous par où on peut pénétrer dans la ville, et nous te traiterons avec bonté.

25 L’homme leur montra donc comment pénétrer dans la ville. Ils massacrèrent tous les habitants, mais laissèrent partir cet homme avec toute sa famille. 26 L’homme émigra dans le pays des Hittites[k] ; il y construisit une ville à laquelle il donna le nom de Louz qu’elle porte encore aujourd’hui.

27 Les hommes de Manassé ne dépossédèrent pas les habitants de Beth-Sheân, de Taanak, de Dor, de Yibleam, de Meguiddo et des localités qui dépendaient de ces villes. Les Cananéens continuèrent donc à se maintenir dans cette région. 28 Lorsque les Israélites furent devenus plus forts, ils leur imposèrent des corvées, mais ils ne les dépossédèrent pas.

29 Les gens d’Ephraïm ne dépossédèrent pas les Cananéens établis à Guézer, et ceux-ci continuèrent à y vivre au milieu des Ephraïmites.

30 Ceux de Zabulon ne dépossédèrent pas non plus les habitants de Qitrôn et de Nahalol ; les Cananéens habitèrent donc au milieu des gens de Zabulon qui leur imposèrent des corvées.

31 Les gens d’Aser ne dépossédèrent pas les habitants d’Akko[l], de Sidon, d’Ahlab, d’Akzib, de Helba, d’Aphiq et de Rehob. 32 Les descendants d’Aser s’établirent donc au milieu des Cananéens qui occupaient le pays, car ils ne les dépossédèrent pas.

33 Les gens de Nephtali ne dépossédèrent pas les habitants de Beth-Shémesh ni ceux de Beth-Anath. Ils s’installèrent au milieu des Cananéens qui habitaient le pays et ils soumirent à des corvées les habitants de ces deux villes.

34 Les Amoréens refoulèrent les Danites dans la région montagneuse et les empêchèrent de descendre dans la vallée. 35 Les Amoréens continuèrent donc à se maintenir à Har-Hérès, à Ayalôn et à Shaalbim, mais les descendants de Joseph furent de plus en plus puissants et leur imposèrent des corvées. 36 Le territoire des Amoréens s’étendait de la montée des Scorpions, depuis Séla et en remontant.

Footnotes

  1. 1.3 Les deux étaient fils de Léa. D’autre part, des villes attribuées à la tribu de Siméon se trouvaient incluses dans le territoire de Juda.
  2. 1.4 Peuplade souvent associée aux Cananéens (Gn 13.7 ; 34.30 ; Jos 17.15), qui nous est par ailleurs inconnue.
  3. 1.6 La mutilation des prisonniers de guerre était une pratique courante dans le Moyen-Orient ancien (voir 16.21) ; elle était destinée à rendre inapte au combat.
  4. 1.7 Canaan était divisée en petits Etats groupés autour d’une ville ; chacun d’eux était gouverné par un roi.
  5. 1.10 Pour les v. 10-15, voir Jos 15.13-14.
  6. 1.11 Voir Jos 15.15-19 et les notes.
  7. 1.16 Jéricho.
  8. 1.18 L’ancienne version grecque a : ne s’emparèrent pas.
  9. 1.18 Trois villes de la Philistie (cf. Jos 13.3).
  10. 1.20 Nb 14.24 ; Dt 1.36 ; Jos 14.9-14.
  11. 1.26 Voir note Jos 1.4.
  12. 1.31 Ancienne ville phénicienne près du mont Carmel, que les Grecs appelaient Ptolémaïs (Ac 21.7). C’est la Saint-Jean-d’Acre du temps des croisades.
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Judges 1
New English Translation

Judah Takes the Lead

1 After Joshua died, the Israelites asked[a] the Lord, “Who should lead the invasion against the Canaanites and launch the attack?”[b] 2 The Lord said, “The men of Judah should take the lead.[c] Be sure of this! I am handing the land over to them.”[d] 3 The men of Judah said to their relatives, the men of Simeon,[e] “Invade our allotted land with us and help us attack the Canaanites.[f] Then we[g] will go with you into your allotted land.” So the men of Simeon went with them.

4 The men of Judah attacked,[h] and the Lord handed the Canaanites and Perizzites over to them. They killed 10,000 men at Bezek. 5 They met[i] Adoni-Bezek at Bezek and fought him. They defeated the Canaanites and Perizzites. 6 When Adoni-Bezek ran away, they chased him and captured him. Then they cut off his thumbs and big toes. 7 Adoni-Bezek said, “Seventy kings, with thumbs and big toes cut off, used to lick up[j] food scraps[k] under my table. God has repaid me for what I did to them.”[l] They brought him to Jerusalem, where he died. 8 The men of Judah attacked Jerusalem and captured it. They put the sword to it and set the city on fire.

9 Later the men of Judah went down to attack the Canaanites living in the hill country, the Negev,[m] and the foothills.[n] 10 The men of Judah attacked the Canaanites living in Hebron. (Hebron used to be called Kiriath Arba.) They killed Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai. 11 From there they attacked the people of Debir.[o] (Debir used to be called Kiriath Sepher.) 12 Caleb said, “To the man who attacks and captures Kiriath Sepher I will give my daughter Achsah as a wife.” 13 When Othniel son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother,[p] captured it, Caleb[q] gave him his daughter Achsah as a wife.

14 One time Achsah[r] came and charmed her father[s] so she could ask him for some land. When she got down from her donkey, Caleb said to her, “What would you like?” 15 She answered, “Please give me a special present.[t] Since you have given me land in the Negev, now give me springs of water.” So Caleb gave her both the upper and lower springs.[u]

16 Now the descendants of the Kenite, Moses’ father-in-law, went up with the people of Judah from the city of date palm trees[v] to Arad in the wilderness of Judah,[w] located in the Negev.[x] They went and lived with the people of Judah.[y]

17 The men of Judah went with their brothers the men of Simeon[z] and defeated the Canaanites living in Zephath. They wiped out Zephath.[aa] So people now call the city Hormah.[ab] 18 The men of Judah captured Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron, and the territory surrounding each of these cities.[ac]

19 The Lord was with the men of Judah. They conquered[ad] the hill country, but they could not[ae] conquer the people living in the coastal plain, because they had chariots with iron-rimmed wheels.[af] 20 Caleb received[ag] Hebron, just as Moses had promised. He drove out the three Anakites. 21 The men of Benjamin, however, did not conquer the Jebusites living in Jerusalem. The Jebusites live with the people of Benjamin in Jerusalem to this very day.[ah]

Partial Success

22 When the men[ai] of Joseph attacked[aj] Bethel, the Lord was with them. 23 When the men of Joseph spied out Bethel (it used to be called Luz), 24 the spies spotted[ak] a man leaving the city. They said to him, “If you show us a secret entrance into the city, we will reward you.” 25 He showed them a secret entrance into the city, and they put the city to the sword. But they let the man and his extended family leave safely. 26 He[al] moved to Hittite country and built a city. He named it Luz, and it has kept that name to this very day.

27 The men of Manasseh did not conquer Beth Shean, Taanach, or their surrounding towns. Nor did they conquer the people living in Dor, Ibleam, Megiddo or their surrounding towns.[am] The Canaanites managed[an] to remain in those areas.[ao] 28 Whenever Israel was strong militarily, they forced the Canaanites to do hard labor, but they never totally conquered them.

29 The men of Ephraim did not conquer the Canaanites living in Gezer. The Canaanites lived among them in Gezer.

30 The men of Zebulun did not conquer the people living in Kitron and Nahalol.[ap] The Canaanites lived among them and were forced to do hard labor.

31 The men of Asher did not conquer the people living in Acco or Sidon, nor did they conquer Ahlab, Achzib, Helbah, Aphek, or Rehob.[aq] 32 The people of Asher live among the Canaanites residing in the land because they did not conquer them.

33 The men of Naphtali did not conquer the people living in Beth Shemesh or Beth Anath.[ar] They live among the Canaanites residing in the land. The Canaanites[as] living in Beth Shemesh and Beth Anath were forced to do hard labor for them.

34 The Amorites forced the people of Dan to live in the hill country. They did not allow them to live in[at] the coastal plain. 35 The Amorites managed[au] to remain in Har Heres,[av] Aijalon, and Shaalbim. Whenever the tribe of Joseph was strong militarily,[aw] the Amorites were forced to do hard labor. 36 The border of Amorite territory ran from the Scorpion Ascent[ax] to Sela and on up.[ay]

Footnotes

  1. Judges 1:1 tn The Hebrew verb translated “asked” (שָׁאַל, shaʾal) refers here to consulting the Lord through a prophetic oracle; cf. NAB “consulted.”
  2. Judges 1:1 tn Heb “Who should first go up for us against the Canaanites to attack them?”
  3. Judges 1:2 tn Heb “Judah should go up.”
  4. Judges 1:2 tn The Hebrew exclamation הִנֵּה (hinneh, traditionally, “Behold”), translated “Be sure of this,” draws attention to the following statement. The verb form in the following statement (a Hebrew perfect, indicating completed action from the standpoint of the speaker) emphasizes the certainty of the event. Though it had not yet taken place, the Lord speaks of it as a “done deal.”
  5. Judges 1:3 tn Heb “Judah said to Simeon, his brother.”
  6. Judges 1:3 tn Heb “Come up with me into our allotted land and let us attack the Canaanites.”
  7. Judges 1:3 tn Heb “I.” The Hebrew pronoun is singular, agreeing with the collective singular “Judah” earlier in the verse. English style requires a plural pronoun here, however.
  8. Judges 1:4 tn Heb “Judah went up.”
  9. Judges 1:5 tn Or “found.”
  10. Judges 1:7 tn Elsewhere this verb usually carries the sense of “to gather; to pick up; to glean,” but “lick up” seems best here in light of the peculiar circumstances described by Adoni-Bezek.
  11. Judges 1:7 tn The words “food scraps” are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied.
  12. Judges 1:7 tn Heb “Just as I did, so God has repaid me.” Note that the phrase “to them” has been supplied in the translation to clarify what is meant.
  13. Judges 1:9 sn The Negev is the area of central, southern Judah, south of the hill country and Beer Sheba and west of the rift valley.
  14. Judges 1:9 sn The foothills (שְׁפֵלָה, shephelah) are the region between the Judean hill country and the Mediterranean coastal plain.
  15. Judges 1:11 tn Heb “they went from there against the inhabitants of Debir.” The LXX reads the verb as “they went up,” which suggests that the Hebrew text translated by the LXX read וַיַּעַל (vayyaʿal) rather than the MT’s וַיֵּלֶךְ (vayyelekh). It is possible that this is the text to be preferred in v. 11. Cf. Josh 15:15.
  16. Judges 1:13 tn “Caleb’s younger brother” may refer to Othniel or to Kenaz (in which case Othniel was Caleb’s nephew; so CEV).
  17. Judges 1:13 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Caleb) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  18. Judges 1:14 tn Heb “she”; the referent (Achsah) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  19. Judges 1:14 tn Heb “him.” The pronoun could refer to Othniel, in which case one would translate, “she incited him [Othniel] to ask her father for a field.” This is problematic, however, for Achsah, not Othniel, makes the request in v. 15. The LXX has “he [Othniel] urged her to ask her father for a field.” This appears to be an attempt to reconcile the apparent inconsistency and probably does not reflect the original text. If Caleb is understood as the referent of the pronoun, the problem disappears. For a fuller discussion of the issue, see P. G. Mosca, “Who Seduced Whom? A Note on Joshua 15:18 // Judges 1:14, ” CBQ 46 (1984): 18-22. The translation takes Caleb to be the referent, specified as “her father.”
  20. Judges 1:15 tn Elsewhere the Hebrew word בְרָכָה (verakhah) is often translated “blessing,” but here it refers to a gift (as in Gen 33:11; 1 Sam 25:27; 30:26; 2 Kgs 5:15).
  21. Judges 1:15 tn Some translations regard the expressions “springs of water” (גֻּלֹּת מָיִם, gullot mayim) and “springs” (גֻּלֹּת) as place names here (cf. NRSV).
  22. Judges 1:16 sn The city of date palm trees refers to Jericho. See Deut 34:3.
  23. Judges 1:16 tc Part of the Greek ms tradition lacks the words “of Judah.”
  24. Judges 1:16 tn Heb “[to] the wilderness of Judah in the Negev, Arad.”
  25. Judges 1:16 tn The phrase “of Judah” is supplied here in the translation. Some ancient textual witnesses read, “They went and lived with the Amalekites.” This reading, however, is probably influenced by 1 Sam 15:6 (see also Num 24:20-21).
  26. Judges 1:17 tn Heb “Judah went with Simeon, his brother.”
  27. Judges 1:17 tn Heb “it”; the referent (the city of Zephath) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  28. Judges 1:17 sn The name Hormah (חָרְמָה, khormah) sounds like the Hebrew verb translated “wipe out” (חָרַם, kharam).
  29. Judges 1:18 tn Heb “The men of Judah captured Gaza and its surrounding territory, Ashkelon and its surrounding territory, and Ekron and its surrounding territory.”
  30. Judges 1:19 tn Or “seized possession of”; or “occupied.”
  31. Judges 1:19 tc Several textual witnesses support the inclusion of this verb.
  32. Judges 1:19 tn Regarding the translation “chariots with iron-rimmed wheels,” see Y. Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, 255, and the article by R. Drews, “The ‘Chariots of Iron’ of Joshua and Judges,” JSOT 45 (1989): 15-23.
  33. Judges 1:20 tn Heb “they gave to Caleb.”
  34. Judges 1:21 sn The statement to this very day reflects the perspective of the author, who must have written prior to David’s conquest of the Jebusites (see 2 Sam 5:6-7).
  35. Judges 1:22 tn Heb “house.” This is a metonymy for the warriors from the tribe.
  36. Judges 1:22 tn Heb “went up.”
  37. Judges 1:24 tn Heb “saw.”
  38. Judges 1:26 tn Heb “the man.”
  39. Judges 1:27 tn Heb “The men of Manasseh did not conquer Beth Shean and its surrounding towns, Taanach and its surrounding towns, the people living in Dor and its surrounding towns, the people living in Ibleam and its surrounding towns, or the people living in Megiddo and its surrounding towns.”
  40. Judges 1:27 tn Or “were determined.”
  41. Judges 1:27 tn Heb “in this land.”
  42. Judges 1:30 tn Heb “the people living in Kitron and the people living in Nahalol.”
  43. Judges 1:31 tn Heb “The men of Asher did not conquer the people living in Acco, the people living in Sidon, Ahlab, Acco, Helbah, Aphek, or Rehob.”
  44. Judges 1:33 tn Heb “the people living in Beth Shemesh or the people living in Beth Anath.”
  45. Judges 1:33 tn The term “Canaanites” is supplied here both for clarity and for stylistic reasons.
  46. Judges 1:34 tn Heb “come down into.”
  47. Judges 1:35 tn Or “were determined.”
  48. Judges 1:35 tn Or “Mount Heres”; the term הַר (har) means “mount” or “mountain” in Hebrew.
  49. Judges 1:35 tn Heb “Whenever the hand of the tribe of Joseph was heavy.”
  50. Judges 1:36 tn Or “the Ascent of Scorpions” (עַקְרַבִּים [ʿaqrabbim] means “scorpions” in Hebrew).
  51. Judges 1:36 tn Or “Amorite territory started at the Pass of the Scorpions at Sela and then went on up.”
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