Jueces 11
La Biblia de las Américas
Jefté libra a Israel
11 Y Jefté galaadita(A) era un guerrero valiente[a], hijo de una ramera. Y Galaad era el padre de[b] Jefté. 2 Y la mujer de Galaad le dio hijos; y cuando los hijos de su mujer crecieron, echaron fuera a Jefté, y le dijeron: No tendrás heredad en la casa de nuestro padre, porque eres hijo de otra mujer. 3 Jefté huyó de sus hermanos y habitó en la tierra de Tob(B); y hombres indignos se juntaron con[c] Jefté y salían con él.
4 Después de cierto tiempo sucedió que los hijos de Amón(C) pelearon contra Israel. 5 Y[d] cuando los hijos de Amón pelearon contra Israel, los ancianos de Galaad fueron a traer a Jefté de la tierra de Tob. 6 Y dijeron a Jefté: Ven y sé nuestro jefe para que peleemos contra los hijos de Amón. 7 Entonces Jefté dijo a los ancianos de Galaad: ¿No me odiasteis y me echasteis de la casa de mi padre? ¿Por qué, pues, habéis venido a mí ahora cuando estáis en apuros(D)? 8 Y los ancianos de Galaad dijeron a Jefté: Por esta causa hemos vuelto a ti: para que vengas con nosotros y pelees contra los hijos de Amón y seas jefe sobre todos los habitantes de Galaad(E). 9 Y Jefté dijo a los ancianos de Galaad: Si me hacéis volver para pelear contra los hijos de Amón y el Señor me[e] los entrega, ¿seré yo vuestro jefe? 10 Y los ancianos de Galaad dijeron a Jefté: El Señor es testigo[f] entre nosotros(F); ciertamente haremos como has dicho[g]. 11 Jefté fue con los ancianos de Galaad, y el pueblo lo hizo cabeza y jefe sobre ellos; y Jefté habló todas sus palabras delante del Señor en Mizpa(G).
12 Y envió Jefté mensajeros al rey de los hijos de Amón, diciendo: ¿Qué hay entre tú y yo[h], que has venido a mí para pelear contra mi tierra? 13 Y el rey de los hijos de Amón dijo a los mensajeros de Jefté: Porque Israel tomó mi tierra, cuando subieron de Egipto, desde el Arnón hasta el Jaboc(H) y el Jordán; por tanto devuélvela ahora en paz. 14 Pero Jefté volvió a enviar mensajeros al rey de los hijos de Amón, 15 que le dijeron: Así dice Jefté: «Israel no tomó la tierra de Moab, ni la tierra de los hijos de Amón. 16 Porque cuando subieron de Egipto, e Israel pasó por el desierto hasta el mar Rojo[i](I) y llegó a Cades(J), 17 Israel envió mensajeros al rey de Edom, diciendo: “Permítenos, te rogamos, pasar por tu tierra”, pero el rey de Edom no les escuchó. También enviaron mensajeros al rey de Moab pero él no consintió(K), así que Israel permaneció en Cades. 18 Luego atravesaron el desierto y rodearon la tierra de Edom y de Moab(L), llegaron al lado oriental de la tierra de Moab y acamparon al otro lado del Arnón; pero no entraron en el territorio de Moab(M), porque el Arnón era la frontera de Moab. 19 (N)Y envió Israel mensajeros a Sehón, rey de los amorreos, rey de Hesbón, y le dijo Israel: “Permítenos, te rogamos, pasar por tu tierra a nuestro lugar”. 20 Pero Sehón no confió en Israel para darle paso por su territorio; reunió, pues, Sehón a todo su pueblo y acampó en Jahaza, y peleó contra Israel. 21 Y el Señor, Dios de Israel, entregó a Sehón y a todo su pueblo en manos de Israel, y los derrotaron[j], e Israel tomó posesión de toda la tierra de los amorreos, los habitantes de esa región(O). 22 Y poseyeron todo el territorio de los amorreos desde el Arnón hasta el Jaboc(P), y desde el desierto hasta el Jordán. 23 Y puesto que el Señor, Dios de Israel, expulsó[k] a los amorreos de delante de su pueblo Israel, ¿has tú de poseerla? 24 ¿No posees tú lo que Quemos(Q), tu dios, te ha dado para poseer? De modo que todo el territorio que el Señor nuestro Dios ha desposeído delante de nosotros, lo poseeremos. 25 Ahora pues, ¿eres tú mejor que Balac, hijo de Zipor, rey de Moab(R)? ¿Acaso luchó él con Israel, o acaso peleó contra ellos? 26 Mientras Israel habitaba en Hesbón y sus pueblos(S), y en Aroer y sus aldeas, y en todas las ciudades que están a orillas del Arnón, trescientos años, ¿por qué no las recuperaste durante ese tiempo? 27 Por tanto, yo no he pecado contra ti, pero tú me estás haciendo mal al hacer guerra contra mí; que el Señor, el Juez, juzgue hoy entre los hijos de Israel y los hijos de Amón(T)». 28 Pero el rey de los hijos de Amón no hizo caso al mensaje[l] que Jefté le envió.
Voto y victoria de Jefté
29 Y el Espíritu del Señor vino sobre Jefté(U), y pasó por Galaad y Manasés; luego pasó por Mizpa de Galaad, y de Mizpa de Galaad fue adonde estaban los hijos de Amón. 30 Y Jefté hizo un voto al Señor, y dijo: Si en verdad entregas en mis manos a los hijos de Amón, 31 sucederá que cualquiera que salga de las puertas de mi casa a recibirme cuando yo vuelva en paz de los hijos de Amón, será del Señor, o[m] lo ofreceré como holocausto. 32 Y Jefté cruzó adonde estaban los hijos de Amón para pelear contra ellos; y el Señor los entregó en su mano. 33 Y los hirió con una gran matanza desde Aroer hasta la entrada de Minit(V), veinte ciudades, hasta Abel-keramim. Y los hijos de Amón fueron sometidos delante de los hijos de Israel.
34 Cuando Jefté llegó a su casa en Mizpa(W), he aquí, su hija salió a recibirlo con panderos y con danzas(X). Era ella su única hija; fuera de ella no tenía hijo ni hija. 35 Y[n] cuando la vio, él rasgó sus ropas y dijo: ¡Ay, hija mía! Me has abatido y estás entre los que me afligen; porque he dado mi palabra[o] al Señor, y no me puedo retractar(Y). 36 Entonces ella le dijo: Padre mío, has dado tu palabra[p] al Señor; haz conmigo conforme a lo que has dicho[q](Z), ya que el Señor te ha vengado de tus enemigos, los hijos de Amón. 37 Y ella dijo a su padre: Que se haga esto por mí; déjame sola por dos meses, para que vaya yo a[r] los montes y llore por mi virginidad(AA), yo y mis compañeras. 38 Y él dijo: Ve, y la dejó ir por dos meses; y ella se fue con sus compañeras, y lloró su virginidad por los montes. 39 Al[s] cabo de los dos meses ella regresó a su padre, que hizo con ella conforme al voto que había hecho; y ella no tuvo relaciones con ningún hombre[t]. Y se hizo costumbre en Israel, 40 que de año en año las hijas de Israel fueran cuatro días en el año a conmemorar[u] a la hija de Jefté galaadita.
Footnotes
- Jueces 11:1 O, poderoso hombre de valor
- Jueces 11:1 Lit., engendró a
- Jueces 11:3 Lit., a
- Jueces 11:5 Lit., Y fue que
- Jueces 11:9 Lit., delante de mí
- Jueces 11:10 Lit., oyente
- Jueces 11:10 Lit., conforme a tu palabra
- Jueces 11:12 Lit., Qué a mí y a ti
- Jueces 11:16 Lit., mar de Cañas
- Jueces 11:21 Lit., hirieron
- Jueces 11:23 Lit., desposeyó
- Jueces 11:28 Lit., no escuchó las palabras
- Jueces 11:31 O, y
- Jueces 11:35 Lit., Y fue que
- Jueces 11:35 Lit., he abierto mi boca
- Jueces 11:36 Lit., has abierto tu boca
- Jueces 11:36 Lit., a lo que ha salido de tu boca
- Jueces 11:37 Lit., vaya y descienda sobre
- Jueces 11:39 Lit., Y fue que al
- Jueces 11:39 Lit., no conoció hombre
- Jueces 11:40 Lit., recontar; algunas versiones antiguas dicen: lamentar
Judges 11
International Standard Version
Jephthah, Israel’s Eighth Judge
11 Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a valiant soldier, but he was also the son of a prostitute and Jephthah’s father Gilead. 2 Gilead’s wife bore two sons through him, but when his wife’s sons grew up, they expelled Jephthah and declared to him, “You won’t have an inheritance in this[a] house, since you’re the son of a different woman.” 3 So Jephthah escaped from his brothers and lived in the territory of Tob, where worthless men gathered themselves around him and went out on raiding parties with him.
4 Later on, the Ammonites attacked Israel. 5 When this happened,[b] the elders of Gilead went to the territory of Tob to find Jephthah. 6 They told him, “Come and be our commander so we can fight the Ammonites!”
7 But Jephthah replied to the elders of Gilead, “Weren’t you the ones who hated me and drove me out of my father’s house? And you come to me now that you’re in trouble?”
8 So the elders of Gilead told Jephthah, “Well, we’re coming back to you now so you can accompany us, fight the Ammonites, and become the head of all the inhabitants of Gilead.”
9 Then Jephthah asked the elders of Gilead, “If you all send me to fight against the Ammonites and the Lord hands them over right in front of me, will I really become your head?”
10 The elders of Gilead responded to Jephthah, “May the Lord serve[c] as a witness that we’re making this agreement between ourselves to do as we’ve said.” 11 So Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people appointed him head and military commander over them. Jephthah uttered everything he had to say with the solemnity of an oath[d] in the Lord’s presence at Mizpah.
Jephthah’s Dialogue with the Ammonites
12 Afterwards, Jephthah sent messengers to the king of the Ammonites to ask him, “What’s your dispute between us that prompted you to come and attack my land?”
13 The king of the Ammonites answered the messengers of Jephthah, “We’re here[e] because Israel took away my land from the Arnon River as far as the Jabbok River and as far as the Jordan River when they came up from Egypt! So restore it as a gesture of good will.”[f]
14 But Jephthah sent additional messengers again to the king of the Ammonites 15 and they informed him, “This is Jephthah’s response:
‘Israel didn’t seize the land of Moab nor the land of the Ammonites. 16 Here’s what happened:[g] When Israel came up from Egypt, passed through the desert to the Red[h] Sea, and arrived at Kadesh, 17 Israel sent a delegation to the king of Edom and asked him, “Please let us pass through your territory.”
‘But the king of Edom wouldn’t listen. So they also sent word to the king of Moab, but he wouldn’t consent, either. So Israel stayed at Kadesh. 18 Then they went through the desert, circumventing the territory belonging to Edom and Moab. They encamped on the other side of the Arnon River, but never entered the territory of Moab because the Arnon River is the border of Moab.
19 ‘Then Israel sent a delegation to Sihon, king of the Amorites and king of Heshbon. Israel requested of him, “Please let us pass through your territory to our place.” 20 But Sihon didn’t trust Israel to pass through his territory, so he assembled his entire army, encamped in Jahaz, and fought against Israel. 21 The Lord God of Israel handed Sihon and his entire army into the control of Israel, and defeated them. As a result, Israel took control over the entire land of the Amorites, who were living in that country. 22 They took possession of the entire territory of the Amorites from the Arnon River as far as the Jabbok River and from the desert as far as the Jordan River.
23 ‘Now then, since the Lord God of Israel expelled the Amorites right in front of his people Israel, are you going to control their territory? 24 Don’t you control what your god Chemosh gives you? In the same way, we’ll take control of whomever the Lord our God has driven out in front of us. 25 Also ask yourselves:[i] do you have a better case[j] than Zippor’s son Balak, king of Moab? Did he ever have a quarrel with Israel or ever win a[k] fight against them? 26 When Israel was living in Heshbon and its surrounding villages, in Aroer and its surrounding villages, and in all the cities that line the banks of the Arnon River these past three hundred years, why didn’t you retake them during that time? 27 I haven’t sinned against you, but you are acting wrongly against me by declaring war on me. May the Lord, the Judge, sit in judgment today between the Israelis and the Ammonites.’”
28 But the king of the Ammonites wouldn’t heed the message that Jephthah had sent to him.
Jephthah’s Vow
29 The Spirit of the Lord came[l] on Jephthah, so he swept through Gilead and the territory of[m] Manasseh, then swept through Mizpah in Gilead, and from Mizpah in Gilead he proceeded toward where the Ammonites were encamped. 30 Jephthah made this solemn vow to the Lord: “If you truly give the Ammonites into my control, 31 then if I return from the Ammonites without incident,[n] whatever comes[o] out the doors of my house to meet me will become the Lord’s, and I will offer it[p] up as a burnt offering.”
32 Then Jephthah crossed over to the Ammonites and attacked them. The Lord gave them into his control. 33 He attacked them from Aroer to the entrance of Minnith—twenty cities in all[q]—even as far as Abel-keramim. As a result, the Ammonites were subdued right in front of the Israelis. 34 When Jephthah arrived at his home in Mizpah—surprise!—it was his daughter who came out to meet him, playing tambourines and dancing. She was his one and only child. Except for her, he had no other son or daughter. 35 When he saw her, he ripped his clothes and cried out, “Oh no! My daughter! You have terribly burdened me! You’ve joined those who are causing me trouble, because I’ve given my word[r] to the Lord, and I cannot go back on it.[s]
36 She told him, “My father, you have given your word[t] to the Lord. Do to me according to what has come out of your own mouth, considering that the Lord has paid back your enemies, the Ammonites.” 37 Then she continued talking with her father, “Do this for me: leave me alone by myself for two months. I’ll go up to the mountains and cry there because I’ll never marry.[u] My friends and I will go.”[v]
38 So he said, “Go!” He sent her away for two months. She left with her friends and cried there on the mountains because she would never marry.[w] 39 Later, after the two months were concluded, she returned to her father, and he fulfilled what he had solemnly vowed—and she never married.[x] That’s how the custom arose in Israel 40 that for four days out of every year the Israeli women would go to mourn the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite in commemoration.
Footnotes
- Judges 11:2 Lit. in our father’s
- Judges 11:5 Lit. When the Ammonites attacked Israel
- Judges 11:10 Lit. hear
- Judges 11:11 Lit. uttered all his words
- Judges 11:13 The Heb. lacks We’re here
- Judges 11:13 Lit. restore them in peace
- Judges 11:16 Lit. Because
- Judges 11:16 Lit. Reed
- Judges 11:25 Lit. And now
- Judges 11:25 Lit. are you better
- Judges 11:25 The Heb. lacks ever win a
- Judges 11:29 Lit. was
- Judges 11:29 The Heb. lacks the territory of
- Judges 11:31 Lit. Ammonites in peace
- Judges 11:31 MT participle is masculine
- Judges 11:31 MT suffix is masculine
- Judges 11:33 The Heb. lacks in all
- Judges 11:35 Lit. I’ve opened my mouth
- Judges 11:35 The Heb. lacks on it
- Judges 11:36 Lit. You’ve opened your mouth
- Judges 11:37 Lit. there on behalf of my virginity; i.e. terminating the genealogy of Jephthah
- Judges 11:37 The Heb. lacks will go
- Judges 11:38 Lit. there for her virginity
- Judges 11:39 Lit. she did not know a man
Judges 11
Wycliffe Bible
11 And so in that time Jephthah, a man of Gilead, was a full strong man, and a fighter, the son of a woman whore, the which Jephthah was born of Gilead. (Now at that time Jephthah, a Gileadite, was a very strong man, and a fighter, the son of a whore-woman, and his father was Gilead.)
2 And Gilead had a wife, of whom he had sons, which after that they increased (and after they had grown up), casted out Jephthah, and said, Thou mayest not be (an) heir in the house of our father, for thou art born of another mother.
3 And (so) he fled (from) his brethren, and eschewed them, and dwelled in the land of Tob; and poor men were gathered to him, and followed him as a prince.
4 (And) In those days the sons of Ammon fought against Israel;
5 and when they continued sharply (their enmities), the greater men in birth of Gilead, went to take into the help of themselves Jephthah from the land of Tob; (and when they continued their sharp enmities, the men of great age, that is, the elders, of Gilead went to get Jephthah from the land of Tob to help them;)
6 and they said to him, Come thou, and be our prince, and fight against the sons of Ammon.
7 To which he answered, Whether not ye it be, that hated me, and threw me out of the house of my father, and now ye have come to me, and were compelled by need? (To whom he answered, Was it not ye, who hated me, and threw me out of my father’s house? but now ye have come to me, yea, compelled by need!)
8 And the princes of Gilead said to Jephthah, Therefore for this cause we came now to thee, that thou go with us, and fight against the sons of Ammon; and that thou be the duke of all men that dwell in Gilead. (And the leaders of Gilead said to Jephthah, Yea, for this reason we have now come to thee, so that thou go with us, and fight against the Ammonites; and that thou be the leader of all who live in Gilead.)
9 And Jephthah said to them, Whether ye came verily, or without fraud, to me, that I fight for you against the sons of Ammon, and if the Lord shall betake them into mine hands, shall I be your prince? (And Jephthah said to them, Did ye come truthfully, or without deception, to me, so that if I fight for you against the Ammonites, and if the Lord shall deliver them into my hands, then I shall be your leader?)
10 The which answered to him, The Lord himself, that heareth these things, is mediator and witness, that we shall fulfill our promises to thee. (And they answered to him, The Lord himself, who heareth these things, is our mediator and witness, that we shall fulfill our promises to thee.)
11 And so Jephthah went with the princes of Gilead, and all the people made him their prince; and Jephthah spake all his words (again) before the Lord in Mizpeh.
12 And he sent messengers to the king of the sons of Ammon, which messengers should say of his person (which messengers were to say for him), What is to me and to thee, for thou hast come against me to waste my land?
13 To the which messengers the king answered, For Israel, when he ascended from Egypt, took away my land, from the coasts of Arnon unto Jabbok, and to (the) Jordan, now therefore yield it to me again with peace. (To which messengers the king answered, For Israel, when they came up from Egypt, took away my land, from the Arnon River unto the Jabbok River, and unto the Jordan River; and so now peacefully, or without any need for fighting, return thou these lands to me.)
14 By the which messengers Jephthah sent again, and commanded to them, that they should say to the king of Ammon,
15 Jephthah saith these things, Israel took not the land of Moab, neither the land of the sons of Ammon; (Jephthah saith these things, Nay! Israel did not take the land of Moab, nor the land of the Ammonites;)
16 but when they went up from Egypt, Israel went by the wilderness unto the Red Sea, and came into Kadesh;
17 and he sent messengers to the king of Edom, and said, Suffer thou me, that I go through thy land (and they sent messengers to the king of Edom, saying, Allow us to go through thy land); the which king would not assent to the prayers of Israel. Also Israel sent to the king of Moab, and he despised to give Israel passage; and so Israel dwelled in Kadesh,
18 and he compassed by the side the land of Edom, and the land of Moab; and he came to the east coast of the land of Moab, and setted tents beyond Arnon, neither he would enter into the terms of Moab; for Arnon is the end of the land of Moab. (and they went around by the borders of the land of Edom, and the land of Moab; and they came to the east side of the land of Moab, and pitched their tents on the other side of the Arnon River, for they would not enter into the land of Moab; for the Arnon River is the border of the land of Moab.)
19 And so Israel sent messengers to Sihon, king of Amorites, that dwelled in Heshbon; and they said to him, Suffer thou, that I pass through thy land unto the river. (And so Israel sent messengers to Sihon, the king of the Amorites, who lived in Heshbon; and they said to him, Allow us to pass through thy land to the river.)
20 And he despised the words of Israel, and suffered not him (to) pass by his terms, but with a multitude without number gathered together, Sihon went out against Israel (at Jahaz), and against-stood him strongly. (But he scorned Israel’s request, and would not allow them to pass through his land; and with a multitude without number gathered together, Sihon went out against the people of Israel at Jahaz, and strongly stood against them.)
21 And the Lord betook Sihon with all his host into the hands of Israel; and Israel smote him, and had in possession all the land of Amorites, the dweller(s) of that country, (And the Lord delivered Sihon with all his army into the hands of Israel; and Israel struck them down, and had in possession all the land of the Amorites, the inhabitants of that country,)
22 and all the coasts thereof, from (the) Arnon unto (the) Jabbok, and from the wilderness unto (the) Jordan.
23 Therefore the Lord God of Israel destroyed Amorites, fighting against him for his people Israel. And wilt thou now have in possession his land? (And so the Lord God of Israel destroyed the Amorites, fighting against them for his people Israel. And now wilt thou take possession of their land?)
24 Whether not those things which Chemosh, thy god, had in possession, be due to thee by right? Soothly those things which the Lord our God (the) overcomer hath gotten, shall fall into our possession; (Be not those things which Chemosh, thy god, had in possession, by rights be due to thee? And likewise, those things which the Lord our God the Overcomer hath taken, they shall be ours;)
25 but in hap thou art better than Balak, the son of Zippor, king of Moab, either thou mayest say, that Balak strived against Israel, and fought against him, (but perhaps thou art better than Balak, the son of Zippor, the king of Moab, or thou mayest say, that Balak contended against Israel, and fought against them,)
26 when Israel dwelled in Heshbon, and in towns thereof, and in Aroer, and in towns thereof, and in all cities beyond (the) Jordan, by three hundred years. Why in so much time assayed ye nothing on this asking again? (when Israel lived in Heshbon, and its towns, and in Aroer, and its towns, and in all the cities on the eastern side of the Jordan River, for three hundred years. Why have ye done nothing to try to take them back in all this time?)
27 Therefore not I do sin against thee, but thou doest evil against me, and bringest in battles not just to me; the Lord, (the) judge of this day, deem betwixt the sons of Israel and betwixt the sons of Ammon. (And so I do not sin against thee, but thou doest evil against me, and bringest in battles not just, or fair, to me; the Lord is the judge, and he shall judge this very day between the Israelites and the Ammonites.)
28 And the king of the sons of Ammon would not assent to the words of Jephthah, which he sent by the messengers.
29 Therefore the spirit of the Lord was made upon Jephthah, and he compassed Gilead, and Manasseh, Mizpeh and Gilead (and then back to Mizpeh of Gilead); and he passed (over) from thence to the sons of Ammon,
30 and he made a vow to the Lord, and said, If thou shalt betake the sons of Ammon into mine hands,
31 whoever goeth out first of the doors of mine house, and cometh against me turning again with peace from the sons of Ammon, I shall offer him (up as a) burnt sacrifice to the Lord. (whoever first goeth out of the doors of my house, and cometh to meet me when I return in victory over the Ammonites, I shall offer him up as a burnt sacrifice to the Lord.)
32 And Jephthah went to the sons of Ammon, to fight against them, which the Lord betook into his hands;
33 and he smote from Aroer till that he came into Minnith, (yea,) twenty cities, and (even) unto Abel, which is set about with vineries, with full great vengeance; and the sons of Ammon were made low of the sons of Israel. (and he struck down, or overcame, from Aroer until that he came unto Minnith, twenty cities, and even unto Abelkeramim, with very great vengeance; and the Ammonites were made low before the Israelites.)
34 And when Jephthah turned again into Mizpeh, (to) his house, his one begotten daughter came to meet him with tympans, and crowds dancing; for he had not other free children. (And when Jephthah returned to Mizpeh, to his house, his only daughter came to meet him with tambourines, and people dancing; and he had no other children.)
35 And when he saw her, he rent his clothes, and said, Alas! my daughter, thou hast troubled me, and thou art troubled; for I opened my mouth to the Lord, and I may do none other thing. (And when he saw her, he tore his clothes, and said, Alas! my daughter, thou hast brought woe upon me, and woe upon thyself; for I opened my mouth to the Lord, and I may do no other thing.)
36 To whom she answered, My father, if thou openedest thy mouth to the Lord, do to me whatever thing thou promisedest, while vengeance and victory of thine enemies be granted to thee (for vengeance and victory over thy enemies have been granted to thee by the Lord).
37 And she said to her father, Give thou to me only this thing, which I beseech; suffer thou me that in two months I compass [the] hills (allow me for two months to go about the hills), and bewail my maidenhood with my fellows.
38 To whom he answered, Go thou. And he suffered her in two months (And he allowed her to go away for two months). And when she had gone forth with her fellows, and her play-frères, she bewept her maidenhood in the hills.
39 And when two months were fulfilled, she turned again to her father, and he did to her as he (had) avowed; and she knew no man fleshly, (that is, she died a virgin). From that time a custom came in Israel, and that custom is kept (to this day),
40 that after the end of the year the daughters of Israel come together, and bewail the daughter of Jephthah of Gilead (for) four days.
Copyright © 1995-2014 by ISV Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INTERNATIONALLY. Used by permission of Davidson Press, LLC.
2001 by Terence P. Noble