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Judá y Simeón capturan a Adonisédec

Después que murió Josué, los israelitas consultaron al Señor para saber cuál de las tribus debía atacar primero a los cananeos. El Señor respondió que Judá debía atacar primero, y que a Judá le entregaría ese territorio. Entonces los de la tribu de Judá invitaron a sus hermanos, los de la tribu de Simeón, a unirse a ellos para invadir juntos el territorio que le tocaba a Judá, y después invadir juntos también el territorio que le tocaba a Simeón. Los de Simeón aceptaron unirse a los de Judá, 4-5 y así los de Judá invadieron el territorio de los cananeos y el de los ferezeos, a quienes el Señor entregó en sus manos. En Bézec derrotaron a diez mil de ellos, entre los que se encontraba Adonisédec. Y aunque Adonisédec huyó, ellos lo persiguieron y lo atraparon, y le cortaron los pulgares de las manos y los dedos gordos de los pies. Entonces él dijo: «Antes yo les corté a setenta reyes los pulgares de las manos y los dedos gordos de los pies, y los tuve recogiendo las sobras debajo de mi mesa. Pero ahora Dios me ha hecho a mí lo mismo que yo les hice a ellos.» Y lo llevaron a Jerusalén, donde murió.

Judá conquista Hebrón y Jerusalén

Los de la tribu de Judá atacaron y tomaron Jerusalén, y después de matar a filo de espada a toda la población, quemaron la ciudad. Luego atacaron a los cananeos que vivían en las montañas, en la región del Négueb y en la llanura. 10 También atacaron a los cananeos de la ciudad de Hebrón, que antes se llamaba Quiriat-arbá, y derrotaron a Sesai, a Ahimán y a Talmai.

Otoniel conquista Debir y recibe a Acsa(A)

11 Luego atacaron la ciudad de Debir, que antes se llamaba Quiriat-séfer. 12 Y Caleb prometió que al que conquistara Debir le daría por esposa a su hija Acsa. 13 El que la conquistó fue Otoniel, hijo de Quenaz, hermano menor de Caleb; entonces Caleb le dio por esposa a su hija Acsa. 14 Pero cuando llegó ella, Otoniel la convenció para que le pidiera un terreno a su padre. Al ver Caleb que Acsa se bajaba de su asno, le preguntó:

—¿Qué te pasa?

15 —Quiero que me concedas algo —contestó ella—. Ya que me has dado tierras en el Négueb, dame también manantiales.

Y Caleb le dio los manantiales de arriba y los de abajo.

Conquistas de las tribus de Judá y de Benjamín

16 Los descendientes de Hobab el quenita, suegro de Moisés, salieron de la ciudad de las palmeras con la tribu de Judá, y fueron al desierto de Judá, al sur de Arad, donde se quedaron a vivir con la gente de la región. 17 Entonces los de la tribu de Judá fueron con los de Simeón, según habían acordado, y atacaron a los cananeos que vivían en Sefat, destruyendo por completo aquella ciudad. Por eso le pusieron el nombre de Hormá. 18 Sin embargo, no pudieron tomar Gaza, Ascalón y Ecrón, ni sus territorios vecinos. 19 Y aunque el Señor acompañaba a los de Judá, y ellos pudieron conquistar las montañas, no pudieron echar de los llanos a los que allí vivían, porque éstos tenían carros de hierro. 20 A Caleb le tocó Hebrón, tal como Moisés se lo había prometido, y Caleb desalojó a los tres hijos de Anac. 21 Pero los de la tribu de Benjamín no pudieron echar de Jerusalén a los jebuseos que allí vivían. Por eso, hasta el día de hoy, los jebuseos y los de la tribu de Benjamín siguen viviendo juntos en Jerusalén.

Las tribus de José conquistan Betel

22-23 Los de las tribus de José decidieron atacar Betel, ciudad que antes se llamaba Luz, y mandaron espías allá. El Señor los ayudaba. 24 Y los espías vieron a un hombre que salía de la ciudad, y le dijeron: «Si tú nos enseñas cómo entrar en la ciudad, nosotros seremos generosos contigo.» 25 El hombre les enseñó cómo entrar en la ciudad, y ellos mataron a filo de espada a todos los que allí vivían; pero le perdonaron la vida al que les había enseñado el camino y a toda su familia. 26 Entonces aquel hombre se fue a la tierra de los hititas y construyó una nueva ciudad, y la llamó Luz, nombre que aún hoy conserva.

Límites de las conquistas de las tribus de Manasés y de Efraín

27 Los de la tribu de Manasés no pudieron echar de Bet-seán, Taanac, Dor, Ibleam y Meguido a los que allí vivían, ni a los que vivían en las aldeas cercanas a esas ciudades, así que los cananeos siguieron viviendo en ellas. 28 Cuando los israelitas se hicieron más poderosos, lograron someter a los cananeos a trabajos forzados, pero no pudieron desalojarlos.

29 Los de la tribu de Efraín tampoco pudieron echar de Guézer a los cananeos que allí vivían, de modo que los cananeos siguieron viviendo entre ellos.

Conquistas de las otras tribus

30 Los de la tribu de Zabulón tampoco pudieron echar de Quitrón y Nahalal a los cananeos que allí vivían, de modo que los cananeos siguieron viviendo entre ellos, aunque sometidos a trabajos forzados.

31-32 Los de la tribu de Aser tampoco pudieron echar de Aco, Sidón, Ahlab, Aczib, Helbá, Afec y Rehob a los cananeos que allí vivían; y como no pudieron echarlos de esas ciudades, se quedaron a vivir entre ellos.

33 Los de la tribu de Neftalí tampoco pudieron echar de Bet-semes y Bet-anat a los cananeos que allí vivían, pero los sometieron a trabajos forzados y se quedaron a vivir entre ellos.

34 Los amorreos rechazaron a los de la tribu de Dan hasta las montañas, y no los dejaron bajar a las llanuras. 35 Y así los amorreos siguieron viviendo en Heres, Aialón y Saalbim. Pero cuando los descendientes de José se hicieron más fuertes, sometieron a los amorreos a trabajos forzados.

36 La frontera de los edomitas iba desde la cuesta de Acrabim hasta Selá, y seguía hacia arriba.

I. The Situation in Canaan Following the Israelite Conquest

Chapter 1

Canaanites in Palestine. [a]After the death of Joshua the Israelites consulted the Lord, asking, “Who shall be first among us to attack the Canaanites and to do battle with them?” The Lord answered: Judah shall attack: I have delivered the land into his power.(A) Judah then said to his brother Simeon, “Come up with me into the territory allotted to me, and let us do battle with the Canaanites. I will likewise go with you into the territory allotted to you.” So Simeon went with him.(B)

When Judah attacked, the Lord delivered the Canaanites and Perizzites into their power, and they struck down ten thousand of them in Bezek. (C)They came upon Adonibezek in Bezek and fought against him. When they struck down the Canaanites and Perizzites, Adonibezek fled. They pursued him, and when they caught him, they cut off his thumbs and big toes. “Seventy kings,” said Adonibezek, “used to pick up scraps under my table with their thumbs and big toes cut off. As I have done, so has God repaid me.” He was brought to Jerusalem, and he died there. [b]The Judahites fought against Jerusalem, captured it, and put it to the sword, setting the city itself on fire.(D)

Afterward the Judahites went down to fight against the Canaanites who lived in the mountain region, in the Negeb, and in the foothills.(E) 10 Judah also marched against the Canaanites who lived in Hebron, which was formerly called Kiriath-arba, and defeated Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai.(F) 11 They marched from there against the inhabitants of Debir, which was formerly called Kiriath-sepher. 12 Caleb said, “To the man who attacks Kiriath-sepher and captures it, I will give my daughter Achsah in marriage.” 13 (G)Othniel captured it, the son of Caleb’s younger brother Kenaz; so Caleb gave him his daughter Achsah in marriage. 14 When she came to him, she induced him to ask her father for some land. Then, as she alighted from the donkey, Caleb asked her, “What do you want?” 15 She answered, “Give me a present. Since you have put me in the land of the Negeb, give me pools of water.” So Caleb gave her what she wanted, both the upper and the lower pool.

16 (H)The descendants of Hobab the Kenite, Moses’ father-in-law,[c] came up with the Judahites from the City of Palms to the wilderness of Arad, which is in the Negeb, and they settled among the Amalekites. 17 (I)Then Judah went with his brother Simeon, and they defeated the Canaanites who lived in Zephath. They put the city under the ban and renamed it Hormah.[d](J) 18 Judah captured Gaza with its territory, Ashkelon with its territory, Ekron with its territory, and Ashdod[e] with its territory.(K) 19 The Lord was with Judah, so they gained possession of the mountain region. But they could not dispossess those who lived on the plain, because they had iron chariots. 20 (L)As Moses had commanded, they gave Hebron to Caleb, who then drove the three sons of Anak away from there.

21 [f]As for the Jebusites dwelling in Jerusalem, the Benjaminites did not dispossess them, so that the Jebusites live with the Benjaminites in Jerusalem to the present day.(M)

22 The house of Joseph, too, went up against Bethel, and the Lord was with them. 23 The house of Joseph reconnoitered Bethel, which formerly was called Luz.(N) 24 The scouts saw a man coming out of the city and said to him, “Tell us the way into the city, and we will show you mercy.” 25 He showed them the way into the city, and they put the city to the sword; but they let the man and his whole clan go free. 26 The man then went to the land of the Hittites, where he built a city and called it Luz, which is its name to this day.

27 (O)Manasseh did not take possession of Beth-shean with its towns or of Taanach with its towns. Nor did they dispossess the inhabitants of Dor and its towns, those of Ibleam and its towns, or those of Megiddo and its towns. The Canaanites continued to live in this district. 28 When Israel grew stronger, they conscripted the Canaanites as laborers, but did not actually drive them out. 29 (P)Ephraim did not drive out the Canaanites living in Gezer, and so the Canaanites lived among them in Gezer.

30 (Q)Nor did Zebulun dispossess the inhabitants of Kitron or those of Nahalol; the Canaanites lived among them and became forced laborers.

31 (R)Nor did Asher dispossess the inhabitants of Acco or those of Sidon, or take possession of Mahaleb, Achzib, Helbah, Aphik, or Rehob. 32 So the Asherites settled among the Canaanite inhabitants of the land, for they had not dispossessed them.

33 (S)Nor did Naphtali drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh or those of Beth-anath. They settled among the Canaanite inhabitants of the land and the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh and Beth-anath became forced laborers for them.

34 The Amorites hemmed in the Danites in the mountain region, not permitting them to come down onto the plain. 35 So the Amorites continued to live in Harheres, Aijalon, and Shaalbim, but as the power of the house of Joseph grew, they were conscripted as laborers.

36 The territory of the Amorites extended from the Akrabbim pass, from Sela and upward.

Footnotes

  1. 1:1–36 The chapter depicts the Israelite settlement of Canaan as a gradual and incomplete process (cf. Ex 23:29–30; Dt 7:22). This picture contrasts sharply with that found in Joshua, where the conquest is rapid and total. Accordingly, some scholars believe that Jgs 1 derives from an early account, which is less idealized and more realistic than that on which Joshua is based. Others, noting that Judah is presented as the only tribe that was completely successful in driving foreigners from its territory, think that the account was written at a late date and reflects suspicion in Judah about foreign elements in the Israelite populations of outlying areas (cf. 2 Kgs 17:24–33).
  2. 1:8 See note on 1:21 below.
  3. 1:16 Hobab the Kenite, Moses’ father-in-law: as in 4:11. However, in Nm 10:29 Hobab is identified as Moses’ brother-in-law, while Reuel is identified as Moses’ father-in-law (see also Ex 2:18). The more common name of Moses’ father-in-law is Jethro, also a Midianite (e.g., Ex 3:1). It is impossible to sort out the relationships among these three men in the ancient traditions. City of Palms: Jericho (cf. Dt 34:3) or a town in the Negeb.
  4. 1:17 The ban…Hormah: the narrator relates the city-name “Hormah” to “the ban” (Hebrew herem), which commanded the Israelites to devote to the Lord—and thus to destroy—whatever was captured within the land (cf. Dt 20:10–18).
  5. 1:18 Gaza…Ashkelon…Ekron…Ashdod: four of the five major cities of the Philistines (see note on 3:3). Since these cities were on the coastal plain, the statement that Judah captured them is contrary to v. 19, which notes Judah’s failure to drive out the inhabitants of the lowlands. In the Septuagint the problem is removed by changing the beginning of this verse to read “Judah did not dispossess….”
  6. 1:21 According to Jos 18:16, Jerusalem was assigned to the tribe of Benjamin. According to the notice in 1:8 above, the city was burned by the Judahites, but elsewhere (2 Sm 5:6–9) we learn that it was not actually taken from the Jebusites until David captured it and made it his capital.