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Jephthah Called to Be Judge

11 Jephthah was a soldier from the region of Gilead. Jephthah’s father was named Gilead. His mother was a prostitute. Gilead’s wife also gave birth to sons. When his wife’s sons grew up, they threw Jephthah out. They told him, “You’ll get no inheritance from our father. You’re the son of that other woman.” Jephthah fled from his brothers. He went to live in the land of Tob. Worthless men gathered around Jephthah and went out ⌞on raids⌟ with him.

Later, Ammon waged war with Israel. When the Ammonites attacked Israel, Gilead’s leaders went to get Jephthah from the land of Tob. They said to Jephthah, “Come and be our commander so that we can wage war against Ammon.”

But Jephthah replied to Gilead’s leaders, “Don’t you hate me? Didn’t you throw me out of my father’s house? So why are you coming to me now when you’re in trouble?”

Gilead’s leaders answered Jephthah, “The reason we’ve turned to you now is that we want you to go with us and wage war against Ammon. You will be the ruler of everyone who lives in Gilead.”

Jephthah told them, “If you take me back to fight against Ammonites and the Lord gives them to me, I will be your leader.”

10 Gilead’s leaders said to Jephthah, “The Lord is a witness between us. We will certainly do what you say.” 11 Jephthah went with them, and the people made him their leader and commander. So Jephthah went to Mizpah and repeated all these things in the presence of the Lord.

The King of Ammon Refuses to Deal with Jephthah

12 Jephthah sent messengers to the king of Ammon. They asked the king, “Why did you invade my land and wage war against me?”

13 The king of Ammon answered Jephthah’s messengers, “When the people of Israel left Egypt, they took my land. It stretched from the Arnon River to the Jabbok River and the Jordan River. Now give it back peacefully.”

14 Jephthah again sent messengers to the king of Ammon. 15 They said, “This is what Jephthah says: The people of Israel didn’t take away the land belonging to Moab or Ammon. 16 When the people of Israel left Egypt, they went through the desert to the Red Sea and came to Kadesh. 17 The people of Israel sent messengers to the king of Edom. They said, ‘Please let us go through your country.’ But the king of Edom wouldn’t listen to them. They also sent messengers to the king of Moab. But he wouldn’t allow it, either. So the people of Israel remained at Kadesh.

18 “Then they went through the desert, by-passing Edom and Moab. They camped east of Moab—east of the Arnon River. They did not cross the Arnon River because it was Moab’s border.

19 “Then the people of Israel sent messengers to King Sihon of the Amorites. Sihon ruled from Heshbon. The people of Israel said to him, ‘Please let us go through your land to our own.’ 20 But Sihon did not trust the Israelites enough to let them go through his territory. Sihon assembled all his troops. He camped at Jahaz and attacked Israel. 21 But the Lord God of Israel handed Sihon and all his people over to Israel. Israel defeated them and took possession of all the land of the Amorites who lived there. 22 Israel took all the Amorite territory from the Arnon River to the Jabbok River and from the desert to the Jordan River.

23 “The Lord God of Israel forced the Amorites out of the way of his people Israel. So what right do you have to take it back? 24 Shouldn’t you take possession of what your god Chemosh took for you? Shouldn’t we take everything the Lord our God took for us? 25 You’re not any better than Balak, son of King Zippor of Moab, are you? Did he ever have a case against Israel? Or did he ever fight against Israel? 26 Israel has now lived in Heshbon, Aroer, all their villages, and in all the cities along the Arnon River for 300 years. Why didn’t you recapture these cities during that time? 27 I haven’t sinned against you. But you have done wrong by waging war against me. The Lord is the judge who will decide today whether Israel or Ammon is right.”

28 But the king of Ammon didn’t listen to the message Jephthah sent him.

Jephthah’s Vow

29 Then the Lord’s Spirit came over Jephthah. Jephthah went through Gilead, Manasseh, and Mizpah in Gilead ⌞to gather an army⌟. From Mizpah in Gilead Jephthah went to attack Ammon.

30 Jephthah made a vow to the Lord. He said, “If you will really hand Ammon over to me, 31 then whatever comes out of the doors of my house to meet me when I return safely from Ammon will belong to the Lord. I will sacrifice it as a burnt offering.”

32 So Jephthah went to fight against Ammon. The Lord handed the people of Ammon over to him. 33 He defeated them from Aroer to Minnith and on to Abel Keramim, 20 cities in all. It was a decisive defeat. So the Ammonites were crushed by the people of Israel.

34 When Jephthah went to his home in Mizpah, he saw his daughter coming out to meet him. She was dancing with tambourines in her hands. She was his only child. Jephthah had no other sons or daughters. 35 When he saw her, he tore his clothes in grief and said, “Oh no, Daughter! You’ve brought me to my knees! What disaster you’ve brought me! I made a foolish promise to the Lord. Now I can’t break it.”

36 She said to him, “Father, you made a promise to the Lord. Do to me whatever you promised since the Lord has punished your enemy Ammon.” 37 Then she said to her father, “Do me a favor. Give me two months for my friends and me to walk in the mountains and mourn that I will never have an opportunity to get married.”

38 “Go!” he said, and he sent her off for two months. She and her friends went to the mountains, and she cried about never being able to get married. 39 At the end of those two months she came back to her father. He did to her what he had vowed, and she never had a husband. So the custom began in Israel 40 that for four days every year the girls in Israel would go out to sing the praises of the daughter of Jephthah, the man from Gilead.

Jephthah Delivers Israel

11 Now (A)Jephthah the Gileadite was (B)a mighty warrior, but he was the son of a prostitute. Gilead was the father of Jephthah. And Gilead's wife also bore him sons. And when his wife's sons grew up, they drove Jephthah out and said to him, “You shall not have an inheritance in our father's house, for you are the son of another woman.” Then Jephthah fled from his brothers and lived in the land of (C)Tob, and (D)worthless fellows collected around Jephthah and went out with him.

After a time the Ammonites made war against Israel. And when the Ammonites made war against Israel, the elders of Gilead went to bring Jephthah from the land of (E)Tob. And they said to Jephthah, “Come and be our leader, that we may fight against the Ammonites.” But Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, “Did you not hate me and drive me out of my father's house? Why have you come to me now when you are in distress?” And the elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, “That is why we have turned to you now, that you may go with us and fight against the Ammonites and (F)be our head over all the inhabitants of Gilead.” Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, “If you bring me home again to fight against the Ammonites, and the Lord gives them over to me, I will be your head.” 10 And the elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, (G)“The Lord will be witness between us, if we do not do as you say.” 11 So Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people (H)made him head and leader over them. And Jephthah spoke all his words (I)before the Lord at (J)Mizpah.

12 Then Jephthah sent messengers to the king of the Ammonites and said, “What do you have against me, that you have come to me to fight against my land?” 13 And the king of the Ammonites answered the messengers of Jephthah, (K)“Because Israel on coming up from Egypt took away my land, from the (L)Arnon to the (M)Jabbok and to the Jordan; now therefore restore it peaceably.” 14 Jephthah again sent messengers to the king of the Ammonites 15 and said to him, “Thus says Jephthah: (N)Israel did not take away the land of Moab or the land of the Ammonites, 16 but when they came up from Egypt, Israel went through the wilderness (O)to the Red Sea and (P)came to Kadesh. 17 (Q)Israel then sent messengers to the king of Edom, saying, ‘Please let us pass through your land,’ (R)but the king of Edom would not listen. And they sent also to the king of Moab, but he would not consent. So Israel (S)remained at Kadesh.

18 “Then they journeyed through the wilderness and (T)went around the land of Edom and the land of Moab and (U)arrived on the east side of the land of Moab and (V)camped on the other side of the Arnon. But they did not enter the territory of Moab, for the Arnon was the boundary of Moab. 19 (W)Israel then sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, king of Heshbon, and Israel said to him, ‘Please let us pass through your land to our country,’ 20 but Sihon did not trust Israel to pass through his territory, so Sihon gathered all his people together and encamped at Jahaz and fought with Israel. 21 And the Lord, the God of Israel, gave Sihon and all his people into the hand of Israel, and they defeated them. So Israel took possession of all the land of the Amorites, who inhabited that country. 22 And they took possession of all the territory of the Amorites from the Arnon to the Jabbok and from the wilderness to the Jordan. 23 So then the Lord, the God of Israel, dispossessed the Amorites from before his people Israel; and are you to take possession of them? 24 Will you not possess what (X)Chemosh your god gives you to possess? (Y)And all that the Lord our God has dispossessed before us, we will possess. 25 Now are you any better than (Z)Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab? Did he ever contend against Israel, or did he ever go to war with them? 26 While Israel lived (AA)in Heshbon and its villages, and (AB)in Aroer and its villages, and in all the cities that are on the banks of the Arnon, 300 years, why did you not deliver them within that time? 27 I therefore have not sinned against you, and you do me wrong by making war on me. (AC)The Lord, the Judge, decide this day between the people of Israel and the people of Ammon.” 28 But the king of the Ammonites did not listen to the words of Jephthah that he sent to him.

Jephthah's Tragic Vow

29 (AD)Then the Spirit of the Lord was upon Jephthah, and he passed through Gilead and Manasseh and passed on to Mizpah of Gilead, and from Mizpah of Gilead he passed on to the Ammonites. 30 And Jephthah (AE)made a vow to the Lord and said, “If you will give the Ammonites into my hand, 31 then whatever[a] comes out from the doors of my house to meet me when I return in peace from the Ammonites (AF)shall be the Lord's, and (AG)I will offer it[b] up for a burnt offering.” 32 So Jephthah crossed over to the Ammonites to fight against them, and the Lord gave them into his hand. 33 And he struck them from Aroer to the neighborhood of (AH)Minnith, twenty cities, and as far as Abel-keramim, with a great blow. So the Ammonites were subdued before the people of Israel.

34 Then Jephthah came to his home at (AI)Mizpah. And behold, his daughter came out to meet him (AJ)with tambourines and with dances. She was his only child; besides her he had neither son nor daughter. 35 And as soon as he saw her, he tore his clothes and said, “Alas, my daughter! You have brought me very low, and you have become the cause of great trouble to me. For I have opened my mouth to the Lord, (AK)and I cannot take back my vow.” 36 And she said to him, “My father, you have opened your mouth to the Lord; do to me according to what has gone out of your mouth, now that the Lord has avenged you on your enemies, on the Ammonites.” 37 So she said to her father, “Let this thing be done for me: leave me alone two months, that I may go up and down on the mountains and weep for my virginity, I and my companions.” 38 So he said, “Go.” Then he sent her away for two months, and she departed, she and her companions, and wept for her virginity on the mountains. 39 And at the end of two months, she returned to her father, (AL)who did with her according to his vow that he had made. She had never known a man, and it became a custom in Israel 40 that the daughters of Israel went year by year to lament the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite four days in the year.

Footnotes

  1. Judges 11:31 Or whoever
  2. Judges 11:31 Or him

Jephté

11 Jephté, originaire de Galaad, était un guerrier valeureux. Il était le fils d’une prostituée et d’un homme appelé Galaad. Lorsque la femme légitime de cet homme lui eut aussi donné des fils, et que ceux-ci furent devenus adultes, ils chassèrent Jephté du foyer en lui disant : Tu n’auras pas d’héritage chez notre père, car tu es le fils d’une autre femme !

Et Jephté s’enfuit loin de ses frères. Il se fixa dans la région de Tob. Bientôt, toute une bande d’aventuriers se regroupa autour de lui pour entreprendre des raids avec lui.

C’est à cette période que les Ammonites[a] firent la guerre à Israël. Quand ils attaquèrent les Israélites, les responsables de Galaad allèrent chercher Jephté, dans la région de Tob. Ils lui dirent : Viens prendre le commandement de nos troupes pour que nous combattions les Ammonites.

Jephté leur répondit : Vous m’avez haï et vous m’avez chassé de chez mon père. Comment osez-vous faire appel à moi maintenant que vous êtes dans la détresse ?

Les responsables reprirent : C’est bien pour cela que nous revenons vers toi maintenant. Si tu viens avec nous et si tu combats les Ammonites, tu deviendras notre chef à tous et tu seras à la tête de toute la population de Galaad.

– Soit, répliqua Jephté. Mais si vous me faites revenir pour combattre les Ammonites, et que l’Eternel me donne la victoire sur eux, je resterai votre chef.

10 Alors les responsables de Galaad lui déclarèrent : L’Eternel en est témoin ! Qu’il nous punisse si nous ne faisons pas ce que tu as dit.

11 Alors Jephté partit avec les responsables de Galaad. Le peuple le nomma chef et le mit à la tête des troupes. Jephté répéta les termes de l’accord conclu avec les responsables devant l’Eternel à Mitspa.

Le message de Jephté aux Ammonites

12 Jephté envoya des messagers dire au roi des Ammonites : Qu’est-ce que tu as contre moi pour que tu viennes faire la guerre dans mon pays ?

13 Le roi des Ammonites répondit aux messagers : C’est parce que les Israélites se sont emparés de mon pays lorsqu’ils sont sortis d’Egypte. Ils m’ont pris tout le territoire situé entre la vallée de l’Arnon, le torrent du Yabboq et la vallée du Jourdain. Rends-les-moi maintenant de bon gré.

14 Jephté envoya de nouveau une délégation au roi des Ammonites 15 pour lui dire : Ainsi parle Jephté : « Israël ne s’est emparé ni du pays de Moab ni de celui des Ammonites. »

16 En effet, après avoir quitté l’Egypte, les Israélites ont traversé le désert jusqu’à la mer des Roseaux et ils sont arrivés à Qadesh. 17 Alors ils ont envoyé des messagers au roi d’Edom pour lui demander l’autorisation de traverser son pays. Mais celui-ci refusa. Après cela, ils ont fait la même demande au roi de Moab, qui refusa également. Et Israël est resté à Qadesh. 18 Par la suite, ils ont repris leur marche à travers le désert en contournant le pays d’Edom et celui de Moab. Ils sont arrivés à l’est du pays de Moab et ils ont établi leur camp de l’autre côté de l’Arnon, sans pénétrer dans le territoire de Moab dont l’Arnon constitue la frontière. 19 Alors Israël a envoyé des messagers à Sihôn, roi des Amoréens à Heshbôn, en lui faisant dire : « Permets-nous, s’il te plaît, de traverser ton pays pour arriver au lieu où nous allons. »

20 Mais Sihôn ne fit pas confiance à Israël pour lui permettre de passer sur son territoire. Il mobilisa toutes ses troupes et prit position à Yahats, puis engagea le combat contre Israël. 21 Mais l’Eternel, le Dieu d’Israël, a livré Sihôn et toute son armée aux Israélites qui les ont battus. Ainsi les Israélites ont conquis tout le pays des Amoréens qui habitaient dans cette contrée. 22 Ils ont conquis tout le territoire des Amoréens depuis l’Arnon jusqu’au torrent du Yabboq et depuis le désert jusqu’au Jourdain.

23 Maintenant que l’Eternel, le Dieu d’Israël, a enlevé leur territoire aux Amoréens et l’a donné à son peuple Israël, tu voudrais, toi, les en déposséder ? 24 Tu possèdes bien tout le territoire que ton dieu Kemosh t’a donné. Alors pourquoi ne posséderions-nous pas tout ce que l’Eternel notre Dieu nous a permis de conquérir ? 25 D’autre part, te crois-tu vraiment plus fort que Balaq, fils de Tsippor, le roi de Moab ? A-t-il jamais osé contester avec Israël ou lui faire la guerre ? 26 Cela fait trois cents ans qu’Israël est installé à Heshbôn et Aroër, et dans les villes qui en dépendent, ainsi que dans toutes les localités qui bordent l’Arnon. Pourquoi ne les leur avez-vous pas reprises pendant tout ce temps-là ? 27 Moi, je n’ai commis aucune faute contre toi, c’est toi qui agis mal en venant me faire la guerre. Que l’Eternel, le Juge, rende aujourd’hui son jugement entre les descendants d’Israël et ceux d’Ammon !

28 Mais le roi des Ammonites ne tint aucun compte du message que Jephté lui avait fait transmettre.

Le vœu de Jephté et sa victoire sur les Ammonites

29 Alors l’Esprit de l’Eternel descendit sur Jephté. Celui-ci traversa les territoires de Galaad et de Manassé, puis il passa à Mitspé en Galaad, et de là, il s’avança pour attaquer les Ammonites. 30 Jephté fit un vœu à l’Eternel et dit : Si vraiment tu me donnes la victoire sur les Ammonites, 31 je te consacrerai et je t’offrirai en holocauste la première personne qui sortira de ma maison pour venir à ma rencontre, quand je reviendrai en vainqueur de la bataille contre les Ammonites.

32 Jephté se lança à l’attaque des Ammonites et l’Eternel lui donna la victoire sur eux. 33 Il leur infligea de lourdes pertes dans vingt bourgs situés entre Aroër et Minnith et jusqu’à la région d’Abel-Qeramim. Ce fut une très grande défaite pour les Ammonites qui furent ainsi affaiblis par les Israélites.

La fille de Jephté

34 Après la bataille, Jephté retourna chez lui à Mitspa. Et voici que sa fille sortit à sa rencontre en dansant au rythme des tambourins. C’était son unique enfant ; à part elle, il n’avait ni fils, ni fille. 35 Dès qu’il l’aperçut, il déchira ses vêtements et s’écria : Ah ! ma fille ! Tu m’accables de chagrin ! Faut-il que ce soit toi qui causes mon désespoir ! J’ai donné ma parole à l’Eternel et je ne puis revenir sur ma promesse.

36 Elle lui dit : Mon père, si tu as donné ta parole à l’Eternel, agis envers moi comme tu l’as promis, puisque l’Eternel a réglé leur compte aux Ammonites, tes ennemis.

37 Puis elle ajouta : Je ne te demande qu’une chose : Accorde-moi un délai de deux mois : j’irai avec mes amies dans les montagnes, pour y pleurer de ce qu’il me faille mourir avant d’avoir été mariée.

38 Jephté lui dit : « Va ! » et la laissa partir pour deux mois. Elle s’en alla avec ses amies sur les montagnes pour y pleurer de devoir mourir sans être mariée. 39 A la fin des deux mois, elle revint auprès de son père, et il accomplit envers sa fille, qui était vierge, le vœu qu’il avait fait. C’est là l’origine de la coutume qui s’établit en Israël : 40 chaque année les jeunes filles s’en vont pendant quatre jours pour célébrer la fille de Jephté, le Galaadite.

Footnotes

  1. 11.4 Voir note 3.13.

11 Jephthah(A) the Gileadite was a mighty warrior.(B) His father was Gilead;(C) his mother was a prostitute.(D) Gilead’s wife also bore him sons, and when they were grown up, they drove Jephthah away. “You are not going to get any inheritance in our family,” they said, “because you are the son of another woman.” So Jephthah fled from his brothers and settled in the land of Tob,(E) where a gang of scoundrels(F) gathered around him and followed him.

Some time later, when the Ammonites(G) were fighting against Israel, the elders of Gilead went to get Jephthah from the land of Tob. “Come,” they said, “be our commander, so we can fight the Ammonites.”

Jephthah said to them, “Didn’t you hate me and drive me from my father’s house?(H) Why do you come to me now, when you’re in trouble?”

The elders of Gilead said to him, “Nevertheless, we are turning to you now; come with us to fight the Ammonites, and you will be head(I) over all of us who live in Gilead.”

Jephthah answered, “Suppose you take me back to fight the Ammonites and the Lord gives them to me—will I really be your head?”

10 The elders of Gilead replied, “The Lord is our witness;(J) we will certainly do as you say.” 11 So Jephthah went with the elders(K) of Gilead, and the people made him head and commander over them. And he repeated(L) all his words before the Lord in Mizpah.(M)

12 Then Jephthah sent messengers to the Ammonite king with the question: “What do you have against me that you have attacked my country?”

13 The king of the Ammonites answered Jephthah’s messengers, “When Israel came up out of Egypt, they took away my land from the Arnon(N) to the Jabbok,(O) all the way to the Jordan. Now give it back peaceably.”

14 Jephthah sent back messengers to the Ammonite king, 15 saying:

“This is what Jephthah says: Israel did not take the land of Moab(P) or the land of the Ammonites.(Q) 16 But when they came up out of Egypt, Israel went through the wilderness to the Red Sea[a](R) and on to Kadesh.(S) 17 Then Israel sent messengers(T) to the king of Edom, saying, ‘Give us permission to go through your country,’(U) but the king of Edom would not listen. They sent also to the king of Moab,(V) and he refused.(W) So Israel stayed at Kadesh.

18 “Next they traveled through the wilderness, skirted the lands of Edom(X) and Moab, passed along the eastern side(Y) of the country of Moab, and camped on the other side of the Arnon.(Z) They did not enter the territory of Moab, for the Arnon was its border.

19 “Then Israel sent messengers(AA) to Sihon king of the Amorites, who ruled in Heshbon,(AB) and said to him, ‘Let us pass through your country to our own place.’(AC) 20 Sihon, however, did not trust Israel[b] to pass through his territory. He mustered all his troops and encamped at Jahaz and fought with Israel.(AD)

21 “Then the Lord, the God of Israel, gave Sihon and his whole army into Israel’s hands, and they defeated them. Israel took over all the land of the Amorites who lived in that country, 22 capturing all of it from the Arnon to the Jabbok and from the desert to the Jordan.(AE)

23 “Now since the Lord, the God of Israel, has driven the Amorites out before his people Israel, what right have you to take it over? 24 Will you not take what your god Chemosh(AF) gives you? Likewise, whatever the Lord our God has given us,(AG) we will possess. 25 Are you any better than Balak son of Zippor,(AH) king of Moab? Did he ever quarrel with Israel or fight with them?(AI) 26 For three hundred years Israel occupied(AJ) Heshbon, Aroer,(AK) the surrounding settlements and all the towns along the Arnon. Why didn’t you retake them during that time? 27 I have not wronged you, but you are doing me wrong by waging war against me. Let the Lord, the Judge,(AL) decide(AM) the dispute this day between the Israelites and the Ammonites.(AN)

28 The king of Ammon, however, paid no attention to the message Jephthah sent him.

29 Then the Spirit(AO) of the Lord came on Jephthah. He crossed Gilead and Manasseh, passed through Mizpah(AP) of Gilead, and from there he advanced against the Ammonites.(AQ) 30 And Jephthah made a vow(AR) to the Lord: “If you give the Ammonites into my hands, 31 whatever comes out of the door of my house to meet me when I return in triumph(AS) from the Ammonites will be the Lord’s, and I will sacrifice it as a burnt offering.(AT)

32 Then Jephthah went over to fight the Ammonites, and the Lord gave them into his hands. 33 He devastated twenty towns from Aroer to the vicinity of Minnith,(AU) as far as Abel Keramim. Thus Israel subdued Ammon.

34 When Jephthah returned to his home in Mizpah, who should come out to meet him but his daughter, dancing(AV) to the sound of timbrels!(AW) She was an only child.(AX) Except for her he had neither son nor daughter. 35 When he saw her, he tore his clothes(AY) and cried, “Oh no, my daughter! You have brought me down and I am devastated. I have made a vow to the Lord that I cannot break.(AZ)

36 “My father,” she replied, “you have given your word to the Lord. Do to me just as you promised,(BA) now that the Lord has avenged you(BB) of your enemies,(BC) the Ammonites. 37 But grant me this one request,” she said. “Give me two months to roam the hills and weep with my friends, because I will never marry.”

38 “You may go,” he said. And he let her go for two months. She and her friends went into the hills and wept because she would never marry. 39 After the two months, she returned to her father, and he did to her as he had vowed. And she was a virgin.

From this comes the Israelite tradition 40 that each year the young women of Israel go out for four days to commemorate the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite.

Footnotes

  1. Judges 11:16 Or the Sea of Reeds
  2. Judges 11:20 Or however, would not make an agreement for Israel