Footnotes

1. Judges 11:1 tn Heb “Now he was the son of a woman, a prostitute, and Gilead fathered Jephthah.”
2. Judges 11:2 tn Heb “bore.”
3. Judges 11:2 tn Heb “in the house of our father.”
4. Judges 11:3 tn Or “fled from.”
5. Judges 11:3 tn Heb “brothers.”
6. Judges 11:3 tn Heb “Empty men joined themselves to Jephthah and went out with him.”
7. Judges 11:5 tn Heb “When the Ammonites fought with Israel.”
8. Judges 11:5 tn Or “elders.”
9. Judges 11:5 tn Heb “went to take Jephthah.”
10. Judges 11:6 tn Heb “to Jephthah.”
11. Judges 11:7 tn Heb “Did you not hate me and make me leave?”
12. Judges 11:8 tn Heb “therefore”; “even so.” For MT לָכֵן (lakhen, “therefore”) the LXX has an opposite reading, “not so,” which seems to be based on the Hebrew words לֹא כֵן (loʾ khen).
13. Judges 11:8 tn Heb “we have returned to you.” For another example of שׁוּב אֶל (shuv ʾel) in the sense of “give allegiance to,” see 1 Kgs 12:27b.
14. Judges 11:8 sn Then you will become the leader. The leaders of Gilead now use the word רֹאשׁ (roʾsh, “head, leader”), the same term that appeared in their original, general offer (see 10:18). In their initial offer to Jephthah they had simply invited him to be their קָצִין (qatsin, “commander”; v. 6). When he resists they must offer him a more attractive reward—rulership over the region. See R. G. Boling, Judges (AB), 198.
15. Judges 11:8 tn Heb “leader of us and all who live in Gilead.”
16. Judges 11:9 tn “All right” is supplied in the translation for clarification.
17. Judges 11:9 tn Heb “places them before me.”
18. Judges 11:9 tn Some translate the final statement as a question, “will I really be your leader?” An affirmative sentence is preferable. Jephthah is repeating the terms of the agreement in an official manner. In v. 10 the leaders legally agree to these terms.
19. Judges 11:10 tn Heb “The Lord will be the one who hears between us.” For the idiom שָׁמַע בַּיִן (shamaʿ bayin, “to hear between”), see Deut 1:16.
20. Judges 11:10 sn The Lord will judge…if we do not do as you say. The statement by the leaders of Gilead takes the form of a legally binding oath, which obligates them to the terms of the agreement.
21. Judges 11:11 tn Heb “spoke all his words.” This probably refers to the “words” recorded in v. 9. Jephthah repeats the terms of the agreement at the Lord’s sanctuary, perhaps to ratify the contract or to emphasize the Gileadites’ obligation to keep their part of the bargain. Another option is to translate, “Jephthah conducted business before the Lord in Mizpah.” In this case, the statement is a general reference to the way Jephthah ruled. He recognized the Lord’s authority and made his decisions before the Lord.
22. Judges 11:12 tn Heb “What to me and to you that…?”
23. Judges 11:13 tn Or “took”; or “seized.”
24. Judges 11:13 tn Heb “he” (a collective singular).
25. Judges 11:13 tn Heb “from the Arnon to the Jabbok and to the Jordan.” The word “River” has been supplied in the translation with “Arnon” and “Jabbok,” because these are less familiar to modern readers than the Jordan.
26. Judges 11:13 tc The translation assumes a singular suffix (“[return] it”); the Hebrew text has a plural suffix (“[return] them”), which, if retained, might refer to the cities of the land.
27. Judges 11:15 tn Or “take”; or “seize.”
28. Judges 11:16 tn Heb “For when they went up from.”
29. Judges 11:16 tn Or “went.”
30. Judges 11:17 tn Heb “me.” (Collective Israel is the speaker.)
31. Judges 11:17 tn Heb “did not listen.”
32. Judges 11:17 tn Heb “Also to the king of Moab he sent, but he was unwilling.”
33. Judges 11:18 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Israel; the pronoun in the Hebrew text represents a collective singular) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
34. Judges 11:18 tn The word “River” is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
35. Judges 11:19 tn Heb “to my place.”
36. Judges 11:20 tn Heb “Sihon.” The proper name (“Sihon”) has been replaced in the translation by the pronoun (“he”) because of English style; a repetition of the proper name here would be redundant in English.
37. Judges 11:20 tn Heb “all his people” (also in the following verse).
38. Judges 11:21 tn That is, took as its own possession.
39. Judges 11:22 tn Heb “from the Arnon to the Jabbok, and from the desert to the Jordan.” The word “River” has been supplied in the translation with “Arnon” and “Jabbok,” because these are less familiar to modern readers than the Jordan.
40. Judges 11:23 tn Heb “Now.”
41. Judges 11:23 tn Or “dispossessed.”
42. Judges 11:23 tn Heb “will you dispossess him [i.e., Israel; or possibly “it,” i.e., the territory]?” There is no interrogative marker in the Hebrew text.
43. Judges 11:24 tn Heb “Is it not so that what Chemosh your god causes you to possess, you possess, and all whom the Lord our God dispossesses before us we will possess?” Jephthah speaks of Chemosh as if he is on a par with the Lord God of Israel. This does not necessarily mean that Jephthah is polytheistic or that he recognizes the Lord as only a local deity. He may simply be assuming the Ammonite king’s perspective for the sake of argument. Other texts, as well as the extrabiblical Mesha inscription, associate Chemosh with Moab, while Milcom is identified as the god of the Ammonites. Why then does Jephthah refer to Chemosh as the Ammonite god? Ammon had likely conquered Moab and the Ammonite king probably regarded himself as heir of all territory formerly held by Moab. Originally Moab had owned the disputed territory (cf. Num 21:26-29), meaning that Chemosh was regarded as the god of the region (see R. G. Boling, Judges [AB], 203-4). Jephthah argues that Chemosh had long ago relinquished claim to the area (by allowing Sihon to conquer it), while the Lord had long ago established jurisdiction over it (by taking it from Sihon and giving it to Israel). Both sides should abide by the decisions of the gods which had stood firm for 300 years.
44. Judges 11:25 tn The Hebrew grammatical constructions of all three rhetorical questions indicate emphasis, which “really” and “dare to” are intended to express in the translation. sn Jephthah argues that the Ammonite king should follow the example of Balak, who, once thwarted in his attempt to bring a curse on Israel, refused to attack Israel and returned home (Num 22-24).
45. Judges 11:27 tn Or “sinned against you.”
46. Judges 11:27 tn Or “evil.”
47. Judges 11:28 tn Heb “did not listen to.”
48. Judges 11:28 tn Heb “Jephthah’s words which he sent to him.”
49. Judges 11:29 tn Heb “was on.”
50. Judges 11:29 tn Heb “passed through.”
51. Judges 11:29 tn Heb “From Mizpah in Gilead he passed through [to] the Ammonites.”
52. Judges 11:31 tn Heb “the one coming out, who comes out from.” The text uses a masculine singular participle with prefixed article, followed by a relative pronoun and third masculine singular verb. The substantival masculine singular participle הַיּוֹצֵא (hayyotseʾ, “the one coming out”) is used elsewhere of inanimate objects (such as a desert [Num 21:13] or a word [Num 32:24]) or persons (Jer 5:6; 21:9; 38:2). In each case context must determine the referent. Jephthah may have envisioned an animal meeting him, since the construction of Iron Age houses would allow for an animal coming through the doors of a house (see R. G. Boling, Judges [AB], 208). But the fact that he actually does offer up his daughter indicates the language of the vow is fluid enough to encompass human beings, including women. He probably intended such an offering from the very beginning, but he obviously did not expect his daughter to meet him first.
53. Judges 11:31 tn The language is fluid enough to include women and perhaps even animals, but the translation uses the masculine pronoun because the Hebrew form is grammatically masculine.
54. Judges 11:31 tn Some translate “or,” suggesting that Jephthah makes a distinction between humans and animals. According to this view, if a human comes through the door, then Jephthah will commit him/her to the Lord’s service, but if an animal comes through the doors, he will offer it up as a sacrifice. However, it is far more likely that the Hebrew construction (vav [ו] + perfect) specifies how the subject will become the Lord’s, that is, by being offered up as a sacrifice. For similar constructions, where the apodosis of a conditional sentence has at least two perfects (each with vav) in sequence, see Gen 34:15-16; Exod 18:16.
55. Judges 11:32 tn Heb “passed over to.”
56. Judges 11:33 tn Heb “with a very great slaughter.”
57. Judges 11:33 tn Heb “The Ammonites were humbled before the Israelites.”
58. Judges 11:34 tn Heb “Look! His daughter was coming out.”
59. Judges 11:34 tn Heb “with tambourines and dancing.”
60. Judges 11:35 tn Heb “you have brought me very low,” or “you have knocked me to my knees.” The infinitive absolute precedes the verb for emphasis.
61. Judges 11:35 tn Heb “You are among [or “like”] those who trouble me.”
62. Judges 11:35 tn Heb “I opened my mouth to the Lord and I am not able to return.”
63. Judges 11:36 tn The conjunction “since” is supplied in the translation for clarification.
64. Judges 11:36 tn Heb “you opened your mouth to the Lord, do to me according to [what] went out from your mouth.”
65. Judges 11:36 tn Or “has given you vengeance against.”
66. Judges 11:37 tn Heb “Let this thing be done for me.”
67. Judges 11:37 tn Heb “Leave me alone for two months so I can go and go down on the hills and weep over my virginity—I and my friends.”
68. Judges 11:38 tn Heb “he sent her.”
69. Judges 11:38 tn Heb “on the hills.” The words “as she walked” are supplied.
70. Judges 11:39 tn Heb “She had never known a man.” Some understand this to mean that her father committed her to a life of celibacy, but the disjunctive clause (note the vav + subject + verb pattern) more likely describes her condition at the time the vow was fulfilled. (See G. F. Moore, Judges [ICC], 302-3; C. F. Burney, Judges, 324.) She died a virgin and never experienced the joys of marriage and motherhood.
71. Judges 11:39 tn Heb “There was a custom in Israel.”
72. Judges 11:40 tn Heb “From days to days,” a Hebrew idiom for “annually.”
73. Judges 11:40 tn Heb “go to commemorate.” The rare Hebrew verb תָּנָה (tanah, “to tell; to repeat; to recount”) occurs only here and in 5:11.
74. Judges 11:40 tn The Hebrew text adds, “in the year.” This is redundant (note “every year” at the beginning of the verse) and has not been included in the translation for stylistic reasons.