The Kings Defeated by the Israelites

12 ^(A) Before Moses died, he and the people of Israel had defeated two kings east of the Jordan River. These kings had ruled the region from the Arnon River gorge in the south to Mount Hermon in the north, including the eastern side of the Jordan River valley.

² The first king that Moses and the Israelites defeated was an Amorite, King Sihon of Heshbon.^[a] The southern border of his kingdom ran down the middle of the Arnon River gorge, taking in the town of Aroer on the northern edge of the gorge. The Jabbok River separated Sihon's kingdom from the Ammonites on the east. Then the Jabbok turned west and became his northern border, so his kingdom included the southern half of the region of Gilead. ³ Sihon also controlled the eastern side of the Jordan River valley from Lake Galilee^[b] south to Beth-Jeshimoth and the Dead Sea. In addition to these regions, he ruled the town called Slopes of Mount Pisgah^[c] and the land south of there at the foot of the hill.