Jérémie 25
La Bible du Semeur
Où mène le refus d’obéir
25 Voici le message qui fut adressé à Jérémie au sujet de tout le peuple de Juda, la quatrième année de Yehoyaqim, fils de Josias, roi de Juda, ce qui correspond à la première année du règne de Nabuchodonosor, roi de Babylone[a]. 2 Jérémie, le prophète, s’adressa à tout le peuple de Juda et à tous les habitants de Jérusalem en ces termes :
3 Depuis la treizième année de Josias, fils d’Amôn, roi de Juda, jusqu’à ce jour, cela fait vingt-trois ans que la parole de l’Eternel m’est adressée et que je vous la transmets, sans me lasser, mais vous ne m’avez pas écouté. 4 L’Eternel vous a envoyé, sans se lasser, tous ses serviteurs les prophètes ; mais vous n’avez ni écouté ni prêté attention à leur message. 5 Ils vous disaient : « Que chacun de vous abandonne sa mauvaise conduite et ses actes mauvais ! Alors vous demeurerez dans le pays que l’Eternel vous a donné, à vos ancêtres et à vous, depuis toujours et pour toujours. 6 Ne courez pas après d’autres dieux pour leur rendre un culte et vous prosterner devant eux, et ne m’irritez pas par des idoles de votre fabrication ; alors je ne vous ferai pas de mal. » 7 Mais vous ne m’avez pas écouté, déclare l’Eternel, et vous m’avez irrité par les idoles que vous vous êtes fabriquées, pour votre propre malheur.
8 C’est pourquoi, voici ce que déclare le Seigneur des armées célestes : Puisque vous n’avez pas écouté mes paroles, 9 je vais envoyer chercher toutes les peuplades du nord – l’Eternel le déclare – et Nabuchodonosor, roi de Babylone, qui sera mon serviteur. Je les ferai venir contre ce pays et contre ses habitants, et contre tous les peuples qui l’entourent. Je les vouerai à l’extermination, je les dévasterai, j’en ferai pour toujours des ruines et l’on sifflera d’horreur à leur sujet. 10 Je ferai disparaître de chez eux tous les cris de réjouissance et d’allégresse, la voix du marié et de la mariée, le bruit de la meule et la lumière de la lampe. 11 Le pays tout entier ne sera plus que ruines et terre dévastée. L’ensemble de ces peuples seront assujettis au roi de Babylone pendant soixante-dix ans[b]. 12 Et au bout de ces soixante-dix ans, je demanderai compte de leur crime au roi de Babylone et à son peuple – l’Eternel le déclare – je sévirai contre le pays des Chaldéens et je le réduirai en désert pour toujours.
13 J’accomplirai contre ce pays toutes les menaces que j’ai proférées contre lui et tout ce qui est écrit dans ce livre, ce que Jérémie a prophétisé au sujet de ces divers peuples[c].
14 Car les Chaldéens eux-mêmes seront assujettis par des peuples nombreux et des rois puissants et je leur rendrai ce que leur auront valu leurs actes et leurs agissements.
La coupe de colère pour tous les peuples
15 Car voici ce que m’a déclaré l’Eternel, le Dieu d’Israël : Prends de ma main cette coupe du vin de la colère et donne-la à boire à tous les peuples vers lesquels je t’envoie. 16 Ils boiront, ils tituberont et seront comme fous devant l’épée que je vais envoyer contre eux.
17 Alors je pris la coupe de la main de l’Eternel et je fis boire tous les peuples vers lesquels l’Eternel m’avait envoyé. 18 Je fis boire Jérusalem, les villes de Juda, ses rois et ses hauts dignitaires, pour en faire une ruine et une terre dévastée, un objet de sifflements horrifiés et de malédiction[d], comme ils le sont à ce jour. 19 Je la fis boire au pharaon, le roi d’Egypte, et à ses fonctionnaires, à ses hauts dignitaires et à tout son peuple, 20 à tout le ramassis de peuples vivant dans leur pays[e], à tous les rois du pays d’Outs, à tous les rois des Philistins, à Ashkelôn, Gaza, Eqrôn et à ce qui reste d’Ashdod[f], 21 à Edom, à Moab ainsi qu’aux Ammonites ; 22 à tous les rois de Tyr, à tous ceux de Sidon ainsi qu’aux rois des îles et des régions côtières au-delà de la mer, 23 à Dedân, à Téma, à Bouz et à tous ceux qui se rasent le haut des joues[g] ; 24 à tous les rois de l’Arabie, à tous les rois des peuples habitant le désert ; 25 à tous les rois des Cimmériens, à tous les rois d’Elam, et à tous les rois de Médie[h] ; 26 à tous les rois du nord, rapprochés ou lointains, l’un après l’autre ; à tous les royaumes du monde répartis sur la terre. Et le roi de Shéshak[i] boira après eux tous.
27 Tu leur diras : Voici ce que déclare le Seigneur des armées célestes, Dieu d’Israël : Buvez, enivrez-vous, vomissez et tombez sans plus vous relever devant l’épée que j’envoie parmi vous ! 28 Si jamais ils refusent de prendre de ta main la coupe pour la boire, alors tu leur diras : Voici ce que déclare le Seigneur des armées célestes : Vous la boirez quand même ! 29 C’est sur la ville qui m’appartient que je commence à faire venir le malheur, et vous en seriez exemptés ? Non, vous n’en serez pas exemptés ! Car je fais venir l’épée contre tous les habitants de la terre, l’Eternel le déclare, le Seigneur des armées célestes.
30 Toi, tu leur prophétiseras toutes ces choses et puis tu leur diras :
L’Eternel rugit de là-haut,
de sa demeure sainte, ╵il donne de la voix,
il pousse des rugissements ╵contre son pâturage,
il crie contre tous les habitants de la terre ╵tout comme ceux qui foulent le raisin.
31 Le tumulte en parvient ╵aux confins de la terre,
car l’Eternel entre en procès ╵avec les peuples,
et il juge tous les humains,
il livre les méchants au glaive,
l’Eternel le déclare.
32 Voici ce que déclare ╵le Seigneur des armées célestes :
Un malheur se propage ╵d’un peuple à l’autre ;
des confins de la terre, ╵un terrible ouragan se lève.
33 Ce jour-là, les victimes frappées par l’Eternel joncheront le sol, d’un bout du monde à l’autre. Nul ne mènera deuil sur eux, on ne les recueillera pas pour les mettre au tombeau. Ils deviendront du fumier sur le sol.
34 Lamentez-vous, bergers, ╵poussez des cris !
Roulez-vous sur le sol, ╵vous puissants du troupeau,
car le jour du massacre ╵est arrivé pour vous.
Vous tomberez ╵et vous serez brisés ╵comme on brise un beau vase.
35 Alors les bergers perdront tout refuge ;
les puissants du troupeau ╵n’auront plus aucun moyen d’échapper.
36 On entend les clameurs ╵poussées par les bergers,
et les lamentations ╵des puissants du troupeau,
car l’Eternel dévaste ╵leurs pâturages.
37 Sous l’effet de son ardente colère,
les paisibles enclos ╵sont réduits au silence.
38 Il quitte sa retraite ╵comme un jeune lion.
Leur pays sera dévasté
à cause de l’épée[j] ╵des oppresseurs,
et de leur ardente colère.
Footnotes
- 25.1 En 605 av. J.-C., l’année où Nabuchodonosor vainquit les Egyptiens à Karkemish, vint à Jérusalem et imposa un tribut au roi Yehoyaqim (voir Dn 1.1-2).
- 25.11 Voir 29.10 ; Dn 9.2 ; 2 Ch 36.21.
- 25.13 C’est ici que l’ancienne version grecque insère les chapitres 46 à 51.
- 25.18 et de malédiction. Autre traduction : cité dans les formules d’imprécations.
- 25.20 L’Egypte a, de tout temps, reçu et cherché à assimiler des étrangers (voir Ex 12.38). Peu avant Jérémie, Psammétique avait enrôlé des Ioniens et des Cariens dans son armée.
- 25.20 Ashdod avait été considérablement réduite après le siège de 29 ans que lui avait imposé le pharaon Psammétique, le père du pharaon Néko.
- 25.23 Voir 9.25.
- 25.25 Les Cimmériens: peuple venant des monts d’Arménie. Selon d’autres, il s’agirait des rois de Zimri, région non identifiée. L’Elam et la Médie se trouvent au nord-est de la Babylonie.
- 25.26 Shéshak désigne Babylone, selon un procédé de codage qui consiste à remplacer la première lettre de l’alphabet par la dernière, la deuxième par l’avant-dernière, etc. (voir Jr 51.1).
- 25.38 l’épée: d’après plusieurs manuscrits hébreux, l’ancienne version grecque et Jr 46.16 ; 50.16. La plupart des manuscrits hébreux ont : la colère.
Jeremiah 25
Good News Translation
The Enemy from the North
25 (A)In the fourth year that Jehoiakim son of Josiah was king of Judah, I received a message from the Lord concerning all the people of Judah. (This was the first year that Nebuchadnezzar was king of Babylonia.) 2 I said to all the people of Judah and of Jerusalem, 3 “For twenty-three years, from the thirteenth year that Josiah son of Amon was king of Judah until this very day, the Lord has spoken to me, and I have never failed to tell you what he said. But you have paid no attention. 4 You would not listen or pay attention, even though the Lord has continued to send you his servants the prophets. 5 They told you to turn from your wicked way of life and from the evil things you are doing, so that you could go on living in the land that the Lord gave you and your ancestors as a permanent possession. 6 They told you not to worship and serve other gods and not to make the Lord angry by worshiping the idols you had made. If you had obeyed the Lord, then he would not have punished you. 7 But the Lord himself says that you refused to listen to him. Instead, you made him angry with your idols and have brought his punishment on yourselves.
8 “So then, because you would not listen to him, the Lord Almighty says, 9 ‘I am going to send for all the peoples from the north and for my servant, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia. I am going to bring them to fight against Judah and its inhabitants and against all the neighboring nations. I am going to destroy this nation and its neighbors and leave them in ruins forever, a terrible and shocking sight. I, the Lord, have spoken. 10 (B)I will silence their shouts of joy and gladness and the happy sounds of wedding feasts. They will have no oil for their lamps, and there will be no more grain. 11 (C)This whole land will be left in ruins and will be a shocking sight, and the neighboring nations will serve the king of Babylonia for seventy years. 12 After that I will punish Babylonia and its king for their sin. I will destroy that country and leave it in ruins forever. 13 I will punish Babylonia with all the disasters that I threatened to bring on the nations when I spoke through Jeremiah—all the disasters recorded in this book. 14 I will pay the Babylonians back for what they have done, and many nations and great kings will make slaves of them.’”
God's Judgment on the Nations
15 The Lord, the God of Israel, said to me, “Here is a wine cup filled with my anger. Take it to all the nations to whom I send you, and make them drink from it. 16 When they drink from it, they will stagger and go out of their minds because of the war I am sending against them.”
17 So I took the cup from the Lord's hand, gave it to all the nations to whom the Lord had sent me, and made them drink from it. 18 Jerusalem and all the towns of Judah, together with its kings and leaders, were made to drink from it, so that they would become a desert, a terrible and shocking sight, and so that people would use their name as a curse—as they still do.
19-26 Here is the list of all the others who had to drink from the cup:
the king of Egypt, his officials and leaders;
all the Egyptians and all the foreigners in Egypt;
all the kings of the land of Uz;
all the kings of the Philistine cities of Ashkelon, Gaza, Ekron, and what remains of Ashdod;
all the people of Edom, Moab, and Ammon;
all the kings of Tyre and Sidon;
all the kings of the Mediterranean lands;
the cities of Dedan, Tema, and Buz;
all the people who cut their hair short;
all the kings of Arabia;
all the kings of the desert tribes;
all the kings of Zimri, Elam, and Media;
all the kings of the north, far and near, one after another.
Every nation on the face of the earth had to drink from it. Last of all, the king of Babylonia will drink from it.
27 Then the Lord said to me, “Tell the people that I, the Lord Almighty, the God of Israel, am commanding them to drink until they are drunk and vomit, until they fall down and cannot get up, because of the war that I am sending against them. 28 And if they refuse to take the cup from your hand and drink from it, then tell them that the Lord Almighty has said that they will still have to drink from it. 29 I will begin my work of destruction in my own city. Do they think they will go unpunished? No, they will be punished, for I am going to send war on all the people on earth. I, the Lord Almighty, have spoken.
30 “You, Jeremiah, must proclaim everything I have said. You must tell these people,
‘The Lord will roar from heaven
and thunder from the heights of heaven.
He will roar against his people;
he will shout like a man treading grapes.
Everyone on earth will hear him,
31 and the sound will echo to the ends of the earth.
The Lord has a case against the nations.
He will bring all people to trial
and put the wicked to death.
The Lord has spoken.’”
32 The Lord Almighty says that disaster is coming on one nation after another, and a great storm is gathering at the far ends of the earth. 33 On that day the bodies of those whom the Lord has killed will lie scattered from one end of the earth to the other. No one will mourn for them, and they will not be taken away and buried. They will lie on the ground like piles of manure.
34 Cry, you leaders, you shepherds of my people, cry out loud! Mourn and roll in the dust. The time has come for you to be slaughtered,[a] and you will be butchered like rams.[b] 35 There will be no way for you to escape. 36-37 You moan and cry out in distress because the Lord in his anger has destroyed your nation and left your peaceful country in ruins. 38 The Lord has abandoned his people[c] like a lion that leaves its cave. The horrors of war and the Lord's fierce anger have turned the country into a desert.
Footnotes
- Jeremiah 25:34 Hebrew has an additional word, the meaning of which is unclear.
- Jeremiah 25:34 One ancient translation rams; Hebrew vessels.
- Jeremiah 25:38 The Lord … people; or The Lord's people run away.
Jeremiah 25
Living Bible
25 This message for all the people of Judah came from the Lord to Jeremiah during the fourth year of the reign of King Jehoiakim of Judah (son of Josiah). This was the year Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, began his reign.
2-3 For the past twenty-three years, Jeremiah said, from the thirteenth year of the reign of Josiah (son of Amon) king of Judah, until now, God has been sending me his messages. I have faithfully passed them on to you, but you haven’t listened. 4 Again and again down through the years, God has sent you his prophets, but you have refused to hear. 5 Each time the message was this: “Turn from the evil road you are traveling and from the evil things you are doing. Only then can you continue to live here in this land which the Lord gave to you and to your ancestors forever. 6 Don’t anger me by worshiping idols; but if you are true to me, then I’ll not harm you.” 7 But you won’t listen; you have gone ahead and made me furious with your idols. So you have brought upon yourselves all the evil that has come your way.
8-9 And now the Lord God says: Because you have not listened to me, I will gather together all the armies of the north under Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon (I have appointed him as my deputy), and I will bring them all against this land and its people and against the other nations near you, and I will utterly destroy you and make you a byword of contempt forever. 10 I will take away your joy, your gladness, and your wedding feasts; your businesses shall fail, and all your homes shall lie in silent darkness. 11 This entire land shall become a desolate wasteland; all the world will be shocked at the disaster that befalls you. Israel and her neighboring lands shall serve the king of Babylon for seventy years.
12 Then, after these years[a] of slavery are ended, I will punish the king of Babylon and his people for their sins; I will make the land of Chaldea an everlasting waste. 13 I will bring upon them all the terrors I have promised in this book—all the penalties announced by Jeremiah against the nations. 14 For many nations and great kings shall enslave the Chaldeans, just as they enslaved my people; I will punish them in proportion to their treatment of my people.
15 For the Lord God said to me: “Take from my hand this wine cup filled to the brim with my fury, and make all the nations to whom I send you drink from it. 16 They shall drink from it and reel, crazed by the death blows I rain upon them.”
17 So I took the cup of fury from the Lord and made all the nations drink from it—every nation God had sent me to; 18 I went to Jerusalem and to the cities of Judah, and their kings and princes drank of the cup so that from that day until this they have been desolate, hated, and cursed, just as they are today. 19-20 I went to Egypt, and Pharaoh, his servants, the princes, and the people—they too drank from that terrible cup, along with all the foreign population living in his land. So did all the kings of the land of Uz and the kings of the Philistine cities: Ashkelon, Gaza, Ekron, and what remains of Ashdod, 21 and I visited the nations of Edom, Moab, and Ammon; 22 and all the kings of Tyre and Sidon, and the kings of the regions across the sea; 23 Dedan, Tema, and Buz, and the other heathen there; 24 and all the kings of Arabia and of the nomadic tribes of the desert; 25 and all the kings of Zimri, Elam, and Media; 26 and all the kings of the northern countries, far and near, one after the other; and all the kingdoms of the world. And finally, the king of Babylon himself drank from this cup of God’s wrath.
27 Tell them, “The Lord of heaven’s armies, the God of Israel, says: Drink from this cup of my wrath until you are drunk and vomit and fall to rise no more, for I am sending terrible wars upon you.” 28 And if they refuse to accept the cup, tell them, “The Lord of heaven’s armies says you must drink it! You cannot escape! 29 I have begun to punish my own people, so should you go free? No, you shall not evade punishment. I will call for war against all the peoples of the earth.”
30 Therefore prophesy against them. Tell them the Lord will shout against his own from his holy temple in heaven and against all those living on the earth. He will shout as the harvesters do who tread the juice from the grapes. 31 That cry of judgment will reach the farthest ends of the earth, for the Lord has a case against all the nations—all mankind. He will slaughter all the wicked. 32 See, declares the Lord Almighty, the punishment shall go from nation to nation—a great whirlwind of wrath shall rise against the farthest corners of the earth. 33 On that day those the Lord has slain shall fill the earth from one end to the other. No one shall mourn for them nor gather up the bodies to bury them; they shall fertilize the earth.
34 Weep and moan, O evil shepherds; let the leaders of mankind beat their heads upon the stones, for their time has come to be slaughtered and scattered; they shall fall like fragile women. 35 And you will find no place to hide, no way to escape.
36 Listen to the frantic cries of the shepherds and to the leaders shouting in despair, for the Lord has spoiled their pastures. 37 People now living undisturbed will be cut down by the fierceness of the anger of the Lord. 38 He has left his lair like a lion seeking prey; their land has been laid waste by warring armies—because of the fierce anger of the Lord.
Footnotes
- Jeremiah 25:12 after these years, literally, “after the seventy years.” I will punish the king of Babylon. This event is further described in Daniel 5. The troops of Cyrus the Great entered Babylon in 539 B.C. and killed Belshazzar, the last Babylonian ruler.
Jeremiah 25
New International Version
Seventy Years of Captivity
25 The word came to Jeremiah concerning all the people of Judah in the fourth year of Jehoiakim(A) son of Josiah king of Judah, which was the first year of Nebuchadnezzar(B) king of Babylon. 2 So Jeremiah the prophet said to all the people of Judah(C) and to all those living in Jerusalem: 3 For twenty-three years—from the thirteenth year of Josiah(D) son of Amon king of Judah until this very day—the word of the Lord has come to me and I have spoken to you again and again,(E) but you have not listened.(F)
4 And though the Lord has sent all his servants the prophets(G) to you again and again, you have not listened or paid any attention.(H) 5 They said, “Turn(I) now, each of you, from your evil ways and your evil practices, and you can stay in the land(J) the Lord gave to you and your ancestors for ever and ever. 6 Do not follow other gods(K) to serve and worship them; do not arouse my anger with what your hands have made. Then I will not harm you.”
7 “But you did not listen to me,” declares the Lord, “and you have aroused(L) my anger with what your hands have made,(M) and you have brought harm(N) to yourselves.”
8 Therefore the Lord Almighty says this: “Because you have not listened to my words, 9 I will summon(O) all the peoples of the north(P) and my servant(Q) Nebuchadnezzar(R) king of Babylon,” declares the Lord, “and I will bring them against this land and its inhabitants and against all the surrounding nations. I will completely destroy[a](S) them and make them an object of horror and scorn,(T) and an everlasting ruin.(U) 10 I will banish from them the sounds(V) of joy and gladness, the voices of bride and bridegroom,(W) the sound of millstones(X) and the light of the lamp.(Y) 11 This whole country will become a desolate wasteland,(Z) and these nations will serve(AA) the king of Babylon seventy years.(AB)
12 “But when the seventy years(AC) are fulfilled, I will punish the king of Babylon(AD) and his nation, the land of the Babylonians,[b] for their guilt,” declares the Lord, “and will make it desolate(AE) forever. 13 I will bring on that land all the things I have spoken against it, all that are written(AF) in this book and prophesied by Jeremiah against all the nations. 14 They themselves will be enslaved(AG) by many nations(AH) and great kings; I will repay(AI) them according to their deeds and the work of their hands.”
The Cup of God’s Wrath
15 This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, said to me: “Take from my hand this cup(AJ) filled with the wine of my wrath and make all the nations to whom I send(AK) you drink it. 16 When they drink(AL) it, they will stagger(AM) and go mad(AN) because of the sword(AO) I will send among them.”
17 So I took the cup from the Lord’s hand and made all the nations to whom he sent(AP) me drink it: 18 Jerusalem(AQ) and the towns of Judah, its kings and officials, to make them a ruin(AR) and an object of horror and scorn,(AS) a curse[c](AT)—as they are today;(AU) 19 Pharaoh king(AV) of Egypt,(AW) his attendants, his officials and all his people, 20 and all the foreign people there; all the kings of Uz;(AX) all the kings of the Philistines(AY) (those of Ashkelon,(AZ) Gaza,(BA) Ekron, and the people left at Ashdod); 21 Edom,(BB) Moab(BC) and Ammon;(BD) 22 all the kings of Tyre(BE) and Sidon;(BF) the kings of the coastlands(BG) across the sea; 23 Dedan,(BH) Tema,(BI) Buz(BJ) and all who are in distant places[d];(BK) 24 all the kings of Arabia(BL) and all the kings of the foreign people(BM) who live in the wilderness; 25 all the kings of Zimri,(BN) Elam(BO) and Media;(BP) 26 and all the kings of the north,(BQ) near and far, one after the other—all the kingdoms(BR) on the face of the earth. And after all of them, the king of Sheshak[e](BS) will drink it too.
27 “Then tell them, ‘This is what the Lord Almighty, the God of Israel, says: Drink, get drunk(BT) and vomit, and fall to rise no more because of the sword(BU) I will send among you.’ 28 But if they refuse to take the cup from your hand and drink(BV), tell them, ‘This is what the Lord Almighty says: You must drink it! 29 See, I am beginning to bring disaster(BW) on the city that bears my Name,(BX) and will you indeed go unpunished?(BY) You will not go unpunished, for I am calling down a sword(BZ) on all(CA) who live on the earth,(CB) declares the Lord Almighty.’
30 “Now prophesy all these words against them and say to them:
“‘The Lord will roar(CC) from on high;
he will thunder(CD) from his holy dwelling(CE)
and roar mightily against his land.
He will shout like those who tread(CF) the grapes,
shout against all who live on the earth.
31 The tumult(CG) will resound to the ends of the earth,
for the Lord will bring charges(CH) against the nations;
he will bring judgment(CI) on all(CJ) mankind
and put the wicked to the sword,(CK)’”
declares the Lord.
32 This is what the Lord Almighty says:
“Look! Disaster(CL) is spreading
from nation to nation;(CM)
a mighty storm(CN) is rising
from the ends of the earth.”(CO)
33 At that time those slain(CP) by the Lord will be everywhere—from one end of the earth to the other. They will not be mourned or gathered(CQ) up or buried,(CR) but will be like dung lying on the ground.
34 Weep and wail, you shepherds;(CS)
roll(CT) in the dust, you leaders of the flock.
For your time to be slaughtered(CU) has come;
you will fall like the best of the rams.[f](CV)
35 The shepherds will have nowhere to flee,
the leaders of the flock no place to escape.(CW)
36 Hear the cry(CX) of the shepherds,(CY)
the wailing of the leaders of the flock,
for the Lord is destroying their pasture.
37 The peaceful meadows will be laid waste
because of the fierce anger of the Lord.
38 Like a lion(CZ) he will leave his lair,
and their land will become desolate(DA)
because of the sword[g] of the oppressor(DB)
and because of the Lord’s fierce anger.(DC)
Footnotes
- Jeremiah 25:9 The Hebrew term refers to the irrevocable giving over of things or persons to the Lord, often by totally destroying them.
- Jeremiah 25:12 Or Chaldeans
- Jeremiah 25:18 That is, their names to be used in cursing (see 29:22); or, to be seen by others as cursed
- Jeremiah 25:23 Or who clip the hair by their foreheads
- Jeremiah 25:26 Sheshak is a cryptogram for Babylon.
- Jeremiah 25:34 Septuagint; Hebrew fall and be shattered like fine pottery
- Jeremiah 25:38 Some Hebrew manuscripts and Septuagint (see also 46:16 and 50:16); most Hebrew manuscripts anger
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