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Discurso de Esteban ante el Concilio

Entonces el sumo sacerdote le preguntó a Esteban:

—¿Son ciertas estas acusaciones?

Esteban dio la siguiente respuesta:

—Hermanos y padres, escúchenme. Nuestro glorioso Dios se le apareció a nuestro antepasado Abraham en Mesopotamia antes de que él se estableciera en Harán.[a] Dios le dijo: “Deja tu patria y a tus parientes y entra en la tierra que yo te mostraré”[b]. Entonces Abraham salió del territorio de los caldeos y vivió en Harán hasta que su padre murió. Después Dios lo trajo hasta aquí, a la tierra donde ustedes viven ahora.

»Sin embargo, Dios no le dio ninguna herencia aquí, ni siquiera un metro cuadrado de tierra; pero Dios sí le prometió que algún día toda la tierra les pertenecería a Abraham y a sus descendientes, aun cuando él todavía no tenía hijos. Dios también le dijo que sus descendientes vivirían en una tierra extranjera, donde serían oprimidos como esclavos durante cuatrocientos años. “Pero yo castigaré a la nación que los esclavice—dijo Dios—, y al final saldrán de allí y me adorarán en este lugar”[c].

»En aquel entonces, Dios también le dio a Abraham el pacto de la circuncisión. Así que cuando nació su hijo Isaac, Abraham lo circuncidó al octavo día; y esa práctica continuó cuando Isaac fue padre de Jacob y cuando Jacob fue padre de los doce patriarcas de la nación israelita.

»Estos patriarcas tuvieron envidia de su hermano José y lo vendieron para que fuera esclavo en Egipto; pero Dios estaba con él 10 y lo rescató de todas sus dificultades; y Dios le mostró su favor ante el faraón, el rey de Egipto. Dios también le dio a José una sabiduría fuera de lo común, de manera que el faraón lo nombró gobernador de todo Egipto y lo puso a cargo del palacio.

11 »Entonces un hambre azotó a Egipto y a Canaán. Hubo mucho sufrimiento, y nuestros antepasados se quedaron sin alimento. 12 Jacob oyó que aún había grano en Egipto, por lo que envió a sus hijos—nuestros antepasados—a comprar un poco. 13 La segunda vez que fueron, José reveló su identidad a sus hermanos[d] y se los presentó al faraón. 14 Después José mandó a buscar a su padre, Jacob, y a todos sus parientes para que los llevaran a Egipto, setenta y cinco personas en total. 15 De modo que Jacob fue a Egipto. Murió allí, al igual que nuestros antepasados. 16 Sus cuerpos fueron llevados a Siquem, donde fueron enterrados en la tumba que Abraham les había comprado a los hijos de Hamor en Siquem a un determinado precio.

17 »A medida que se acercaba el tiempo en que Dios cumpliría su promesa a Abraham, el número de nuestro pueblo en Egipto aumentó considerablemente. 18 Pero luego ascendió un nuevo rey al trono de Egipto, quien no sabía nada de José. 19 Este rey explotó a nuestro pueblo y lo oprimió, y forzó a los padres a que abandonaran a sus recién nacidos para que murieran.

20 »En esos días nació Moisés, un hermoso niño a los ojos de Dios. Sus padres lo cuidaron en casa durante tres meses. 21 Cuando tuvieron que abandonarlo, la hija del faraón lo adoptó y lo crio como su propio hijo. 22 A Moisés le enseñaron toda la sabiduría de los egipcios, y era poderoso tanto en palabras como en acciones.

23 »Cierto día, cuando Moisés tenía cuarenta años, decidió visitar a sus parientes, el pueblo de Israel. 24 Vio que un egipcio maltrataba a un israelita. Entonces Moisés salió en defensa del hombre y mató al egipcio para vengarlo. 25 Moisés supuso que sus compatriotas israelitas se darían cuenta de que Dios lo había enviado para rescatarlos, pero no fue así.

26 »Al día siguiente, los visitó de nuevo y vio que dos hombres de Israel estaban peleando. Trató de ser un pacificador y les dijo: “Señores, ustedes son hermanos. ¿Por qué se están peleando?”.

27 »Pero el hombre que era culpable empujó a Moisés. “¿Quién te puso como gobernante y juez sobre nosotros?—le preguntó—. 28 ¿Me vas a matar como mataste ayer al egipcio?”. 29 Cuando Moisés oyó eso, huyó del país y vivió como extranjero en la tierra de Madián. Allí nacieron sus dos hijos.

30 »Cuarenta años después, en el desierto que está cerca del monte Sinaí, un ángel se le apareció a Moisés en la llama de una zarza ardiente. 31 Moisés quedó asombrado al verla. Y, cuando se estaba acercando para ver mejor, la voz del Señor le dijo: 32 “Yo soy el Dios de tus antepasados: el Dios de Abraham, de Isaac y de Jacob”. Moisés tembló aterrorizado y no se atrevía a mirar.

33 »Entonces el Señor le dijo: “Quítate las sandalias, porque estás pisando tierra santa. 34 Ciertamente he visto la opresión de mi pueblo en Egipto. He escuchado sus gemidos y he descendido para rescatarlos. Ahora ve, porque te envío de regreso a Egipto”[e].

35 »Así que Dios envió de vuelta al mismo hombre que su pueblo había rechazado anteriormente cuando le preguntaron: “¿Quién te puso como gobernante y juez sobre nosotros?”. Mediante el ángel que se le apareció en la zarza ardiente, Dios envió a Moisés para que fuera gobernante y salvador. 36 Y, por medio de muchas maravillas y señales milagrosas, él los sacó de Egipto, los guio a través del mar Rojo y por el desierto durante cuarenta años.

37 »Moisés mismo le dijo al pueblo de Israel: “Dios les levantará un Profeta como yo de entre su propio pueblo”[f]. 38 Moisés estuvo con nuestros antepasados—la asamblea del pueblo de Dios en el desierto—cuando el ángel le habló en el monte Sinaí, y allí Moisés recibió palabras que dan vida para transmitirlas a nosotros.[g]

39 »Sin embargo, nuestros antepasados se negaron a escuchar a Moisés. Lo rechazaron y quisieron volver a Egipto. 40 Le dijeron a Aarón: “Haznos unos dioses que puedan guiarnos, porque no sabemos qué le ha pasado a este Moisés, quien nos sacó de Egipto”. 41 De manera que hicieron un ídolo en forma de becerro, le ofrecieron sacrificios y festejaron ese objeto que habían hecho. 42 Entonces Dios se apartó de ellos y los abandonó, ¡para que sirvieran a las estrellas del cielo como sus dioses! En el libro de los profetas está escrito:

“Israel, ¿acaso era a mí a quien traías sacrificios y ofrendas
    durante esos cuarenta años en el desierto?
43 No, llevabas a tus dioses paganos,
    el santuario de Moloc,
    la estrella de tu dios Refán
    y las imágenes que hiciste a fin de rendirles culto.
Por lo tanto, te mandaré al destierro,
    tan lejos como Babilonia”[h].

44 »Nuestros antepasados llevaron el tabernáculo[i] con ellos a través del desierto. Lo construyeron según el plan que Dios le había mostrado a Moisés. 45 Años después, cuando Josué dirigió a nuestros antepasados en las batallas contra las naciones que Dios expulsó de esta tierra, el tabernáculo fue llevado con ellos al nuevo territorio. Y permaneció allí hasta los tiempos del rey David.

46 »David obtuvo el favor de Dios y pidió tener el privilegio de construir un templo permanente para el Dios de Jacob,[j] 47 pero fue Salomón quien lo construyó. 48 Sin embargo, el Altísimo no vive en templos hechos por manos humanas. Como dice el profeta:

49 “El cielo es mi trono
    y la tierra es el estrado de mis pies.
¿Podrían acaso construirme un templo tan bueno como ese?
    —pregunta el Señor—.
¿Podrían construirme un lugar de descanso así?
50     ¿Acaso no fueron mis manos las que hicieron el cielo y la tierra?”[k].

51 »¡Pueblo terco! Ustedes son paganos[l] de corazón y sordos a la verdad. ¿Resistirán para siempre al Espíritu Santo? Eso es lo que hicieron sus antepasados, ¡y ustedes también! 52 ¡Mencionen a un profeta a quien sus antepasados no hayan perseguido! Hasta mataron a los que predijeron la venida del Justo, el Mesías a quien ustedes traicionaron y asesinaron. 53 Deliberadamente desobedecieron la ley de Dios, a pesar de que la recibieron de manos de ángeles.

54 Los líderes judíos se enfurecieron por la acusación de Esteban y con rabia le mostraban los puños;[m] 55 pero Esteban, lleno del Espíritu Santo, fijó la mirada en el cielo, y vio la gloria de Dios y vio a Jesús de pie en el lugar de honor, a la derecha de Dios. 56 Y les dijo: «¡Miren, veo los cielos abiertos y al Hijo del Hombre de pie en el lugar de honor, a la derecha de Dios!».

57 Entonces ellos se taparon los oídos con las manos y empezaron a gritar. Se lanzaron sobre él, 58 lo arrastraron fuera de la ciudad y comenzaron a apedrearlo. Sus acusadores se quitaron las túnicas y las pusieron a los pies de un joven que se llamaba Saulo.[n]

59 Mientras lo apedreaban, Esteban oró: «Señor Jesús, recibe mi espíritu». 60 Cayó de rodillas gritando: «¡Señor, no los culpes por este pecado!». Dicho eso, murió.

Footnotes

  1. 7:2 Mesopotamia era la región que ahora se conoce como Irak. Harán era una ciudad en lo que ahora se conoce como Siria.
  2. 7:3 Gn 12:1.
  3. 7:5-7 Gn 12:7; 15:13-14; Ex 3:12.
  4. 7:13 Otros manuscritos dicen José fue reconocido por sus hermanos.
  5. 7:31-34 Ex 3:5-10.
  6. 7:37 Dt 18:15.
  7. 7:38 Algunos manuscritos dicen a ustedes.
  8. 7:42-43 Am 5:25-27 (versión griega).
  9. 7:44 En griego la carpa del testimonio.
  10. 7:46 Algunos manuscritos dicen la casa de Jacob.
  11. 7:49-50 Is 66:1-2.
  12. 7:51 En griego incircuncisos.
  13. 7:54 En griego y crujían los dientes contra él.
  14. 7:58 Saulo es posteriormente llamado Pablo; ver 13:9.

The high priest asked, “Are these accusations true?”

Stephen responded, “Brothers and fathers, listen to me. Our glorious God appeared to our ancestor Abraham while he was still in Mesopotamia, before he settled in Haran. God told him, ‘Leave your homeland and kin, and go to the land that I will show you.’[a] So Abraham left the land of the Chaldeans and settled in Haran. After Abraham’s father died, God had him resettle in this land where you now live. God didn’t give him an inheritance here, not even a square foot of land. However, God did promise to give the land as his possession to him and to his descendants, even though Abraham had no child. God put it this way: His descendants will be strangers in a land that belongs to others, who will enslave them and abuse them for four hundred years.[b] And I will condemn the nation they serve as slaves, God said, and afterward they will leave[c] that land and serve me in this place. God gave him the covenant confirmed through circumcision. Accordingly, eight days after Isaac’s birth, Abraham circumcised him. Isaac did the same with Jacob, and Jacob with the twelve patriarchs.

“Because the patriarchs were jealous of Joseph, they sold him into slavery in Egypt. God was with him, however, 10 and rescued him from all his troubles. The grace and wisdom he gave Joseph were recognized by Pharaoh, king of Egypt, who appointed him ruler over Egypt and over his whole palace. 11 A famine came upon all Egypt and Canaan, and great hardship came with it. Our ancestors had nothing to eat. 12 When Jacob heard there was grain in Egypt, he sent our ancestors there for the first time. 13 During their second visit, Joseph told his brothers who he was, and Pharaoh learned about Joseph’s family. 14 Joseph sent for his father Jacob and all his relatives—seventy-five in all—and invited them to live with him. 15 So Jacob went down to Egypt, where he and our ancestors died. 16 Their bodies were brought back to Shechem and placed in the tomb that Abraham had purchased for a certain sum of money from Hamor’s children, who lived in Shechem.

17 “When it was time for God to keep the promise he made to Abraham, the number of our people in Egypt had greatly expanded. 18 But then another king rose to power over Egypt who didn’t know anything about Joseph.[d] 19 He exploited our people and abused our ancestors. He even forced them to abandon their newly born babies so they would die. 20 That’s when Moses was born. He was highly favored by God, and for three months his parents cared for him in their home. 21 After he was abandoned, Pharaoh’s daughter adopted and cared for him as though he were her own son. 22 Moses learned everything Egyptian wisdom had to offer, and he was a man of powerful words and deeds.

23 “When Moses was 40 years old, he decided to visit his family, the Israelites. 24 He saw one of them being wronged so he came to his rescue and evened the score by killing the Egyptian. 25 He expected his own kin to understand that God was using him to rescue them, but they didn’t. 26 The next day he came upon some Israelites who were caught up in an argument. He tried to make peace between them by saying, ‘You are brothers! Why are you harming each other?’ 27 The one who started the fight against his neighbor pushed Moses aside and said, ‘Who appointed you as our leader and judge? 28 Are you planning to kill me like you killed that Egyptian yesterday?’[e] 29 When Moses heard this, he fled to Midian, where he lived as an immigrant and had two sons.

30 “Forty years later, an angel appeared to Moses in the flame of a burning bush in the wilderness near Mount Sinai. 31 Enthralled by the sight, Moses approached to get a closer look and he heard the Lord’s voice: 32 I am the God of your ancestors, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.[f] Trembling with fear, Moses didn’t dare to investigate any further. 33 The Lord continued, ‘Remove the sandals from your feet, for the place where you are standing is holy ground. 34 I have clearly seen the oppression my people have experienced in Egypt, and I have heard their groaning. I have come down to rescue them. Come! I am sending you to Egypt.’[g]

35 “This is the same Moses whom they rejected when they asked, ‘Who appointed you as our leader and judge?’ This is the Moses whom God sent as leader and deliverer. God did this with the help of the angel who appeared before him in the bush. 36 This man led them out after he performed wonders and signs in Egypt at the Red Sea and for forty years in the wilderness. 37 This is the Moses who told the Israelites, ‘God will raise up for you a prophet like me from your own people.[h] 38 This is the one who was in the assembly in the wilderness with our ancestors and with the angel who spoke to him on Mount Sinai. He is the one who received life-giving words to give to us. 39 He’s also the one whom our ancestors refused to obey. Instead, they pushed him aside and, in their thoughts and desires, returned to Egypt. 40 They told Aaron, ‘Make us gods that will lead us. As for this Moses who led us out of Egypt, we don’t know what’s happened to him![i] 41 That’s when they made an idol in the shape of a calf, offered a sacrifice to it, and began to celebrate what they had made with their own hands. 42 So God turned away from them and handed them over to worship the stars in the sky, just as it is written in the scroll of the Prophets:

Did you bring sacrifices and offerings to me
    for forty years in the wilderness, house of Israel?
43 No! Instead, you took the tent of Moloch with you,
    and the star of your god Rephan,
    the images that you made in order to worship them.
        Therefore, I will send you far away, farther than Babylon.[j]

44 “The tent of testimony was with our ancestors in the wilderness. Moses built it just as he had been instructed by the one who spoke to him and according to the pattern he had seen. 45 In time, when they had received the tent, our ancestors carried it with them when, under Joshua’s leadership, they took possession of the land from the nations whom God expelled. This tent remained in the land until the time of David. 46 God approved of David, who asked that he might provide a dwelling place for the God of Jacob.[k] 47 But it was Solomon who actually built a house for God. 48 However, the Most High doesn’t live in houses built by human hands. As the prophet says,

49 Heaven is my throne,
    and the earth is my footstool.
‘What kind of house will you build for me,’ says the Lord,
    ‘or where is my resting place?
50 Didn’t I make all these things with my own hand?’[l]

51 “You stubborn people! In your thoughts and hearing, you are like those who have had no part in God’s covenant! You continuously set yourself against the Holy Spirit, just like your ancestors did. 52 Was there a single prophet your ancestors didn’t harass? They even killed those who predicted the coming of the righteous one, and you’ve betrayed and murdered him! 53 You received the Law given by angels, but you haven’t kept it.”

54 Once the council members heard these words, they were enraged and began to grind their teeth at Stephen. 55 But Stephen, enabled by the Holy Spirit, stared into heaven and saw God’s majesty and Jesus standing at God’s right side. 56 He exclaimed, “Look! I can see heaven on display and the Human One[m] standing at God’s right side!” 57 At this, they shrieked and covered their ears. Together, they charged at him, 58 threw him out of the city, and began to stone him. The witnesses placed their coats in the care of a young man named Saul. 59 As they battered him with stones, Stephen prayed, “Lord Jesus, accept my life!” 60 Falling to his knees, he shouted, “Lord, don’t hold this sin against them!” Then he died.

Stephen’s Speech to the Sanhedrin

Then the high priest asked Stephen, “Are these charges true?”

To this he replied: “Brothers and fathers,(A) listen to me! The God of glory(B) appeared to our father Abraham while he was still in Mesopotamia, before he lived in Harran.(C) ‘Leave your country and your people,’ God said, ‘and go to the land I will show you.’[a](D)

“So he left the land of the Chaldeans and settled in Harran. After the death of his father, God sent him to this land where you are now living.(E) He gave him no inheritance here,(F) not even enough ground to set his foot on. But God promised him that he and his descendants after him would possess the land,(G) even though at that time Abraham had no child. God spoke to him in this way: ‘For four hundred years your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own, and they will be enslaved and mistreated.(H) But I will punish the nation they serve as slaves,’ God said, ‘and afterward they will come out of that country and worship me in this place.’[b](I) Then he gave Abraham the covenant of circumcision.(J) And Abraham became the father of Isaac and circumcised him eight days after his birth.(K) Later Isaac became the father of Jacob,(L) and Jacob became the father of the twelve patriarchs.(M)

“Because the patriarchs were jealous of Joseph,(N) they sold him as a slave into Egypt.(O) But God was with him(P) 10 and rescued him from all his troubles. He gave Joseph wisdom and enabled him to gain the goodwill of Pharaoh king of Egypt. So Pharaoh made him ruler over Egypt and all his palace.(Q)

11 “Then a famine struck all Egypt and Canaan, bringing great suffering, and our ancestors could not find food.(R) 12 When Jacob heard that there was grain in Egypt, he sent our forefathers on their first visit.(S) 13 On their second visit, Joseph told his brothers who he was,(T) and Pharaoh learned about Joseph’s family.(U) 14 After this, Joseph sent for his father Jacob and his whole family,(V) seventy-five in all.(W) 15 Then Jacob went down to Egypt, where he and our ancestors died.(X) 16 Their bodies were brought back to Shechem and placed in the tomb that Abraham had bought from the sons of Hamor at Shechem for a certain sum of money.(Y)

17 “As the time drew near for God to fulfill his promise to Abraham, the number of our people in Egypt had greatly increased.(Z) 18 Then ‘a new king, to whom Joseph meant nothing, came to power in Egypt.’[c](AA) 19 He dealt treacherously with our people and oppressed our ancestors by forcing them to throw out their newborn babies so that they would die.(AB)

20 “At that time Moses was born, and he was no ordinary child.[d] For three months he was cared for by his family.(AC) 21 When he was placed outside, Pharaoh’s daughter took him and brought him up as her own son.(AD) 22 Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians(AE) and was powerful in speech and action.

23 “When Moses was forty years old, he decided to visit his own people, the Israelites. 24 He saw one of them being mistreated by an Egyptian, so he went to his defense and avenged him by killing the Egyptian. 25 Moses thought that his own people would realize that God was using him to rescue them, but they did not. 26 The next day Moses came upon two Israelites who were fighting. He tried to reconcile them by saying, ‘Men, you are brothers; why do you want to hurt each other?’

27 “But the man who was mistreating the other pushed Moses aside and said, ‘Who made you ruler and judge over us?(AF) 28 Are you thinking of killing me as you killed the Egyptian yesterday?’[e] 29 When Moses heard this, he fled to Midian, where he settled as a foreigner and had two sons.(AG)

30 “After forty years had passed, an angel appeared to Moses in the flames of a burning bush in the desert near Mount Sinai. 31 When he saw this, he was amazed at the sight. As he went over to get a closer look, he heard the Lord say:(AH) 32 ‘I am the God of your fathers,(AI) the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.’[f] Moses trembled with fear and did not dare to look.(AJ)

33 “Then the Lord said to him, ‘Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy ground.(AK) 34 I have indeed seen the oppression of my people in Egypt. I have heard their groaning and have come down to set them free. Now come, I will send you back to Egypt.’[g](AL)

35 “This is the same Moses they had rejected with the words, ‘Who made you ruler and judge?’(AM) He was sent to be their ruler and deliverer by God himself, through the angel who appeared to him in the bush. 36 He led them out of Egypt(AN) and performed wonders and signs(AO) in Egypt, at the Red Sea(AP) and for forty years in the wilderness.(AQ)

37 “This is the Moses who told the Israelites, ‘God will raise up for you a prophet like me from your own people.’[h](AR) 38 He was in the assembly in the wilderness, with the angel(AS) who spoke to him on Mount Sinai, and with our ancestors;(AT) and he received living words(AU) to pass on to us.(AV)

39 “But our ancestors refused to obey him. Instead, they rejected him and in their hearts turned back to Egypt.(AW) 40 They told Aaron, ‘Make us gods who will go before us. As for this fellow Moses who led us out of Egypt—we don’t know what has happened to him!’[i](AX) 41 That was the time they made an idol in the form of a calf. They brought sacrifices to it and reveled in what their own hands had made.(AY) 42 But God turned away from them(AZ) and gave them over to the worship of the sun, moon and stars.(BA) This agrees with what is written in the book of the prophets:

“‘Did you bring me sacrifices and offerings
    forty years in the wilderness, people of Israel?
43 You have taken up the tabernacle of Molek
    and the star of your god Rephan,
    the idols you made to worship.
Therefore I will send you into exile’[j](BB) beyond Babylon.

44 “Our ancestors had the tabernacle of the covenant law(BC) with them in the wilderness. It had been made as God directed Moses, according to the pattern he had seen.(BD) 45 After receiving the tabernacle, our ancestors under Joshua brought it with them when they took the land from the nations God drove out before them.(BE) It remained in the land until the time of David,(BF) 46 who enjoyed God’s favor and asked that he might provide a dwelling place for the God of Jacob.[k](BG) 47 But it was Solomon who built a house for him.(BH)

48 “However, the Most High(BI) does not live in houses made by human hands.(BJ) As the prophet says:

49 “‘Heaven is my throne,
    and the earth is my footstool.(BK)
What kind of house will you build for me?
says the Lord.
    Or where will my resting place be?
50 Has not my hand made all these things?’[l](BL)

51 “You stiff-necked people!(BM) Your hearts(BN) and ears are still uncircumcised. You are just like your ancestors: You always resist the Holy Spirit! 52 Was there ever a prophet your ancestors did not persecute?(BO) They even killed those who predicted the coming of the Righteous One. And now you have betrayed and murdered him(BP) 53 you who have received the law that was given through angels(BQ) but have not obeyed it.”

The Stoning of Stephen

54 When the members of the Sanhedrin heard this, they were furious(BR) and gnashed their teeth at him. 55 But Stephen, full of the Holy Spirit,(BS) looked up to heaven and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing at the right hand of God.(BT) 56 “Look,” he said, “I see heaven open(BU) and the Son of Man(BV) standing at the right hand of God.”

57 At this they covered their ears and, yelling at the top of their voices, they all rushed at him, 58 dragged him out of the city(BW) and began to stone him.(BX) Meanwhile, the witnesses(BY) laid their coats(BZ) at the feet of a young man named Saul.(CA)

59 While they were stoning him, Stephen prayed, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.”(CB) 60 Then he fell on his knees(CC) and cried out, “Lord, do not hold this sin against them.”(CD) When he had said this, he fell asleep.(CE)

Footnotes

  1. Acts 7:3 Gen. 12:1
  2. Acts 7:7 Gen. 15:13,14
  3. Acts 7:18 Exodus 1:8
  4. Acts 7:20 Or was fair in the sight of God
  5. Acts 7:28 Exodus 2:14
  6. Acts 7:32 Exodus 3:6
  7. Acts 7:34 Exodus 3:5,7,8,10
  8. Acts 7:37 Deut. 18:15
  9. Acts 7:40 Exodus 32:1
  10. Acts 7:43 Amos 5:25-27 (see Septuagint)
  11. Acts 7:46 Some early manuscripts the house of Jacob
  12. Acts 7:50 Isaiah 66:1,2