Genesis 48
King James Version
48 And it came to pass after these things, that one told Joseph, Behold, thy father is sick: and he took with him his two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim.
2 And one told Jacob, and said, Behold, thy son Joseph cometh unto thee: and Israel strengthened himself, and sat upon the bed.
3 And Jacob said unto Joseph, God Almighty appeared unto me at Luz in the land of Canaan, and blessed me,
4 And said unto me, Behold, I will make thee fruitful, and multiply thee, and I will make of thee a multitude of people; and will give this land to thy seed after thee for an everlasting possession.
5 And now thy two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, which were born unto thee in the land of Egypt before I came unto thee into Egypt, are mine; as Reuben and Simeon, they shall be mine.
6 And thy issue, which thou begettest after them, shall be thine, and shall be called after the name of their brethren in their inheritance.
7 And as for me, when I came from Padan, Rachel died by me in the land of Canaan in the way, when yet there was but a little way to come unto Ephrath: and I buried her there in the way of Ephrath; the same is Bethlehem.
8 And Israel beheld Joseph's sons, and said, Who are these?
9 And Joseph said unto his father, They are my sons, whom God hath given me in this place. And he said, Bring them, I pray thee, unto me, and I will bless them.
10 Now the eyes of Israel were dim for age, so that he could not see. And he brought them near unto him; and he kissed them, and embraced them.
11 And Israel said unto Joseph, I had not thought to see thy face: and, lo, God hath shewed me also thy seed.
12 And Joseph brought them out from between his knees, and he bowed himself with his face to the earth.
13 And Joseph took them both, Ephraim in his right hand toward Israel's left hand, and Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel's right hand, and brought them near unto him.
14 And Israel stretched out his right hand, and laid it upon Ephraim's head, who was the younger, and his left hand upon Manasseh's head, guiding his hands wittingly; for Manasseh was the firstborn.
15 And he blessed Joseph, and said, God, before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac did walk, the God which fed me all my life long unto this day,
16 The Angel which redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads; and let my name be named on them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac; and let them grow into a multitude in the midst of the earth.
17 And when Joseph saw that his father laid his right hand upon the head of Ephraim, it displeased him: and he held up his father's hand, to remove it from Ephraim's head unto Manasseh's head.
18 And Joseph said unto his father, Not so, my father: for this is the firstborn; put thy right hand upon his head.
19 And his father refused, and said, I know it, my son, I know it: he also shall become a people, and he also shall be great: but truly his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his seed shall become a multitude of nations.
20 And he blessed them that day, saying, In thee shall Israel bless, saying, God make thee as Ephraim and as Manasseh: and he set Ephraim before Manasseh.
21 And Israel said unto Joseph, Behold, I die: but God shall be with you, and bring you again unto the land of your fathers.
22 Moreover I have given to thee one portion above thy brethren, which I took out of the hand of the Amorite with my sword and with my bow.
Genesis 48
New King James Version
Jacob Blesses Joseph’s Sons(A)
48 Now it came to pass after these things that Joseph was told, “Indeed your father is sick”; and he took with him his two sons, (B)Manasseh and Ephraim. 2 And Jacob was told, “Look, your son Joseph is coming to you”; and Israel [a]strengthened himself and sat up on the bed. 3 Then Jacob said to Joseph: “God (C)Almighty appeared to me at (D)Luz in the land of Canaan and blessed me, 4 and said to me, ‘Behold, I will (E)make you fruitful and multiply you, and I will make of you a multitude of people, and (F)give this land to your descendants after you (G)as an everlasting possession.’ 5 And now your (H)two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, who were born to you in the land of Egypt before I came to you in Egypt, are mine; as Reuben and Simeon, they shall be mine. 6 Your [b]offspring [c]whom you beget after them shall be yours; they will be called by the name of their brothers in their inheritance. 7 But as for me, when I came from Padan, (I)Rachel died beside me in the land of Canaan on the way, when there was but a little distance to go to Ephrath; and I buried her there on the way to Ephrath (that is, Bethlehem).”
8 Then Israel saw Joseph’s sons, and said, “Who are these?”
9 Joseph said to his father, “They are my sons, whom God has given me in this place.”
And he said, “Please bring them to me, and (J)I will bless them.” 10 Now (K)the eyes of Israel were dim with age, so that he could not see. Then Joseph brought them near him, and he (L)kissed them and embraced them. 11 And Israel said to Joseph, (M)“I had not thought to see your face; but in fact, God has also shown me your offspring!”
12 So Joseph brought them from beside his knees, and he bowed down with his face to the earth. 13 And Joseph took them both, Ephraim with his right hand toward Israel’s left hand, and Manasseh with his left hand toward Israel’s right hand, and brought them near him. 14 Then Israel stretched out his right hand and (N)laid it on Ephraim’s head, who was the younger, and his left hand on Manasseh’s head, (O)guiding his hands knowingly, for Manasseh was the (P)firstborn. 15 And (Q)he blessed Joseph, and said:
“God, (R)before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac walked,
The God who has fed me all my life long to this day,
16 The Angel (S)who has redeemed me from all evil,
Bless the lads;
Let (T)my name be named upon them,
And the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac;
And let them (U)grow into a multitude in the midst of the earth.”
17 Now when Joseph saw that his father (V)laid his right hand on the head of Ephraim, it displeased him; so he took hold of his father’s hand to remove it from Ephraim’s head to Manasseh’s head. 18 And Joseph said to his father, “Not so, my father, for this one is the firstborn; put your right hand on his head.”
19 But his father refused and said, (W)“I know, my son, I know. He also shall become a people, and he also shall be great; but truly (X)his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his descendants shall become a multitude of nations.”
20 So he blessed them that day, saying, (Y)“By you Israel will bless, saying, ‘May God make you as Ephraim and as Manasseh!’ ” And thus he set Ephraim before Manasseh.
21 Then Israel said to Joseph, “Behold, I am dying, but (Z)God will be with you and bring you back to the land of your fathers. 22 Moreover (AA)I have given to you one [d]portion above your brothers, which I took from the hand (AB)of the Amorite with my sword and my bow.”
Footnotes
- Genesis 48:2 Collected his strength
- Genesis 48:6 children
- Genesis 48:6 Who are born to you
- Genesis 48:22 Lit. shoulder
Genesis 48
English Standard Version
Jacob Blesses Ephraim and Manasseh
48 After this, Joseph was told, “Behold, your father is ill.” So he took with him his two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim. 2 And it was told to Jacob, “Your son Joseph has come to you.” Then Israel summoned his strength and sat up in bed. 3 And Jacob said to Joseph, (A)“God Almighty[a] appeared to me at (B)Luz in the land of Canaan and blessed me, 4 and said to me, ‘Behold, I will make you fruitful and multiply you, and I will make of you a company of peoples and will give this land to your offspring after you (C)for an everlasting possession.’ 5 And now your (D)two sons, who were born to you in the land of Egypt before I came to you in Egypt, (E)are mine; Ephraim and Manasseh shall be mine, as Reuben and Simeon are. 6 And the children that you fathered after them shall be yours. They shall be called by the name of their brothers in their inheritance. 7 As for me, when I came from Paddan, to my sorrow (F)Rachel died in the land of Canaan on the way, when there was still some distance[b] to go to Ephrath, and I buried her there on the way to Ephrath (that is, Bethlehem).”
8 When Israel saw Joseph's sons, he said, “Who are these?” 9 Joseph said to his father, (G)“They are my sons, whom God has given me here.” And he said, “Bring them to me, please, that (H)I may bless them.” 10 Now (I)the eyes of Israel were dim with age, so that he could not see. So Joseph brought them near him, (J)and he kissed them and embraced them. 11 And Israel said to Joseph, (K)“I never expected to see your face; and behold, God has let me see your offspring also.” 12 Then Joseph removed them from his knees, and he bowed himself with his face to the earth. 13 And Joseph took them both, Ephraim in his right hand toward Israel's left hand, and Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel's right hand, and brought them near him. 14 (L)And Israel stretched out his right hand and laid it on the head of Ephraim, who was the younger, and his left hand on the head of Manasseh, (M)crossing his hands (for Manasseh was the firstborn). 15 And he blessed Joseph and said,
“The God (N)before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac walked,
the God who has been my shepherd all my life long to this day,
16 (O)the angel who has (P)redeemed me from all evil, bless the boys;
and in them let (Q)my name be carried on, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac;
and let them (R)grow into a multitude[c] in the midst of the earth.”
17 When Joseph saw that his father (S)laid his right hand on the head of Ephraim, it displeased him, and he took his father's hand to move it from Ephraim's head to Manasseh's head. 18 And Joseph said to his father, “Not this way, my father; since this one is the firstborn, put your right hand on his head.” 19 But his father refused and said, (T)“I know, my son, I know. He also shall become a people, and he also shall be great. Nevertheless, (U)his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his offspring shall become a multitude[d] of nations.” 20 So he blessed them that day, saying,
“By you Israel will pronounce blessings, saying,
(V)‘God make you as Ephraim and as Manasseh.’”
Thus he put Ephraim before Manasseh. 21 Then Israel said to Joseph, “Behold, I am about to die, but (W)God will be with you and will bring you again to the land of your fathers. 22 Moreover, I have given to (X)you rather than to your brothers one mountain slope[e] that I took from the hand of the Amorites with my sword and with my bow.”
Footnotes
- Genesis 48:3 Hebrew El Shaddai
- Genesis 48:7 Or about two hours' distance
- Genesis 48:16 Or let them be like fish for multitude
- Genesis 48:19 Hebrew fullness
- Genesis 48:22 Or one portion of the land; Hebrew shekem, which sounds like the town and district called Shechem
Sáng Thế 48
New Vietnamese Bible
Ma-na-se Và Ép-ra-im
48 Sau các việc này có người báo tin cho Giô-sép: “Thân phụ ông lâm bịnh.” Giô-sép đem hai con trai là Ma-na-se và Ép-ra-im theo mình. 2 Khi Gia-cốp nghe tin: “Giô-sép, con trai cụ đến thăm cụ.” Gia-cốp thu hết sức lực và ngồi dậy trên giường.
3 Gia-cốp bảo Giô-sép: “Đức Chúa Trời toàn năng đã hiện ra gặp cha tại Lu-xơ trong xứ Ca-na-an và tại đó Ngài ban phước cho ta 4 và bảo: ‘Ta sẽ làm cho con sinh sản và gia tăng rất nhiều. Ta sẽ khiến con trở thành một cộng đồng của nhiều dân tộc, và ta sẽ ban cho dòng dõi con xứ này làm sản nghiệp đời đời.’
5 Bây giờ hai đứa con trai con sinh ra tại Ai-cập trước khi cha đến cũng được kể là thuộc về cha; Ép-ra-im và Ma-na-se sẽ thuộc về cha như Ru-bên và Si-mê-ôn. 6 Những con cái con sinh sau hai đứa ấy sẽ thuộc về con; chúng sẽ hưởng cơ nghiệp dưới danh nghĩa của anh em chúng. 7 Khi cha ở Pha-đan quay về, Ra-chên đã qua đời dọc đường gần Ê-phơ-rát; cha chôn mẹ con bên đường đi Ê-phơ-rát (tức là Bết-lê-hem).”
8 Khi Y-sơ-ra-ên thấy các con trai của Giô-sép liền hỏi: “Ai đây?”
9 Giô-sép thưa: “Đó là những đứa con Đức Chúa Trời ban cho con tại đây.” Y-sơ-ra-ên bảo: “Con hãy đem chúng đến với cha để cha chúc phước cho chúng.”
10 Cặp mắt Y-sơ-ra-ên đã làng vì tuổi cao không thấy rõ được. Giô-sép đưa hai con đến gần cha. Ông ôm và hôn chúng.
11 Y-sơ-ra-ên bảo Giô-sép: “Cha tưởng sẽ chẳng bao giờ gặp mặt con lần nữa thế mà bây giờ Đức Chúa Trời lại cho cha thấy con cái của con.”
12 Giô-sép đỡ hai con ra khỏi đầu gối của cha mình rồi sấp mặt xuống đất. 13 Giô-sép đưa hai con đến sát cha mình. Tay hữu Giô-sép dẫn Ép-ra-im qua phía tả của cha, và tay tả dẫn Ma-na-se qua phía hữu. 14 Y-sơ-ra-ên đưa tay phải ra đặt trên đầu Ép-ra-im là đứa em còn bàn tay trái lại đưa tréo qua đặt lên đầu Ma-na-se, dù Ma-na-se là con trưởng.
15 Y-sơ-ra-ên chúc phước cho Giô-sép:
“Cầu xin Đức Chúa Trời của tổ phụ tôi là
Áp-ra-ham và Y-sác,
Đức Chúa Trời là Đấng chăn giữ tôi
Suốt đời cho đến ngày nay,
16 Thiên sứ đã giải cứu tôi khỏi mọi tai họa,
Hãy ban phước cho hai đứa con trai này.
Cầu cho chúng được gọi bằng tên tôi
Và tên của tổ phụ tôi là Áp-ra-ham và Y-sác;
Cầu cho chúng sinh sôi nhân lên nhiều trên mặt đất.”
17 Khi Giô-sép thấy cha mình đặt tay hữu trên đầu Ép-ra-im thì không bằng lòng nên nắm bàn tay cha đang để trên đầu Ép-ra-im mà chuyển qua đầu Ma-na-se. 18 Giô-sép thưa với cha: “Thưa cha, không; đứa này mới là con trưởng, xin cha đặt tay hữu trên đầu nó.”
19 Nhưng cha người không chịu mà nói: “Cha biết, con ơi, nó cũng sẽ trở nên một dân và nó cũng trở thành vĩ đại. Tuy nhiên em nó sẽ vĩ đại hơn nó và dòng dõi của em nó sẽ trở nên nhiều dân tộc.” 20 Hôm ấy Gia-cốp chúc phước cho chúng rằng:
“Dân Y-sơ-ra-ên sẽ nhân danh các cháu mà chúc phước lành:
Cầu xin Đức Chúa Trời làm cho ngươi như Ép-ra-im và Ma-na-se.”
Như thế Gia-cốp đặt Ép-ra-im trước Ma-na-se.
21 Y-sơ-ra-ên lại bảo Giô-sép: “Cha gần qua đời nhưng Đức Chúa Trời sẽ ở với các con và đem các con trở về xứ của tổ phụ các con. 22 Riêng phần con, ta cho con dãy đất mà ta đã dùng cung kiếm đoạt lấy của dân A-mô-rít vì con trổi hơn các anh em con.”
Genesis 48
New English Translation
Manasseh and Ephraim
48 After these things Joseph was told,[a] “Your father is weakening.” So he took his two sons Manasseh and Ephraim with him. 2 When Jacob was told,[b] “Your son Joseph has just[c] come to you,” Israel regained strength and sat up on his bed. 3 Jacob said to Joseph, “The Sovereign God[d] appeared to me at Luz in the land of Canaan and blessed me. 4 He said to me, ‘I am going to make you fruitful[e] and will multiply you.[f] I will make you into a group of nations, and I will give this land to your descendants[g] as an everlasting possession.’[h]
5 “Now, as for your two sons, who were born to you in the land of Egypt before I came to you in Egypt, they will be mine.[i] Ephraim and Manasseh will be mine just as Reuben and Simeon are. 6 Any children that you father[j] after them will be yours; they will be listed[k] under the names of their brothers in their inheritance.[l] 7 But as for me, when I was returning from Paddan, Rachel died—to my sorrow[m]—in the land of Canaan. It happened along the way, some distance from Ephrath. So I buried her there on the way to Ephrath” (that is, Bethlehem).
8 When Israel saw Joseph’s sons, he asked, “Who are these?” 9 Joseph said to his father, “They are the[n] sons God has given me in this place.” His father[o] said, “Bring them to me so I may bless them.”[p] 10 Now Israel’s eyes were failing[q] because of his age; he was not able to see well. So Joseph[r] brought his sons[s] near to him, and his father[t] kissed them and embraced them. 11 Israel said to Joseph, “I never expected[u] to see you[v] again, but now God has allowed me to see your children[w] too.”
12 So Joseph moved them from Israel’s knees[x] and bowed down with his face to the ground. 13 Joseph positioned them;[y] he put Ephraim on his right hand across from Israel’s left hand, and Manasseh on his left hand across from Israel’s right hand. Then Joseph brought them closer to his father.[z] 14 Israel stretched out his right hand and placed it on Ephraim’s head, although he was the younger.[aa] Crossing his hands, he put his left hand on Manasseh’s head, for Manasseh was the firstborn.
15 Then he blessed Joseph and said,
“May the God before whom my fathers
Abraham and Isaac walked—
the God who has been my shepherd[ab]
all my life long to this day,
16 the angel[ac] who has protected me[ad]
from all harm—
bless these boys.
May my name be named in them,[ae]
and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac.
May they grow into a multitude on the earth.”
17 When Joseph saw that his father placed his right hand on Ephraim’s head, it displeased him.[af] So he took his father’s hand to move it from Ephraim’s head to Manasseh’s head. 18 Joseph said to his father, “Not so, my father, for this is the firstborn. Put your right hand on his head.”
19 But his father refused and said, “I know, my son, I know. He too will become a nation and he too will become great. In spite of this, his younger brother will be even greater and his descendants will become a multitude[ag] of nations.” 20 So he blessed them that day, saying,
“By you[ah] will Israel bless,[ai] saying,
‘May God make you like Ephraim and Manasseh.’”
Thus he put Ephraim before Manasseh.[aj]
21 Then Israel said to Joseph, “I am about to die, but God will be with you[ak] and will bring you back to the land of your fathers. 22 As one who is above your[al] brothers, I give to you the mountain slope,[am] which I took from the Amorites with my sword and my bow.”
Footnotes
- Genesis 48:1 tn Heb “and one said.” With no expressed subject in the Hebrew text, the verb can be translated with the passive voice.
- Genesis 48:2 tn Heb “and one told and said.” The verbs have no expressed subject and can be translated with the passive voice.
- Genesis 48:2 tn Heb “Look, your son Joseph.”
- Genesis 48:3 tn Heb “El Shaddai.” See the extended note on the phrase “Sovereign God” in Gen 17:1.
- Genesis 48:4 tn Heb “Look, I am making you fruitful.” The participle following הִנֵּה (hinneh) has the nuance of a certain and often imminent future.
- Genesis 48:4 tn The perfect verbal form with vav consecutive carries on the certain future idea.
- Genesis 48:4 tn The Hebrew text adds “after you,” which has not been included in the translation for stylistic reasons.
- Genesis 48:4 tn The Hebrew word אֲחֻזָּה (ʾakhuzzah), translated “possession,” describes a permanent holding in the land. It is the noun form of the same verb (אָחַז, ʾakhaz) that was used for the land given to them in Goshen (Gen 47:27).
- Genesis 48:5 sn They will be mine. Jacob is here adopting his two grandsons Manasseh and Ephraim as his sons, and so they will have equal share with the other brothers. They will be in the place of Joseph and Levi (who will become a priestly tribe) in the settlement of the land. See I. Mendelsohn, “A Ugaritic Parallel to the Adoption of Ephraim and Manasseh,” IEJ (1959): 180-83.
- Genesis 48:6 tn Or “you fathered.”
- Genesis 48:6 tn Heb “called” or “named.”
- Genesis 48:6 sn Listed under the names of their brothers in their inheritance. This means that any subsequent children of Joseph will be incorporated into the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh.
- Genesis 48:7 tn Heb “upon me, against me,” which might mean something like “to my sorrow.”
- Genesis 48:9 tn Heb “my.”
- Genesis 48:9 tn Heb “and he”; the referent (Joseph’s father) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- Genesis 48:9 tn The cohortative with prefixed vav (ו) indicates purpose after the imperative.
- Genesis 48:10 tn Heb “heavy.”sn The disjunctive clause provides supplemental information that is important to the story. The weakness of Israel’s sight is one of several connections between this chapter and Gen 27. Here there are two sons, and it appears that the younger is being blessed over the older by a blind old man. While it was by Jacob’s deception in chap. 27, here it is with Jacob’s full knowledge.
- Genesis 48:10 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Joseph) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- Genesis 48:10 tn Heb “them”; the referent (Joseph’s sons) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- Genesis 48:10 tn Heb “and he”; the referent (Joseph’s father) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- Genesis 48:11 tn On the meaning of the Hebrew verb פָּלַל (palal) here, see E. A. Speiser, “The Stem pll in Hebrew,” JBL 82 (1963): 301-6. Speiser argues that this verb means “to estimate” as in Exod 21:22.
- Genesis 48:11 tn Heb “your face.”
- Genesis 48:11 tn Heb “offspring.”
- Genesis 48:12 tn Heb “and Joseph brought them out from with his knees.” The two boys had probably been standing by Israel’s knees when being adopted and blessed. The referent of the pronoun “his” (Israel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- Genesis 48:13 tn Heb “and Joseph took the two of them.”
- Genesis 48:13 tn Heb “and he brought near to him.” The referents of the pronouns “he” and “him” (Joseph and his father respectively) have been specified in the translation for clarity.
- Genesis 48:14 tn The disjunctive clause is circumstantial-concessive here.
- Genesis 48:15 tn Heb “shepherded me.” The verb has been translated as an English noun for stylistic reasons.
- Genesis 48:16 sn Smr reads “king” here, but the traditional reading (“angel”) may be maintained. Jacob closely associates God with an angelic protective presence. This does not mean that Jacob viewed his God as a mere angel, but it does suggest that he was aware of an angelic presence sent by God to protect him. Here he so closely associates the two that they become virtually indistinguishable. In this culture messengers typically carried the authority of the one who sent them and could even be addressed as such. Perhaps Jacob thought that the divine blessing would be mediated through this angelic messenger.
- Genesis 48:16 tn The verb גָּאַל (gaʾal) has the basic idea of “protect” as a near relative might do. It is used for buying someone out of bondage, marrying a deceased brother’s widow, paying off debts, avenging the family, and the like. The meanings of “deliver, protect, avenge” are most fitting when God is the subject (see A. R. Johnson, “The Primary Meaning of גאל,” Congress Volume: Copenhagen, 1953 [VTSup], 67-77).
- Genesis 48:16 tn Or “be recalled through them.”
- Genesis 48:17 tn Heb “it was bad in his eyes.”
- Genesis 48:19 tn Heb “fullness.”
- Genesis 48:20 tn The pronoun is singular in the Hebrew text, apparently elevating Ephraim as the more prominent of the two. Note, however, that both are named in the blessing formula that follows.
- Genesis 48:20 tn Or “pronounce a blessing.”
- Genesis 48:20 sn On the elevation of Ephraim over Manasseh see E. C. Kingsbury, “He Set Ephraim Before Manasseh,” HUCA 38 (1967): 129-36; H. Mowvley, “The Concept and Content of ‘Blessing’ in the Old Testament,” BT 16 (1965): 74-80; and I. Mendelsohn, “On the Preferential Status of the Eldest Son,” BASOR 156 (1959): 38-40.
- Genesis 48:21 tn The pronouns translated “you,” “you,” and “your” in this verse are plural in the Hebrew text.
- Genesis 48:22 tn The pronouns translated “your” and “you” in this verse are singular in the Hebrew text.
- Genesis 48:22 tn The Hebrew word שְׁכֶם (shekhem) could be translated either as “mountain slope” or “shoulder, portion,” or even taken as the proper name “Shechem.” Jacob was giving Joseph either (1) one portion above his brothers, or (2) the mountain ridge he took from the Amorites, or (3) Shechem. The ambiguity actually allows for all three to be the referent. He could be referring to the land in Shechem he bought in Gen 33:18-19, but he mentions here that it was acquired by warfare, suggesting that the events of 34:25-29 are in view (even though at the time he denounced it, 34:30). Joseph was later buried in Shechem (Josh 24:32).
Scripture taken from the New King James Version®. Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
The ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. ESV Text Edition: 2025.
New Vietnamese Bible. Used by permission of VBI (www.nvbible.org)
NET Bible® copyright ©1996-2017 by Biblical Studies Press, L.L.C. http://netbible.com All rights reserved.