Galatians 4
New English Translation
4 Now I mean that the heir, as long as he is a minor,[a] is no different from a slave, though he is the owner[b] of everything. 2 But he is under guardians[c] and managers until the date set by his[d] father. 3 So also we, when we were minors,[e] were enslaved under the basic forces[f] of the world. 4 But when the appropriate time[g] had come, God sent out his Son, born of a woman, born under the law, 5 to redeem those who were under the law, so that we may be adopted as sons with full rights.[h] 6 And because you are sons, God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls[i] “Abba![j] Father!” 7 So you are no longer a slave but a son, and if you are[k] a son, then you are also an heir through God.[l]
Heirs of Promise Are Not to Return to Law
8 Formerly when you did not know God, you were enslaved to beings that by nature are not gods at all.[m] 9 But now that you have come to know God (or rather to be known by God), how can you turn back again to the weak and worthless[n] basic forces?[o] Do you want to be enslaved to them all over again?[p] 10 You are observing religious[q] days and months and seasons and years. 11 I fear for you that my work for you may have been in vain. 12 I beg you, brothers and sisters,[r] become like me, because I have become like you. You have done me no wrong!
Personal Appeal of Paul
13 But you know it was because of a physical illness that I first proclaimed the gospel to you, 14 and though my physical condition put you to the test, you did not despise or reject me.[s] Instead, you welcomed me as though I were an angel of God,[t] as though I were Christ Jesus himself![u] 15 Where then is your sense of happiness[v] now? For I testify about you that if it were possible, you would have pulled out your eyes and given them to me! 16 So then, have I become your enemy by telling you the truth?[w]
17 They court you eagerly,[x] but for no good purpose;[y] they want to exclude you, so that you would seek them eagerly.[z] 18 However, it is good[aa] to be sought eagerly[ab] for a good purpose[ac] at all times, and not only when I am present with you. 19 My children—I am again undergoing birth pains until Christ is formed in you![ad] 20 I wish I could be with you now and change my tone of voice,[ae] because I am perplexed about you.
An Appeal from Allegory
21 Tell me, you who want to be under the law, do you not understand the law?[af] 22 For it is written that Abraham had two sons, one by the[ag] slave woman and the other by the free woman. 23 But one, the son by the slave woman, was born by natural descent,[ah] while the other, the son by the free woman, was born through the promise. 24 These things may be treated as an allegory,[ai] for these women represent two covenants. One is from Mount Sinai bearing children for slavery; this is Hagar. 25 Now Hagar represents Mount Sinai in Arabia and corresponds to the present Jerusalem, for she is in slavery with her children. 26 But the Jerusalem above is free,[aj] and she is our mother. 27 For it is written:
“Rejoice, O barren woman who does not bear children;[ak]
break forth and shout, you who have no birth pains,
because the children of the desolate woman are more numerous
than those of the woman who has a husband.”[al]
28 But you,[am] brothers and sisters,[an] are children of the promise like Isaac. 29 But just as at that time the one born by natural descent[ao] persecuted the one born according to the Spirit,[ap] so it is now. 30 But what does the scripture say? “Throw out the slave woman and her son, for the son of the slave woman will not share the inheritance with the son”[aq] of the free woman. 31 Therefore, brothers and sisters,[ar] we are not children of the slave woman but of the free woman.
Footnotes
- Galatians 4:1 tn Grk “a small child.” The Greek term νήπιος (nēpios) refers to a young child, no longer a helpless infant but probably not more than three or four years old (L&N 9.43). The point in context, though, is that this child is too young to take any responsibility for the management of his assets.
- Galatians 4:1 tn Grk “master” or “lord” (κύριος, kurios).
- Galatians 4:2 tn The Greek term translated “guardians” here is ἐπίτροπος (epitropos), whose semantic domain overlaps with that of παιδαγωγός (paidagōgos) according to L&N 36.5.
- Galatians 4:2 tn Grk “the,” but the Greek article is used here as a possessive pronoun (ExSyn 215).
- Galatians 4:3 tn See the note on the word “minor” in 4:1.
- Galatians 4:3 tn Or “basic principles,” “elemental things,” or “elemental spirits.” Some interpreters take this as a reference to supernatural powers who controlled nature and/or human fate.
- Galatians 4:4 tn Grk “the fullness of time” (an idiom for the totality of a period of time, with the implication of proper completion; see L&N 67.69).
- Galatians 4:5 tn The Greek term υἱοθεσία (huiothesia) was originally a legal technical term for adoption as a son with full rights of inheritance. BDAG 1024 s.v. notes, “a legal t.t. of ‘adoption’ of children, in our lit., i.e. in Paul, only in a transferred sense of a transcendent filial relationship between God and humans (with the legal aspect, not gender specificity, as major semantic component).” Although some modern translations remove the filial sense completely and render the term merely “adoption” (cf. NAB), the retention of this component of meaning was accomplished in the present translation by the phrase “as sons.”
- Galatians 4:6 tn Grk “calling.” The participle is neuter indicating that the Spirit is the one who calls.
- Galatians 4:6 tn The term “Abba” is the Greek transliteration of the Aramaic אַבָּא (’abba’), literally meaning “my father” but taken over simply as “father,” used in prayer and in the family circle, and later taken over by the early Greek-speaking Christians (BDAG 1 s.v. ἀββα).sn This Aramaic word is found three times in the New Testament (Mark 14:36; Rom 8:15; Gal 4:6), and in each case is followed by its Greek equivalent, which is translated “father.” It is a term expressing warm affection and filial confidence. It has no perfect equivalent in English. It has passed into European languages as an ecclesiastical term, “abbot.” Over the past fifty years a lot has been written about this term and Jesus’ use of it. Joachim Jeremias argued that Jesus routinely addressed God using this Aramaic word, and he also noted this was a “child’s word,” leading many to conclude its modern equivalent was “Daddy.” This conclusion Jeremias soon modified (the term on occasion is used of an adult son addressing his father) but the simplistic equation of abba with “Daddy” is still heard in some circles today. Nevertheless, the term does express a high degree of closeness with reverence, and in addition to the family circle could be used by disciples of a much loved and revered teacher.
- Galatians 4:7 tn Grk “and if a son, then also an heir.” The words “you are” have been supplied twice to clarify the statement.
- Galatians 4:7 tc The unusual expression διὰ θεοῦ (dia theou, “through God”) certainly prompted scribes to alter it to more customary or theologically acceptable ones such as διὰ θεόν (dia theon, “because of God”; F G 1881), διὰ Χριστοῦ (dia Christou, “through Christ”; 81 630 sa), διὰ ᾿Ιησοῦ Χριστοῦ (dia Iēsou Christou, “through Jesus Christ”; 1739c), θεοῦ διὰ Χριστοῦ (“[an heir] of God through Christ”; א2 C3 D (P) 0278 (6 326) 1175 1241 (1505) 2464 M ar sy), or κληρονόμος μὲν θεοῦ, συγκληρονόμος δὲ Χριστοῦ (klēronomos men theou, sugklēronomos de Christou, “an heir of God, and fellow-heir with Christ”; Ψ [cf. Rom 8:17]). Although it is unusual for Paul to speak of God as an intermediate agent, it is not unprecedented (cf. Gal 1:1; 1 Cor 1:9). Nevertheless, Gal 4:7 is the most direct statement to this effect. Further testimony on behalf of διὰ θεοῦ is to be found in external evidence: The witnesses with this phrase are among the most significant in the NT (P46 א* A B C* 33 1739*vid lat bo Cl).
- Galatians 4:8 tn Grk “those that by nature…” with the word “beings” implied. BDAG 1070 s.v. φύσις 2 sees this as referring to pagan worship: “Polytheists worship…beings that are by nature no gods at all Gal 4:8.”
- Galatians 4:9 tn Or “useless.” See L&N 65.16.
- Galatians 4:9 tn See the note on the phrase “basic forces” in 4:3.
- Galatians 4:9 tn Grk “basic forces, to which you want to be enslaved…” Verse 9 is a single sentence in the Greek text, but has been divided into two in the translation because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence.
- Galatians 4:10 tn The adjective “religious” has been supplied in the translation to make clear that the problem concerns observing certain days, etc. in a religious sense (cf. NIV, NRSV “special days”). In light of the polemic in this letter against the Judaizers (those who tried to force observance of the Mosaic law on Gentile converts to Christianity) this may well be a reference to the observance of Jewish Sabbaths, feasts, and other religious days.
- Galatians 4:12 tn Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:11.
- Galatians 4:14 tn Grk “your trial in my flesh you did not despise or reject.”
- Galatians 4:14 tn Or “the angel of God.” Linguistically, “angel of God” is the same in both testaments (and thus, he is either “an angel of God” or “the angel of God” in both testaments). For arguments and implications, see ExSyn 252; M. J. Davidson, “Angels,” DJG, 9; W. G. MacDonald argues for “an angel” in both testaments: “Christology and ‘The Angel of the Lord’,” Current Issues in Biblical and Patristic Interpretation, 324-35.
- Galatians 4:14 tn Grk “as an angel of God…as Christ Jesus.” This could be understood to mean either “you welcomed me like an angel of God would,” or “you welcomed me as though I were an angel of God.” In context only the second is accurate, so the translation has been phrased to indicate this.
- Galatians 4:15 tn Or “blessedness.”
- Galatians 4:16 tn Or “have I become your enemy because I am telling you the truth?” The participle ἀληθεύων (alētheuōn) can be translated as a causal adverbial participle or as a participle of means (as in the translation).
- Galatians 4:17 tn Or “They are zealous for you.”
- Galatians 4:17 tn Or “but not commendably” (BDAG 505 s.v. καλῶς 2).
- Galatians 4:17 tn Or “so that you would be zealous.”
- Galatians 4:18 tn Or “commendable.”
- Galatians 4:18 tn Or “to be zealous.”
- Galatians 4:18 tn Grk “But it is always good to be zealous in good.”
- Galatians 4:19 tn Grk “My children, for whom I am again undergoing birth pains until Christ is formed in you.” The relative clauses in English do not pick up the emotional force of Paul’s language here (note “tone of voice” in v. 20, indicating that he is passionately concerned for them); hence, the translation has been altered slightly to capture the connotative power of Paul’s plea.sn That is, until Christ’s nature or character is formed in them (see L&N 58.4).
- Galatians 4:20 tn Grk “voice” or “tone.” The contemporary English expression “tone of voice” is a good approximation to the meaning here.
- Galatians 4:21 tn Or “will you not hear what the law says?” The Greek verb ἀκούω (akouō) means “hear, listen to,” but by figurative extension it can also mean “obey.” It can also refer to the process of comprehension that follows hearing, and that sense fits the context well here.
- Galatians 4:22 tn Paul’s use of the Greek article here and before the phrase “free woman” presumes that both these characters are well known to the recipients of his letter. This verse is given as an example of the category called “well-known (‘celebrity’ or ‘familiar’) article” by ExSyn 225.
- Galatians 4:23 tn Grk “born according to the flesh”; BDAG 916 s.v. σάρξ 4 has “Of natural descent τὰ τέκνα τῆς σαρκός children by natural descent Ro 9:8 (opp. τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐπαγγελίας). ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης κατὰ σάρκα γεγέννηται Gal 4:23; cp. vs. 29.”
- Galatians 4:24 tn Grk “which things are spoken about allegorically.” Paul is not saying the OT account is an allegory, but rather that he is constructing an allegory based on the OT account.
- Galatians 4:26 sn The meaning of the statement the Jerusalem above is free is that the other woman represents the second covenant (cf. v. 24); she corresponds to the Jerusalem above that is free. Paul’s argument is very condensed at this point.
- Galatians 4:27 tn The direct object “children” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied for clarity. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context.
- Galatians 4:27 tn Grk “because more are the children of the barren one than of the one having a husband.”sn A quotation from Isa 54:1.
- Galatians 4:28 tc Most mss (א A C D2 Ψ 062 1241 1505 2464 M lat sy bo) read “we” here, while “you” is found in P46 B D* F G 0261vid 0278 33 1175 1739 al sa. It is more likely that a copyist, noticing the first person pronouns in vv. 26 and 31, changed a second person pronoun here to first person for consistency.
- Galatians 4:28 tn Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:11.
- Galatians 4:29 tn Grk “according to the flesh”; see the note on the phrase “by natural descent” in 4:23.
- Galatians 4:29 tn Or “the one born by the Spirit’s [power].”
- Galatians 4:30 sn A quotation from Gen 21:10. The phrase of the free woman does not occur in Gen 21:10.
- Galatians 4:31 tn Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:11.
Galater 4
Hoffnung für Alle
Nicht mehr Gefangene des Gesetzes, sondern Kinder Gottes
4 Überlegt einmal: Solange der Erbe noch nicht volljährig ist, besteht zwischen ihm und einem Sklaven kein Unterschied, obwohl ihm als Erben schon alles gehört. 2 Bis zu dem vom Vater festgesetzten Zeitpunkt untersteht er einem Vormund, und Vermögensverwalter bestimmen über den Besitz.
3 Genauso ging es auch uns. Wie Unmündige waren wir allen Mächten und Zwängen dieser Welt ausgeliefert. 4 Als aber die von Gott festgesetzte Zeit kam, sandte er seinen Sohn zu uns. Christus wurde wie wir als Mensch geboren und den Forderungen des Gesetzes unterstellt. 5 Er sollte uns befreien, die wir Gefangene des Gesetzes waren, damit wir zu Kindern Gottes werden und alle damit verbundenen Rechte empfangen konnten.
6 Weil ihr nun seine Kinder seid, schenkte euch Gott seinen Geist, denselben Geist, den auch der Sohn hat. Jetzt können wir zu Gott kommen und zu ihm sagen: »Abba[a], lieber Vater!« 7 Ihr seid also nicht länger Gefangene des Gesetzes, sondern Söhne und Töchter Gottes. Und als Kinder Gottes seid ihr auch seine Erben, euch gehört alles, was Gott versprochen hat.
Paulus sorgt sich um seine Gemeinden
8 Als ihr von Gott noch nichts wusstet, habt ihr sogenannten Göttern gedient, die in Wirklichkeit gar keine sind. 9 Nachdem ihr nun aber Gott kennt und liebt – genauer gesagt, nachdem Gott euch kennt und liebt –, wie ist es da möglich, dass ihr euch diesen armseligen und kümmerlichen Zwängen wieder beugt und unterwerft? 10 Oder warum sonst legt ihr so großen Wert auf die Einhaltung bestimmter Tage, Monate, Feste und Jahre? 11 Ich mache mir Sorgen um euch! Ist denn meine ganze Arbeit bei euch vergeblich gewesen?
12 Liebe Brüder und Schwestern, ich bitte euch: Folgt meinem Beispiel und lasst euch nicht unter das Gesetz zwingen. Denn auch ich habe mich nach euch gerichtet, und ihr habt mich bisher noch nie gekränkt. 13 Ihr erinnert euch sicherlich daran, als ich das erste Mal bei euch war und euch die rettende Botschaft verkündete. Damals war ich krank, 14 und obwohl meine Krankheit eine Bewährungsprobe für euren Glauben war, habt ihr mich weder verachtet noch abgewiesen. Im Gegenteil, ihr habt mich wie einen Engel Gottes aufgenommen, ja, wie Jesus Christus selbst. 15 Wie glücklich und dankbar wart ihr doch damals! Und heute? Ich bin sicher, zu der Zeit hättet ihr sogar eure Augen für mich hergegeben.[b] 16 Bin ich jetzt euer Feind geworden, weil ich euch die volle Wahrheit sage?
17 Diese Leute, die euch zurzeit so umschmeicheln, meinen es nicht ehrlich mit euch. Sie wollen nur erreichen, dass ihr euch von mir abwendet und ihnen nacheifert. 18 Nun hätte ich gar nichts dagegen, wenn es auch andere gäbe, die sich für euch einsetzen. Es soll aber in guter Absicht geschehen – und zwar immer, und nicht nur, wenn ich bei euch bin.[c]
19 Euretwegen, meine lieben Kinder, leide ich noch einmal alle Schmerzen und Ängste, wie sie eine Mutter bei der Geburt ihres Kindes auszustehen hat – so lange, bis Christus in eurem Leben Gestalt gewonnen hat. 20 Könnte ich doch nur bei euch sein und mit meinen Worten euer Herz erreichen! Ich weiß wirklich nicht, was ich noch mit euch machen soll!
Das Beispiel von Hagar und Sara
21 Ihr wollt euch also dem Gesetz unterwerfen. Wisst ihr denn eigentlich, was im Gesetz steht? 22 Dort heißt es, dass Abraham zwei Söhne hatte: einen von der Sklavin Hagar und einen von seiner Frau Sara, die als Freie geboren war. 23 Der Sohn der Sklavin wurde geboren, weil Abraham endlich einen Sohn haben wollte, der Sohn der Freien dagegen, weil Gott ihn versprochen hatte.[d]
24 Am Beispiel dieser beiden Frauen will uns Gott zeigen, wie verschieden seine beiden Bündnisse mit den Menschen sind. Den einen Bund, für den Hagar steht, schloss Gott auf dem Berg Sinai mit dem Volk Israel, als er ihm das Gesetz gab. Dieses Gesetz aber versklavt uns. 25 Hagar weist auf den Berg Sinai in Arabien hin. Er entspricht dem Jerusalem unserer Zeit, denen, die am Gesetz festhalten und deshalb nie frei werden.
26 Die andere Frau aber, von der wir abstammen, ist frei. Sie weist auf das neue Jerusalem im Himmel hin. 27 Von ihr heißt es in der Heiligen Schrift: »Sei fröhlich, du Unfruchtbare, auch wenn du nie ein Kind geboren hast. Juble und jauchze, du Kinderlose! Denn du, die du allein bist, wirst mehr Kinder haben als die Frau, die einen Mann hat.«[e]
28 Liebe Brüder und Schwestern, ihr verdankt euer Leben wie Isaak der Zusage Gottes. 29 Allerdings verfolgte schon damals der Sohn der Sklavin – der geboren wurde, weil Menschen es so wollten – den Sohn der Freien, der geboren wurde, weil Gott es wollte. Genauso ist es auch noch heute. 30 Aber was sagt die Heilige Schrift dazu? »Jage die Sklavin und ihren Sohn fort! Denn der Sohn der Freien soll nicht mit ihm das Erbe teilen müssen!«[f] 31 Wir aber, meine lieben Brüder und Schwestern, sind nicht die Kinder der Sklavin, sondern der Freien!
Footnotes
- 4,6 Abba ist aramäisch und bedeutet »Papa« oder »Vater«. So redete ein Kind in der damaligen Zeit seinen Vater im vertrauten Familienkreis an.
- 4,15 Diese Wendung ist wahrscheinlich sprichwörtlich zu verstehen und muss nicht auf eine Augenkrankheit von Paulus hinweisen.
- 4,18 Oder: Nun hätte ich gar nichts dagegen, wenn es immer jemanden gäbe, der sich mit guten Absichten für euch einsetzt – nicht nur ich, wenn ich bei euch bin.
- 4,23 Wörtlich: Doch der Sohn der Sklavin wurde nach dem Fleisch gezeugt, der Sohn der Freien aber durch das Versprechen.
- 4,27 Jesaja 54,1
- 4,30 1. Mose 21,10
Galatians 4
King James Version
4 Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all;
2 But is under tutors and governors until the time appointed of the father.
3 Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world:
4 But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law,
5 To redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons.
6 And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father.
7 Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ.
8 Howbeit then, when ye knew not God, ye did service unto them which by nature are no gods.
9 But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage?
10 Ye observe days, and months, and times, and years.
11 I am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain.
12 Brethren, I beseech you, be as I am; for I am as ye are: ye have not injured me at all.
13 Ye know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel unto you at the first.
14 And my temptation which was in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected; but received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus.
15 Where is then the blessedness ye spake of? for I bear you record, that, if it had been possible, ye would have plucked out your own eyes, and have given them to me.
16 Am I therefore become your enemy, because I tell you the truth?
17 They zealously affect you, but not well; yea, they would exclude you, that ye might affect them.
18 But it is good to be zealously affected always in a good thing, and not only when I am present with you.
19 My little children, of whom I travail in birth again until Christ be formed in you,
20 I desire to be present with you now, and to change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you.
21 Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law?
22 For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid, the other by a freewoman.
23 But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he of the freewoman was by promise.
24 Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants; the one from the mount Sinai, which gendereth to bondage, which is Agar.
25 For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answereth to Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children.
26 But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all.
27 For it is written, Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not; break forth and cry, thou that travailest not: for the desolate hath many more children than she which hath an husband.
28 Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise.
29 But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now.
30 Nevertheless what saith the scripture? Cast out the bondwoman and her son: for the son of the bondwoman shall not be heir with the son of the freewoman.
31 So then, brethren, we are not children of the bondwoman, but of the free.
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