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La ley y la fe en Cristo

¡Ay gálatas tontos! ¿Quién los ha hechizado? Pues el significado de la muerte de Jesucristo se les explicó con tanta claridad como si lo hubieran visto morir en la cruz. Déjenme hacerles una pregunta: ¿recibieron al Espíritu Santo por obedecer la ley de Moisés? ¡Claro que no! Recibieron al Espíritu porque creyeron el mensaje que escucharon acerca de Cristo. ¿Será posible que sean tan tontos? Después de haber comenzado su nueva vida en el Espíritu, ¿por qué ahora tratan de ser perfectos mediante sus propios esfuerzos? ¿Acaso han pasado por tantas experiencias[a] en vano? ¡No puede ser que no les hayan servido para nada!

Vuelvo a preguntarles: ¿acaso Dios les da al Espíritu Santo y hace milagros entre ustedes porque obedecen la ley? ¡Por supuesto que no! Es porque creen el mensaje que oyeron acerca de Cristo.

Del mismo modo, «Abraham le creyó a Dios, y Dios lo consideró justo debido a su fe»[b]. Así que los verdaderos hijos de Abraham son los que ponen su fe en Dios.

Es más, las Escrituras previeron este tiempo en el que Dios haría justos a sus ojos a los gentiles[c] por causa de su fe. Dios anunció esa Buena Noticia a Abraham hace tiempo, cuando le dijo: «Todas las naciones serán bendecidas por medio de ti»[d]. Así que todos los que ponen su fe en Cristo participan de la misma bendición que recibió Abraham por causa de su fe.

10 Sin embargo, los que dependen de la ley para hacerse justos ante Dios están bajo la maldición de Dios, porque las Escrituras dicen: «Maldito es todo el que no cumple ni obedece cada uno de los mandatos que están escritos en el libro de la ley de Dios»[e]. 11 Queda claro, entonces, que nadie puede hacerse justo ante Dios por tratar de cumplir la ley, ya que las Escrituras dicen: «Es por medio de la fe que el justo tiene vida»[f]. 12 El camino de la fe es muy diferente del camino de la ley, que dice: «Es mediante la obediencia a la ley que una persona tiene vida»[g].

13 Pero Cristo nos ha rescatado de la maldición dictada en la ley. Cuando fue colgado en la cruz, cargó sobre sí la maldición de nuestras fechorías. Pues está escrito: «Maldito todo el que es colgado en un madero»[h]. 14 Mediante Cristo Jesús, Dios bendijo a los gentiles con la misma bendición que le prometió a Abraham, a fin de que los creyentes pudiéramos recibir por medio de la fe al Espíritu Santo prometido.[i]

La ley y la promesa de Dios

15 Amados hermanos, el siguiente es un ejemplo de la vida diaria: así como nadie puede anular ni modificar un acuerdo irrevocable, tampoco en este caso. 16 Dios ha dado las promesas a Abraham y a su hijo.[j] Y noten que la Escritura no dice «a sus hijos[k]», como si significara muchos descendientes. Más bien, dice «a su hijo», y eso sin duda se refiere a Cristo. 17 Lo que trato de decir es lo siguiente: el acuerdo que Dios hizo con Abraham no podía anularse cuatrocientos treinta años más tarde—cuando Dios le dio la ley a Moisés—, porque Dios estaría rompiendo su promesa. 18 Pues, si fuera posible recibir la herencia por cumplir la ley, entonces esa herencia ya no sería el resultado de aceptar la promesa de Dios; pero Dios, por su gracia, se la concedió a Abraham mediante una promesa.

19 Entonces, ¿para qué se entregó la ley? Fue añadida a la promesa para mostrarle a la gente sus pecados, pero la intención era que la ley durara solo hasta la llegada del hijo prometido. Por medio de ángeles, Dios entregó su ley a Moisés, quien hizo de mediador entre Dios y el pueblo. 20 Ahora bien, un mediador es de ayuda si dos o más partes tienen que llegar a un acuerdo, pero Dios—quien es uno solo—no usó ningún mediador cuando le dio la promesa a Abraham.

21 ¿Hay algún conflicto, entonces, entre la ley de Dios y las promesas de Dios[l]? ¡De ninguna manera! Si la ley pudiera darnos vida nueva, nosotros podríamos hacernos justos ante Dios por obedecerla; 22 pero las Escrituras declaran que todos somos prisioneros del pecado, así que recibimos la promesa de libertad que Dios hizo únicamente por creer en Jesucristo.

Hijos de Dios por medio de la fe

23 Antes de que se nos abriera el camino de la fe en Cristo, estábamos vigilados por la ley. Nos mantuvo en custodia protectora, por así decirlo, hasta que fuera revelado el camino de la fe.

24 Dicho de otra manera, la ley fue nuestra tutora hasta que vino Cristo; nos protegió hasta que se nos declarara justos ante Dios por medio de la fe. 25 Y ahora que ha llegado el camino de la fe, ya no necesitamos que la ley sea nuestra tutora.

26 Pues todos ustedes son hijos de Dios por la fe en Cristo Jesús. 27 Y todos los que fueron unidos a Cristo en el bautismo se han puesto a Cristo como si se pusieran ropa nueva.[m] 28 Ya no hay judío ni gentil,[n] esclavo ni libre, hombre ni mujer, porque todos ustedes son uno en Cristo Jesús. 29 Y ahora que pertenecen a Cristo, son verdaderos hijos[o] de Abraham. Son sus herederos, y la promesa de Dios a Abraham les pertenece a ustedes.

Footnotes

  1. 3:4 O han sufrido tantas cosas.
  2. 3:6 Gn 15:6.
  3. 3:8a Gentil[es], que no es judío.
  4. 3:8b Gn 12:3; 18:18; 22:18.
  5. 3:10 Dt 27:26.
  6. 3:11 Ha 2:4.
  7. 3:12 Lv 18:5.
  8. 3:13 Dt 21:23 (versión griega).
  9. 3:14 Algunos manuscritos dicen recibir la bendición del Espíritu Santo por medio de la fe.
  10. 3:16a En griego simiente; también en 3:16c, 19. Ver notas en Gn 12:7 y 13:15.
  11. 3:16b En griego simientes.
  12. 3:21 Algunos manuscritos dicen y las promesas?
  13. 3:27 En griego se han puesto a Cristo.
  14. 3:28 En griego judío ni griego.
  15. 3:29 En griego son la simiente.

II. ARGOMENTAZIONE DOTTRINALE

L'esperienza cristiana

O stolti Gàlati, chi mai vi ha ammaliati, proprio voi agli occhi dei quali fu rappresentato al vivo Gesù Cristo crocifisso? Questo solo io vorrei sapere da voi: è per le opere della legge che avete ricevuto lo Spirito o per aver creduto alla predicazione? Siete così privi d'intelligenza che, dopo aver incominciato con lo Spirito, ora volete finire con la carne? Tante esperienze le avete fatte invano? Se almeno fosse invano! Colui che dunque vi concede lo Spirito e opera portenti in mezzo a voi, lo fa grazie alle opere della legge o perché avete creduto alla predicazione?

Testimonianza della Scrittura: la fede e la legge

Fu così che Abramo ebbe fede in Dio e gli fu accreditato come giustizia. Sappiate dunque che figli di Abramo sono quelli che vengono dalla fede. E la Scrittura, prevedendo che Dio avrebbe giustificato i pagani per la fede, preannunziò ad Abramo questo lieto annunzio: In te saranno benedette tutte le genti. Di conseguenza, quelli che hanno la fede vengono benedetti insieme ad Abramo che credette. 10 Quelli invece che si richiamano alle opere della legge, stanno sotto la maledizione, poiché sta scritto: Maledetto chiunque non rimane fedele a tutte le cose scritte nel libro della legge per praticarle. 11 E che nessuno possa giustificarsi davanti a Dio per la legge risulta dal fatto che il giusto vivrà in virtù della fede. 12 Ora la legge non si basa sulla fede; al contrario dice che chi praticherà queste cose, vivrà per esse. 13 Cristo ci ha riscattati dalla maledizione della legge, diventando lui stesso maledizione per noi, come sta scritto: Maledetto chi pende dal legno, 14 perché in Cristo Gesù la benedizione di Abramo passasse alle genti e noi ricevessimo la promessa dello Spirito mediante la fede.

La legge non ha annullato la promessa

15 Fratelli, ecco, vi faccio un esempio comune: un testamento legittimo, pur essendo solo un atto umano, nessuno lo dichiara nullo o vi aggiunge qualche cosa. 16 Ora è appunto ad Abramo e alla sua discendenza che furon fatte le promesse. Non dice la Scrittura: «e ai tuoi discendenti», come se si trattasse di molti, ma e alla tua discendenza, come a uno solo, cioè Cristo. 17 Ora io dico: un testamento stabilito in precedenza da Dio stesso, non può dichiararlo nullo una legge che è venuta quattrocentotrenta anni dopo, annullando così la promessa. 18 Se infatti l'eredità si ottenesse in base alla legge, non sarebbe più in base alla promessa; Dio invece concesse il suo favore ad Abramo mediante la promessa.

Funzione della legge e funzione della fede

19 Perché allora la legge? Essa fu aggiunta per le trasgressioni, fino alla venuta della discendenza per la quale era stata fatta la promessa, e fu promulgata per mezzo di angeli attraverso un mediatore. 20 Ora non si dà mediatore per una sola persona e Dio è uno solo. 21 La legge è dunque contro le promesse di Dio? Impossibile! Se infatti fosse stata data una legge capace di conferire la vita, la giustificazione scaturirebbe davvero dalla legge; 22 la Scrittura invece ha rinchiuso ogni cosa sotto il peccato, perché ai credenti la promessa venisse data in virtù della fede in Gesù Cristo.

23 Prima però che venisse la fede, noi eravamo rinchiusi sotto la custodia della legge, in attesa della fede che doveva essere rivelata. 24 Così la legge è per noi come un pedagogo che ci ha condotto a Cristo, perché fossimo giustificati per la fede. 25 Ma appena è giunta la fede, noi non siamo più sotto un pedagogo. 26 Tutti voi infatti siete figli di Dio per la fede in Cristo Gesù, 27 poiché quanti siete stati battezzati in Cristo, vi siete rivestiti di Cristo. 28 Non c'è più giudeo né greco; non c'è più schiavo né libero; non c'è più uomo né donna, poiché tutti voi siete uno in Cristo Gesù. 29 E se appartenete a Cristo, allora siete discendenza di Abramo, eredi secondo la promessa.

O foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you, that ye should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth, crucified among you?

This only would I learn of you, Received ye the Spirit by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith?

Are ye so foolish? having begun in the Spirit, are ye now made perfect by the flesh?

Have ye suffered so many things in vain? if it be yet in vain.

He therefore that ministereth to you the Spirit, and worketh miracles among you, doeth he it by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith?

Even as Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him for righteousness.

Know ye therefore that they which are of faith, the same are the children of Abraham.

And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the heathen through faith, preached before the gospel unto Abraham, saying, In thee shall all nations be blessed.

So then they which be of faith are blessed with faithful Abraham.

10 For as many as are of the works of the law are under the curse: for it is written, Cursed is every one that continueth not in all things which are written in the book of the law to do them.

11 But that no man is justified by the law in the sight of God, it is evident: for, The just shall live by faith.

12 And the law is not of faith: but, The man that doeth them shall live in them.

13 Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us: for it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree:

14 That the blessing of Abraham might come on the Gentiles through Jesus Christ; that we might receive the promise of the Spirit through faith.

15 Brethren, I speak after the manner of men; Though it be but a man's covenant, yet if it be confirmed, no man disannulleth, or addeth thereto.

16 Now to Abraham and his seed were the promises made. He saith not, And to seeds, as of many; but as of one, And to thy seed, which is Christ.

17 And this I say, that the covenant, that was confirmed before of God in Christ, the law, which was four hundred and thirty years after, cannot disannul, that it should make the promise of none effect.

18 For if the inheritance be of the law, it is no more of promise: but God gave it to Abraham by promise.

19 Wherefore then serveth the law? It was added because of transgressions, till the seed should come to whom the promise was made; and it was ordained by angels in the hand of a mediator.

20 Now a mediator is not a mediator of one, but God is one.

21 Is the law then against the promises of God? God forbid: for if there had been a law given which could have given life, verily righteousness should have been by the law.

22 But the scripture hath concluded all under sin, that the promise by faith of Jesus Christ might be given to them that believe.

23 But before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed.

24 Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith.

25 But after that faith is come, we are no longer under a schoolmaster.

26 For ye are all the children of God by faith in Christ Jesus.

27 For as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ.

28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus.

29 And if ye be Christ's, then are ye Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise.

Faith or Works of the Law

You foolish(A) Galatians!(B) Who has bewitched you?(C) Before your very eyes Jesus Christ was clearly portrayed as crucified.(D) I would like to learn just one thing from you: Did you receive the Spirit(E) by the works of the law,(F) or by believing what you heard?(G) Are you so foolish? After beginning by means of the Spirit, are you now trying to finish by means of the flesh?[a] Have you experienced[b] so much in vain—if it really was in vain? So again I ask, does God give you his Spirit and work miracles(H) among you by the works of the law, or by your believing what you heard?(I) So also Abraham “believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness.”[c](J)

Understand, then, that those who have faith(K) are children of Abraham.(L) Scripture foresaw that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, and announced the gospel in advance to Abraham: “All nations will be blessed through you.”[d](M) So those who rely on faith(N) are blessed along with Abraham, the man of faith.(O)

10 For all who rely on the works of the law(P) are under a curse,(Q) as it is written: “Cursed is everyone who does not continue to do everything written in the Book of the Law.”[e](R) 11 Clearly no one who relies on the law is justified before God,(S) because “the righteous will live by faith.”[f](T) 12 The law is not based on faith; on the contrary, it says, “The person who does these things will live by them.”[g](U) 13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law(V) by becoming a curse for us, for it is written: “Cursed is everyone who is hung on a pole.”[h](W) 14 He redeemed us in order that the blessing given to Abraham might come to the Gentiles through Christ Jesus,(X) so that by faith we might receive the promise of the Spirit.(Y)

The Law and the Promise

15 Brothers and sisters,(Z) let me take an example from everyday life. Just as no one can set aside or add to a human covenant that has been duly established, so it is in this case. 16 The promises were spoken to Abraham and to his seed.(AA) Scripture does not say “and to seeds,” meaning many people, but “and to your seed,”[i](AB) meaning one person, who is Christ. 17 What I mean is this: The law, introduced 430 years(AC) later, does not set aside the covenant previously established by God and thus do away with the promise. 18 For if the inheritance depends on the law, then it no longer depends on the promise;(AD) but God in his grace gave it to Abraham through a promise.

19 Why, then, was the law given at all? It was added because of transgressions(AE) until the Seed(AF) to whom the promise referred had come. The law was given through angels(AG) and entrusted to a mediator.(AH) 20 A mediator,(AI) however, implies more than one party; but God is one.

21 Is the law, therefore, opposed to the promises of God? Absolutely not!(AJ) For if a law had been given that could impart life, then righteousness would certainly have come by the law.(AK) 22 But Scripture has locked up everything under the control of sin,(AL) so that what was promised, being given through faith in Jesus Christ, might be given to those who believe.

Children of God

23 Before the coming of this faith,[j] we were held in custody(AM) under the law, locked up until the faith that was to come would be revealed.(AN) 24 So the law was our guardian until Christ came(AO) that we might be justified by faith.(AP) 25 Now that this faith has come, we are no longer under a guardian.(AQ)

26 So in Christ Jesus you are all children of God(AR) through faith, 27 for all of you who were baptized into Christ(AS) have clothed yourselves with Christ.(AT) 28 There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free,(AU) nor is there male and female,(AV) for you are all one in Christ Jesus.(AW) 29 If you belong to Christ,(AX) then you are Abraham’s seed,(AY) and heirs(AZ) according to the promise.(BA)

Footnotes

  1. Galatians 3:3 In contexts like this, the Greek word for flesh (sarx) refers to the sinful state of human beings, often presented as a power in opposition to the Spirit.
  2. Galatians 3:4 Or suffered
  3. Galatians 3:6 Gen. 15:6
  4. Galatians 3:8 Gen. 12:3; 18:18; 22:18
  5. Galatians 3:10 Deut. 27:26
  6. Galatians 3:11 Hab. 2:4
  7. Galatians 3:12 Lev. 18:5
  8. Galatians 3:13 Deut. 21:23
  9. Galatians 3:16 Gen. 12:7; 13:15; 24:7
  10. Galatians 3:23 Or through the faithfulness of Jesus … 23 Before faith came