Ezekiel 23
New English Translation
Two Sisters
23 The Lord’s message came to me: 2 “Son of man, there were two women who were daughters of the same mother. 3 They engaged in prostitution in Egypt; in their youth they engaged in prostitution. Their breasts were squeezed there; lovers[a] fondled their virgin nipples there. 4 Oholah was the name of the older and Oholibah[b] the name of her younger sister. They became mine and gave birth to sons and daughters.[c] Oholah is Samaria, and Oholibah is Jerusalem.
5 “Oholah engaged in prostitution while she was mine.[d] She lusted after her lovers, the Assyrians[e]—warriors[f] 6 clothed in blue, governors and officials, all of them desirable young men, horsemen riding on horses. 7 She bestowed her sexual favors[g] on them; all of them were the choicest young men of Assyria. She defiled herself with all whom she desired[h]—with all their idols. 8 She did not abandon the prostitution she had practiced in Egypt, for in her youth men went to bed[i] with her, fondled her virgin breasts, and ravished her.[j] 9 Therefore I handed her over to her lovers, the Assyrians[k] for whom she lusted. 10 They exposed her nakedness, seized her sons and daughters, and killed her with the sword. She became notorious[l] among women, and they executed judgments against her.
11 “Her sister Oholibah watched this,[m] but she became more corrupt in her lust than her sister had been, and her acts of prostitution were more numerous than those of her sister. 12 She lusted after the Assyrians—governors and officials, warriors in full armor, horsemen riding on horses, all of them desirable young men. 13 I saw that she was defiled; both of them followed the same path. 14 But she increased her prostitution. She saw men carved on the wall, images of the Chaldeans carved in bright red,[n] 15 wearing belts on their waists and flowing turbans on their heads, all of them looking like officers, the image of Babylonians[o] whose native land is Chaldea. 16 When she saw them,[p] she lusted after them and sent messengers to them in Chaldea.[q] 17 The Babylonians crawled into bed with her.[r] They defiled her with their lust; after she was defiled by them, she[s] became disgusted with them. 18 When she lustfully exposed her nakedness,[t] I[u] was disgusted with her, just as I[v] had been disgusted with her sister. 19 Yet she increased her prostitution, remembering the days of her youth when she engaged in prostitution in the land of Egypt. 20 She lusted after her lovers there, whose genitals were like those of donkeys,[w] and whose emission was like that of stallions. 21 This is how you assessed[x] the obscene conduct of your youth, when the Egyptians fondled[y] your nipples and squeezed[z] your young breasts.
22 “Therefore, Oholibah, this is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look here,[aa] I am about to stir up against you the lovers with whom you were disgusted; I will bring them against you from every side: 23 the Babylonians and all the Chaldeans, Pekod,[ab] Shoa,[ac] and Koa,[ad] and all the Assyrians with them, desirable young men, all of them governors and officials, officers and nobles, all of them riding on horses. 24 They will attack[ae] you with weapons,[af] chariots, wagons, and with a huge army;[ag] they will array themselves against you on every side with large shields, small shields, and helmets. I will assign them the task of judgment;[ah] they will punish you according to their laws. 25 I will direct[ai] my jealous anger against you, and they will deal with you in rage. They will cut off your nose and your ears,[aj] and your survivors will die[ak] by the sword. They will seize your sons and daughters, and your survivors will be consumed by fire. 26 They will strip your clothes off you and take away your beautiful jewelry. 27 So I will put an end to your obscene conduct and your prostitution that you have practiced in the land of Egypt.[al] You will not seek their help[am] or remember Egypt anymore.
28 “For this is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look here,[an] I am about to deliver you over to[ao] those whom you hate, to those with whom you were disgusted. 29 They will treat you with hatred, take away all you have labored for,[ap] and leave you naked and bare. Your nakedness will be exposed, just as when you engaged in prostitution and obscene conduct.[aq] 30 I will do these things to you[ar] because you engaged in prostitution with the nations, polluting yourself with their idols. 31 You have followed the ways of your sister, so I will place her cup of judgment[as] in your hand. 32 This is what the Sovereign Lord says: ‘You will drink your sister’s deep and wide cup;[at] you will be scorned and derided, for it holds a great deal. 33 You will be overcome by[au] drunkenness and sorrow. The cup of your sister Samaria is a cup of horror and desolation. 34 You will drain it dry,[av] gnaw its pieces,[aw] and tear out your breasts,[ax] for I have spoken, declares the Sovereign Lord.’
35 “Therefore this is what the Sovereign Lord says: Because you have forgotten me and completely disregarded me,[ay] you must bear now the punishment for[az] your obscene conduct and prostitution.”
36 The Lord said to me: “Son of man, are you willing to pronounce judgment[ba] on Oholah and Oholibah? Then declare to them their abominable deeds! 37 For they have committed adultery, and blood is on their hands. They have committed adultery with their idols, and their sons, whom they bore to me,[bb] they have passed through the fire as food to their idols.[bc] 38 Moreover, they have done this to me: In the very same day[bd] they desecrated my sanctuary and profaned my Sabbaths. 39 On the same day they slaughtered their sons for their idols, they came to my sanctuary to desecrate it. This is what they have done in the middle of my house.
40 “They even sent for men from far away; when the messenger arrived, those men set out.[be] For them you bathed,[bf] painted your eyes, and decorated yourself with jewelry. 41 You sat on a magnificent couch, with a table arranged in front of it where you placed my incense and my olive oil. 42 The sound of a carefree crowd accompanied her,[bg] including all kinds of men;[bh] even Sabeans[bi] were brought from the desert. The sisters[bj] put bracelets on their wrists and beautiful crowns on their heads. 43 Then I said about the one worn out by adultery, ‘Now they will commit immoral acts with her.’ 44 They slept with her[bk] the way someone sleeps with a prostitute. In this way they slept with Oholah and Oholibah, promiscuous women. 45 But upright men will punish them appropriately for their adultery and bloodshed,[bl] because they are adulteresses and blood is on their hands.
46 “For this is what the Sovereign Lord says: Bring up an army[bm] against them and subject them[bn] to terror and plunder. 47 That army will pelt them with stones and slash them with their swords; they will kill their sons and daughters and burn their houses.[bo] 48 I will put an end to the obscene conduct in the land; all the women will learn a lesson from this and not engage in obscene conduct. 49 They will repay you for your obscene conduct, and you will be punished for idol worship.[bp] Then you will know that I am the Sovereign Lord.”
Footnotes
- Ezekiel 23:3 tn In the Hebrew text the subject is left unstated and must be supplied from the context.
- Ezekiel 23:4 tn The names Oholah and Oholibah are both derived from the word meaning “tent.” The meaning of Oholah is “her tent,” while Oholibah means “my tent is in her.”
- Ezekiel 23:4 sn In this allegory the Lord is depicted as being the husband of two wives. The OT law prohibited a man from marrying sisters (Lev 18:18), but the practice is attested in the OT (cf. Jacob). The metaphor is utilized here for illustrative purposes and does not mean that the Lord condoned such a practice or bigamy in general.
- Ezekiel 23:5 tn Heb “while she was under me.” The expression indicates that Oholah is viewed as the Lord’s wife. See Num 5:19-20, 29. sn Engaged in prostitution refers to alliances with pagan nations in this context. In Ezek 16 harlotry described the sin of idolatry.
- Ezekiel 23:5 tn Heb “Assyria.”
- Ezekiel 23:5 tn The term apparently refers to Assyrian military officers; it is better construed with the description that follows. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 1:738.
- Ezekiel 23:7 tn Heb “her harlotries.”
- Ezekiel 23:7 tn Heb “lusted after.”
- Ezekiel 23:8 tn Heb “lied down with.” The verb שָׁכַב (shakav) “to lie down” can imply going to bed to sleep or be a euphemism for sexual relations.
- Ezekiel 23:8 tn Heb “and poured out their harlotry on her.”
- Ezekiel 23:9 tn Heb “I gave her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the sons of Assyria.”
- Ezekiel 23:10 tn Heb “name.”
- Ezekiel 23:11 tn The word “this” is not in the original text.
- Ezekiel 23:14 tn The only other occurrence of the Hebrew term is in Jer 22:14.
- Ezekiel 23:15 tn Heb “the sons of Babel.”
- Ezekiel 23:16 tn Heb “at the appearance of her eyes.”
- Ezekiel 23:16 sn The Chaldeans were prominent tribal groups of Babylonia. The imagery is reminiscent of events in the reigns of Hezekiah (2 Kgs 20:12-15) and Jehoiakim (2 Kgs 23:34-24:1).
- Ezekiel 23:17 tn Heb “The sons of Babel came to her on a bed of love.”
- Ezekiel 23:17 tn Heb “her soul.”
- Ezekiel 23:18 tn Heb “She exposed her harlotry and exposed her nakedness.”
- Ezekiel 23:18 tn Heb “my soul.”
- Ezekiel 23:18 tn Heb “my soul.”
- Ezekiel 23:20 tn Heb “She lusted after their concubines (?), whose flesh was the flesh of donkeys.” The phrase “their concubines” is difficult here. The pronoun is masculine plural, suggesting that the Egyptian men are in view, but how concubines would fit into the picture envisioned here is not clear. It is possible that the term refers here to the Egyptians’ genitals. The relative pronoun that follows introduces a more specific description of them. Some suggest that Ezekiel uses the term in an idiomatic sense of “paramour,” which is reflected in the translation above.
- Ezekiel 23:21 tn Or “you took note of.” The Hebrew verb פָּקַד (paqad) in the Qal implies evaluating something and then acting in light of that judgment; here the prophet depicts Judah as approving of her youthful unfaithfulness and then magnifying it at the present time. Some translations assume the verb should be repointed as a Niphal, rendering “you missed” or by extension “you longed for,” but such an extension of the Niphal “to be missing” is otherwise unattested.
- Ezekiel 23:21 tn Heb “when (they) did,” but the verb makes no sense here and is better emended to “when (they) fondled,” a verb used in vv. 3 and 8. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:43.
- Ezekiel 23:21 tn Heb “for the sake of,” but the expression is awkward and is better emended to read “to squeeze.” See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:43.
- Ezekiel 23:22 tn The word הִנֵּה (hinneh, traditionally “behold”) indicates becoming aware of something and has been translated here as a verb.
- Ezekiel 23:23 sn Pekod was the name of an Aramean tribe (known as Puqudu in Mesopotamian texts) that lived in the region of the Tigris River.
- Ezekiel 23:23 sn Shoa was the name of a nomadic people (the Sutu) that lived in Mesopotamia.
- Ezekiel 23:23 sn Koa was the name of another Mesopotamian people group (the Qutu).
- Ezekiel 23:24 tn Heb “come against.”
- Ezekiel 23:24 tn This is the only occurrence of this term in the OT. The precise meaning is uncertain.
- Ezekiel 23:24 tn Heb “an assembly of peoples.”
- Ezekiel 23:24 tn Heb “I will place before them judgment.”
- Ezekiel 23:25 tn Heb “give.”
- Ezekiel 23:25 tn Heb “they will remove.” sn This method of punishment is attested among ancient Egyptian and Hittite civilizations. See W. Zimmerli, Ezekiel (Hermeneia), 1:489.
- Ezekiel 23:25 tn Heb “fall.”
- Ezekiel 23:27 tn Heb “I will cause your obscene conduct to cease from you and your harlotry from the land of Egypt.”
- Ezekiel 23:27 tn Heb “lift your eyes to them.”
- Ezekiel 23:28 tn The word הִנֵּה (hinneh, traditionally “behold”) indicates becoming aware of something and has been translated here as a verb.
- Ezekiel 23:28 tn Heb “I am giving you into the hand of.”
- Ezekiel 23:29 tn The Hebrew term means “labor,” but by extension it can also refer to that for which one works.
- Ezekiel 23:29 tn Heb “The nakedness of your prostitution will be exposed, and your obscene conduct and your harlotry.”
- Ezekiel 23:30 tn The infinitive absolute continues the sequence begun in v. 28: “Look here, I am about to deliver you.” See Joüon 2:430 §123.w.
- Ezekiel 23:31 tn Heb “her cup.” A cup of intoxicating strong drink is used, here and elsewhere, as a metaphor for judgment because both leave one confused and reeling. (See Jer 25:15, 17, 28; Hab 2:16.) The cup of wrath is a theme also found in the NT (Mark 14:36).
- Ezekiel 23:32 sn The image of a deep and wide cup suggests the degree of punishment; it will be extensive and leave the victim helpless.
- Ezekiel 23:33 tn Heb “filled with.”
- Ezekiel 23:34 tn Heb “You will drink it and drain (it).”
- Ezekiel 23:34 tn D. I. Block compares this to the idiom of “licking the plate” (Ezekiel [NICOT], 1:754, n. 137). The text is difficult as the word translated “gnaw” is rare. The noun is used of the shattered pieces of pottery and so could envision a broken cup. But the Piel verb form is used in only one other place (Num 24:8), where it is a denominative from the noun “bone” and seems to mean to “break (bones).” Why it would be collocated with “sherds” is not clear. For this reason some emend the phrase to read “consume its dregs” (see L. C. Allen, Ezekiel [WBC], 2:44) or emend the verb to read “swallow,” as if the intoxicated Oholibah breaks the cup and then eats the very sherds in an effort to get every last drop of the beverage that dampens them.
- Ezekiel 23:34 sn The severe action is more extreme than beating the breasts in anguish (Isa 32:12; Nah 2:7). It is also ironic, for these are the very breasts she so blatantly offered to her lovers (vv. 3, 21).
- Ezekiel 23:35 tn Heb “and you cast me behind your back.” The expression pictures her rejection of the Lord (see 1 Kgs 14:9).
- Ezekiel 23:35 tn The word “punishment” is not in the Hebrew text but is demanded by the context.
- Ezekiel 23:36 tn Heb “will you judge.” Here the imperfect form of the verb is probably used with a desiderative nuance. Addressed to the prophet, “judge” means to warn of or pronounce God’s impending judgment. See 20:4 and 22:2.
- Ezekiel 23:37 sn The Lord speaks here in the role of the husband of the sisters.
- Ezekiel 23:37 tn Heb “they have passed to them for food.” The verb is commonly taken to refer to passing children through fire, especially as an offering to the pagan god Molech. See Jer 32:35.
- Ezekiel 23:38 tn Heb “in that day.”
- Ezekiel 23:40 tn Heb “to whom a messenger was sent, and look, they came.” Foreign alliances are in view here.
- Ezekiel 23:40 tn The Hebrew verb form is feminine singular, indicating that Oholibah (Judah) is specifically addressed here. This address continues through verse 42a (note “her”), but then both sisters are described in verse 42b, where the feminine pronouns are again plural.
- Ezekiel 23:42 tn Heb “(was) in her.”
- Ezekiel 23:42 tn Heb “and men from the multitude of mankind.”
- Ezekiel 23:42 tn An alternate reading is “drunkards.” Sheba is located in the area of modern day Yemen.
- Ezekiel 23:42 tn Heb “they”; the referents (the sisters) have been specified in the translation for the sake of clarity.
- Ezekiel 23:44 tn Heb “approached.” The verb בּוֹא (boʾ) with the preposition אֶל (ʾel) means “come to” or “approach” but is also used as a euphemism for sexual relations.
- Ezekiel 23:45 tn Heb “and upright men will judge them (with) the judgment of adulteresses and the judgment of those who shed blood.”
- Ezekiel 23:46 tn Heb “assembly.”
- Ezekiel 23:46 tn Heb “give them to.”
- Ezekiel 23:47 tn The Hebrew text adds: “with fire.”
- Ezekiel 23:49 tn Heb “and the sins of your idols you will bear.” By extension it can mean the punishment for the sins.
Ezekiel 23
International Standard Version
Introducing Oholah and Oholibah
23 This message came to me from the Lord: 2 “Son of Man, here are two sisters who are daughters from the same mother. 3 They committed sexual immorality in Egypt. They did this[a] in their youth. There, their breasts were caressed. Their virgin breasts were fondled. 4 The older one was named Oholah[b] and her sister was named Oholibah.[c] They belonged to me and gave birth to sons and daughters. Now as to their real identities, Oholah refers to Samaria and Oholibah to Jerusalem.”
The Sins of Samaria
5 “Oholah committed sexual immorality while she belonged to me. She lusted for Assyria’s warriors, 6 who were clothed in blue—including governors and commanders. All of them were desirable young men—horsemen mounted on horses. 7 She bestowed her sexual favors[d] on them—all of them, the best of the Assyrians—and with whomever she lusted for.
“She defiled herself with all their idols. 8 She never abandoned the immorality that she practiced in Egypt during her youth, where they laid down with her and fondled her virgin breasts, lavishing her with all kinds of favors. 9 Therefore, I turned her over to the control[e] of her lovers, that is, into the control[f] of the Assyrians for whom she lusted. 10 They stripped her naked, took away her sons and daughters, and executed her with a sword. She became an object of ridicule[g] among other nations[h] when they punished her.”
The Sins of Jerusalem
11 “Her sister Oholibah saw this, but she was more corrupt in her lust and sexual immorality than her sister had been in her own sexual immorality. 12 She lusted after the Assyrians—governors, commanders, warriors clothed in gorgeous attire, cavalry mounted on their horses—all of them desirable young men. 13 I saw that she was defiled, because the two of them both were on the same[i] path.
14 “She became even more sexually immoral when she saw the images of the Chaldean men who had been carved in red on their walls. 15 Girded with waistbands around their loins, with flowing turbans on their heads, all of them looked like chariot officers, similar to the Babylonians from Chaldea, where they had been born.
16 “She lusted after them when she saw them, so she sent messengers to summon them from Chaldea. 17 The Babylonians came to her love nest[j] and defiled her with their sexual immorality. As a result, she was defiled by them. Even so, she turned away from them in disgust. 18 She displayed her immorality publicly and stripped herself naked, so I turned away in disgust from her, just as I had turned away in disgust from her sister.
19 “Nevertheless, she became even more sexually immoral, even reminiscing about when she was young, when she kept on practicing sexual immorality in the land of Egypt. 20 She lusted after her paramours, whose genitals are[k] like those of donkeys, and whose emissions are like those of horses. 21 Think about the wickedness that you practiced when you were young, when the Egyptians fondled your breasts, the breasts of your youth.”
God’s Rebuke to Jerusalem
22 “Therefore, Oholibah, this is what the Lord God says: ‘Look! I’m about to stir up your lovers against you, the ones from whom you’ve turned away in disgust. I’m going to bring them against you from every direction— 23 the Babylonians, all the Chaldeans, Pekod, Shoa, Koa, and all of the Assyrians with them. They’re all desirable young men, governors, commanders, chariot officers, and famous men, all of them mounted on horses.
24 “‘They’ll invade you with weapons, chariots, wagons, and a vast army. They’ll set themselves in place to attack you from every direction with large shields, small shields, and helmets. I’ll turn over judgment to them, and they’ll punish you according to their own standards.[l] 25 I’ll expend my jealousy on you so they’ll deal with you in anger. They’ll cut off your noses and your ears. Your survivors will die violently.[m] They’ll take your sons and daughters away from you, but your survivors will be incinerated. 26 They’ll strip off your clothes and confiscate your jewelry.[n] 27 That’s how I’ll put an end to your obscene conduct and sexual immorality that you kept on practicing since the day you left[o] the land of Egypt so that you won’t look in Egypt’s direction or even remember it anymore.’
28 “This is what the Lord God says, ‘I’m about to turn you over to the control[p] of those you hate, to the control of those from whom you turned away in disgust. 29 They’ll deal with you with hatred. They’ll take away your productivity, leaving you naked and defenseless, so that the nakedness of your sexual immorality will be uncovered—your licentious sexual immorality. 30 These things will happen to you because of your sexual immorality that was patterned after what the nations do. You’ve been defiled by their idols. 31 You took the path of your sister, so I’ll place her cup in your hand.’
32 “This is what the Lord God says: ‘You’ll drink from your sister’s cup, which is both large and deep. You’ll become a laughing stock and an object of derision, since the cup is so full! 33 You’ll be filled with drunkenness and grief. The cup that belongs to your sister Samaria is filled with horror and devastation, 34 but you’ll drink from it and drain it completely. As for the vessel, you’ll break it to pieces and you’ll tear at your breasts, for I’ve spoken,’ declares the Lord God.
35 “Therefore this is what the Lord God says: ‘Because you abandoned me and threw me behind your back, you will bear the consequences of your obscene conduct and sexual immorality.’”
What Israel and Samaria Did
36 Then the Lord spoke to me. “Son of Man, speak out in judgment of both Oholah and Oholibah. Make their detestable practices widely known, 37 because they’ve committed adultery, and blood covers their hands. They’ve also committed adultery with their idols, making their sons born to me to pass through the fire[q] as an offering to[r] them.
38 “They’ve also done this to me: They defiled my sanctuary and profaned my Sabbaths, all at the same time![s] 39 When they killed their sons as offerings to[t] their idols, they brought them to my sanctuary and defiled it.[u] Look what they’ve done with my Temple!
40 “In addition, they sent messengers for men to come from afar. When they arrived, you bathed yourself for them, painted your eyes, adorned yourself with jewelry, 41 then sat down on an elegant bed. A table was arranged in front of it, on which you set out my incense and oil. 42 The sound of a carefree multitude accompanied her. Men from a multitude of peoples were coming—including Sabeans[v] from the wilderness, adorned[w] with bracelets on their hands and beautiful crowns on their heads.
43 “After she had worn herself out by her adulterous behavior, I asked her, ‘Will they continue with their sexual immorality and with their prostitution?’ 44 They’ve gone to her, like men do, to have sex with a prostitute. They[x] had sex with Oholah and Oholibah, those licentious women. 45 Righteous men will judge them with punishments fit for adulterers and for those who shed blood, because they’re adulterers with blood on their hands.”
The Coming Invasion
46 This is what the Lord God says: “Bring an army[y] against them and deliver them over to terror and plunder. 47 Then the army will stone them with stones and cut them to pieces with their swords. They’ll kill their sons and daughters and incinerate their houses. 48 I’ll cause obscene conduct to stop throughout the land, because all the women will be admonished not to practice their obscene conduct. 49 You’ll receive the consequences for your obscene conduct and bear the punishment for your sins of idolatry. Then you’ll know that I am the Lord God.”
Footnotes
- Ezekiel 23:3 Lit. They committed sexual immorality
- Ezekiel 23:4 The Heb. name Oholah means she worships at a tent shrine
- Ezekiel 23:4 The Heb. name Oholibah means she is a tent shrine
- Ezekiel 23:7 Lit. her sexual immorality
- Ezekiel 23:9 Lit. hands
- Ezekiel 23:9 Lit. hands
- Ezekiel 23:10 Lit. became a name
- Ezekiel 23:10 Lit. among the women
- Ezekiel 23:13 Lit. one
- Ezekiel 23:17 Lit. best
- Ezekiel 23:20 Lit. whose flesh is
- Ezekiel 23:24 Lit. punishment
- Ezekiel 23:25 Lit. die by the sword
- Ezekiel 23:26 Lit. your articles of beauty
- Ezekiel 23:27 Lit. practicing from
- Ezekiel 23:28 Lit. hands
- Ezekiel 23:37 The Heb. lacks fire
- Ezekiel 23:37 Lit. as food for
- Ezekiel 23:38 The Heb. has day
- Ezekiel 23:39 Lit. sons for
- Ezekiel 23:39 I.e. with their corpses
- Ezekiel 23:42 Or drunkards
- Ezekiel 23:42 Lit. they put
- Ezekiel 23:44 Lit. He
- Ezekiel 23:46 Lit. company
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