Exodus 4
New American Bible (Revised Edition)
Chapter 4
1 “But,” objected Moses, “suppose they do not believe me or listen to me? For they may say, ‘The Lord did not appear to you.’” 2 The Lord said to him: What is in your hand? “A staff,” he answered. 3 God said: Throw it on the ground. So he threw it on the ground and it became a snake,(A) and Moses backed away from it. 4 Then the Lord said to Moses: Now stretch out your hand and take hold of its tail. So he stretched out his hand and took hold of it, and it became a staff in his hand. 5 That is so they will believe that the Lord, the God of their ancestors, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, did appear to you.
6 Again the Lord said to him: Put your hand into the fold of your garment. So he put his hand into the fold of his garment, and when he drew it out, there was his hand covered with scales, like snowflakes. 7 Then God said: Put your hand back into the fold of your garment. So he put his hand back into the fold of his garment, and when he drew it out, there it was again like his own flesh. 8 If they do not believe you or pay attention to the message of the first sign, they should believe the message of the second sign. 9 And if they do not believe even these two signs and do not listen to you, take some water from the Nile and pour it on the dry land. The water you take from the Nile will become blood on the dry land.(B)
Aaron’s Office as Assistant. 10 Moses, however, said to the Lord, “If you please, my Lord, I have never been eloquent, neither in the past nor now that you have spoken to your servant; but I am slow of speech and tongue.”(C) 11 The Lord said to him: Who gives one person speech? Who makes another mute or deaf, seeing or blind? Is it not I, the Lord? 12 Now go, I will assist you in speaking[a] and teach you what you are to say. 13 But he said, “If you please, my Lord, send someone else!”[b] 14 Then the Lord became angry with Moses and said: I know there is your brother, Aaron the Levite, who is a good speaker; even now he is on his way to meet you. When he sees you, he will truly be glad. 15 You will speak to him and put the words in his mouth. I will assist both you and him in speaking and teach you both what you are to do. 16 He will speak to the people for you: he will be your spokesman,[c] and you will be as God to him.(D) 17 Take this staff[d] in your hand; with it you are to perform the signs.
Moses’ Return to Egypt. 18 After this Moses returned to Jethro[e] his father-in-law and said to him, “Let me return to my kindred in Egypt, to see whether they are still living.” Jethro replied to Moses, “Go in peace.” 19 Then the Lord said to Moses in Midian: Return to Egypt, for all those who sought your life are dead. 20 So Moses took his wife and his sons, mounted them on the donkey, and started back to the land of Egypt. Moses took the staff of God with him. 21 The Lord said to Moses: On your return to Egypt, see that you perform before Pharaoh all the wonders I have put in your power. But I will harden his heart[f] and he will not let the people go. 22 (E)So you will say to Pharaoh, Thus says the Lord: Israel is my son, my firstborn. 23 I said to you: Let my son go, that he may serve me. Since you refused to let him go, I will kill your son, your firstborn.(F)
24 [g]On the journey, at a place where they spent the night, the Lord came upon Moses and sought to put him to death. 25 (G)But Zipporah took a piece of flint and cut off her son’s foreskin and, touching his feet,[h] she said, “Surely you are a spouse of blood to me.” 26 So God let Moses alone. At that time she said, “A spouse of blood,” in regard to the circumcision.
27 The Lord said to Aaron: Go into the wilderness to meet Moses. So he went; when meeting him at the mountain of God, he kissed him. 28 Moses told Aaron everything the Lord had sent him to say, and all the signs he had commanded him to do. 29 Then Moses and Aaron went and gathered all the elders of the Israelites. 30 Aaron told them everything the Lord had said to Moses, and he performed the signs before the people. 31 The people believed, and when they heard that the Lord had observed the Israelites and had seen their affliction,[i] they knelt and bowed down.
Footnotes
- 4:12 Assist you in speaking: lit., “be with your mouth”; cf. v. 15, lit., “be with your mouth and with his mouth.”
- 4:13 Send someone else: lit., “send by means of him whom you will send,” that is, “send whom you will.”
- 4:16 Spokesman: lit., “mouth”; Aaron was to serve as a mouthpiece for Moses, as a prophet does for God; hence the relation between Moses and Aaron is compared to that between God and his prophet: Moses “will be as God to,” i.e., lit., “will become God for him.” Cf. 7:1.
- 4:17 This staff: probably the same as that of vv. 2–4; but some understand that a new staff is now given by God to Moses.
- 4:18 Jethro: the Hebrew text has “Jether,” apparently a variant form of “Jethro” found in the same verse. To see whether they are still living: Moses did not tell his father-in-law his main reason for returning to Egypt.
- 4:21 Harden his heart: in the biblical view, the heart, whose actual function in the circulation of blood was unknown, typically performs functions associated today more with the brain than with the emotions. Therefore, while it may be used in connection with various emotional states ranging from joy to sadness, it very commonly designates the seat of intellectual and volitional activities. For God to harden Pharaoh’s heart is to harden his resolve against the Israelites’ desire to leave. In the ancient world, actions which are out of character are routinely attributed not to the person but to some “outside” superhuman power acting upon the person (Jgs 14:16; 1 Sm 16:10). Uncharacteristically negative actions or states are explained in the same way (1 Sm 16:14). In this instance, the opposition of Pharaoh, in the face of God’s displays of power, would be unintelligible to the ancient Israelites unless he is seen as under some divine constraint. But this does not diminish Pharaoh’s own responsibility. In the anthropology of the ancient Israelites there is no opposition between individual responsibility and God’s sovereignty over all of creation. Cf. Rom 9:17–18.
- 4:24–26 This story continues to perplex commentators and may have circulated in various forms before finding its place here in Exodus. Particularly troublesome is the unique phrase “spouse of blood.” Nevertheless, v. 26, which apparently comes from the hand of a later commentator on the original story, is intended to offer some clarification. It asserts that when Zipporah used the problematic expression (addressing it either to Moses or her son), she did so with reference to the circumcision performed on her son—the only place in the Bible where this rite is performed by a woman. Whatever the precise meaning of the phrase “spouse of blood,” circumcision is the key to understanding it as well as the entire incident. One may conclude, therefore, that God was angry with Moses for having failed to keep the divine command given to Abraham in Gn 17:10–12 and circumcise his son. Moses’ life is spared when his wife circumcises their son.
- 4:25 Touching his feet: a euphemism most probably for the male sexual organ (see 2 Kgs 18:27; Is 7:20); whether the genitals of the child (after Zipporah circumcised him) or of Moses (after the circumcision of his son) is not clear.
- 4:31 Observed…their affliction: the same phrases used in God’s dialogue with Moses in 3:16–17.
Исход 4
Священное Писание (Восточный Перевод)
Возражения Мусы
4 Муса ответил:
– А если они не поверят мне, не послушаются и скажут: «Вечный не являлся тебе»?
2 Тогда Вечный сказал:
– Что у тебя в руке?
– Посох, – ответил он.
3 Вечный сказал:
– Брось его на землю.
Когда Муса бросил его на землю, тот превратился в змею, и Муса отбежал от неё. 4 Тогда Вечный сказал ему:
– Протяни руку и возьми её за хвост.
Муса протянул руку, схватил змею, и она превратилась у него в руке снова в посох.
5 Вечный сказал:
– Это для того, чтобы они поверили, что Я – Вечный, Бог их предков, Бог Ибрахима, Бог Исхака и Бог Якуба – явился тебе.
6 Затем Вечный сказал:
– Положи руку за пазуху.
Муса положил руку за пазуху, а когда вытащил, она была белой от проказы[a], как снег.
7 – Теперь опять положи её за пазуху, – сказал Он.
Муса опять положил руку за пазуху, и когда вытащил, она снова стала чистой, как остальное тело.
8 Вечный сказал:
– Если они не поверят тебе, и первое знамение их не убедит, они поверят второму. 9 А если не поверят двум знамениям и не послушают тебя, зачерпни воды из Нила и вылей на землю, и эта вода превратится в кровь.
10 Муса сказал Вечному:
– О Владыка, я не был красноречивым раньше и не стал им теперь, когда Ты заговорил со Своим рабом. Я говорю медленно и косноязычен.
11 Вечный сказал ему:
– Кто дал человеку язык? Кто делает его глухим или немым? Кто даёт зрение или делает слепым? Разве не Я, Вечный? 12 Итак, ступай; Я помогу тебе говорить и научу, что сказать.
13 Но Муса ответил:
– О Владыка, прошу, пошли кого-нибудь другого.
14 Вечный разгневался на Мусу и сказал:
– А твой брат, левит Харун? Я знаю, он говорит хорошо. Он уже вышел, чтобы тебя встретить, и обрадуется, увидев тебя. 15 Ты можешь говорить с ним и вкладывать слова в его уста. Я помогу вам обоим говорить и научу вас, что делать. 16 Он будет говорить народу твои слова, как если бы пророк говорил слова Всевышнего. 17 Возьми с собой этот посох: ты будешь творить им знамения.
Муса возвращается в Египет
18 Муса вернулся к своему тестю Иофору и сказал ему:
– Позволь мне вернуться к родственникам в Египет – посмотреть, живы ли они ещё.
Иофор сказал:
– Иди с миром.
19 Вечный сказал Мусе в Мадиане:
– Вернись в Египет: те, кто хотел убить тебя, умерли.
20 Муса взял жену и сыновей, посадил их на осла и пустился в обратный путь в Египет, неся с собой посох Всевышнего.
21 Вечный сказал Мусе:
– Когда ты вернёшься в Египет, смотри, соверши перед фараоном чудеса, для которых Я дал тебе силу. А Я сделаю его сердце упрямым, и он не отпустит народ. 22 Тогда скажи фараону: Так говорит Вечный: «Исраил[b] – Мой сын, Мой первенец. 23 Я сказал тебе: „Отпусти Моего сына поклониться Мне“. Ты не отпустил его, и теперь Я убью твоего сына-первенца».
24 В пути, во время ночлега, Вечный неожиданно встретил Мусу[c] и собрался убить его.[d] 25 Но Ципора взяла острый каменный нож, обрезала крайнюю плоть сына и коснулась ею ног Мусы[e].
– Ты жених крови для меня[f], – сказала она.
26 Тогда Вечный отступил от него. («Жених крови» – так она говорила про обрезание.)
27 Вечный сказал Харуну:
– Иди в пустыню встречать Мусу.
Он пошёл, встретил Мусу у горы Всевышнего[g] и поцеловал его. 28 Муса рассказал Харуну обо всём, с чем послал его Вечный, и о всех знамениях, которые Он велел ему сотворить. 29 Муса и Харун собрали исраильских старейшин, 30 и Харун пересказал им всё, что сказал Мусе Вечный. Муса сотворил[h] перед людьми знамения, 31 и они поверили. Услышав, что Вечный увидел их беду и позаботился о них, они склонились и восславили Его.
Footnotes
- 4:6 На языке оригинала стоит слово, которое обозначает несколько разных кожных болезней, а не только проказу.
- 4:22 Букв.: «Якуб». Исраильтяне были потомками Якуба, которому Всевышний дал новое имя – Исраил (см. Нач. 32:27-28).
- 4:24 Букв.: «его». Речь может идти о сыне Мусы.
- 4:24 Возможно, это случилось потому, что Муса не сделал сыну обрезание даже после того, как Вечный призвал его вести исраильский народ. Обрезание было символом соглашения между Вечным и Ибрахимом и его потомками, народом Исраила (см. Нач. 17:9-14). Всевышний собирался убить Мусу, потому что для Него было важно послушание исраильтян Его повелениям (см. 1 Цар. 15:22-23).
- 4:25 Букв.: «его ног», поэтому не совсем ясно, чьих ног она коснулась, мужа или сына. Слово «ноги» в этом контексте, возможно, является эвфемизмом для обозначения половых органов.
- 4:25 Значение этих слов не ясно, возможно они были частью какого-то древнего ритуала. Вероятно, здесь имеется в виду своего рода искупление кровью: пролитая кровь сына возвращала Мусу Всевышнему, а также возвращала его Ципоре как «жениха». Другой вариант перевода: «Через пролитие крови ты стал обрезанным для меня». В этом случае Ципора обращается к сыну.
- 4:27 То есть у Синая.
- 4:30 Букв.: «Он сотворил». Под словом «он» ещё может иметься в виду или Вечный, или Харун.
Exodus 4
King James Version
4 And Moses answered and said, But, behold, they will not believe me, nor hearken unto my voice: for they will say, The Lord hath not appeared unto thee.
2 And the Lord said unto him, What is that in thine hand? And he said, A rod.
3 And he said, Cast it on the ground. And he cast it on the ground, and it became a serpent; and Moses fled from before it.
4 And the Lord said unto Moses, Put forth thine hand, and take it by the tail. And he put forth his hand, and caught it, and it became a rod in his hand:
5 That they may believe that the Lord God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath appeared unto thee.
6 And the Lord said furthermore unto him, Put now thine hand into thy bosom. And he put his hand into his bosom: and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous as snow.
7 And he said, Put thine hand into thy bosom again. And he put his hand into his bosom again; and plucked it out of his bosom, and, behold, it was turned again as his other flesh.
8 And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe thee, neither hearken to the voice of the first sign, that they will believe the voice of the latter sign.
9 And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe also these two signs, neither hearken unto thy voice, that thou shalt take of the water of the river, and pour it upon the dry land: and the water which thou takest out of the river shall become blood upon the dry land.
10 And Moses said unto the Lord, O my Lord, I am not eloquent, neither heretofore, nor since thou hast spoken unto thy servant: but I am slow of speech, and of a slow tongue.
11 And the Lord said unto him, Who hath made man's mouth? or who maketh the dumb, or deaf, or the seeing, or the blind? have not I the Lord?
12 Now therefore go, and I will be with thy mouth, and teach thee what thou shalt say.
13 And he said, O my Lord, send, I pray thee, by the hand of him whom thou wilt send.
14 And the anger of the Lord was kindled against Moses, and he said, Is not Aaron the Levite thy brother? I know that he can speak well. And also, behold, he cometh forth to meet thee: and when he seeth thee, he will be glad in his heart.
15 And thou shalt speak unto him, and put words in his mouth: and I will be with thy mouth, and with his mouth, and will teach you what ye shall do.
16 And he shall be thy spokesman unto the people: and he shall be, even he shall be to thee instead of a mouth, and thou shalt be to him instead of God.
17 And thou shalt take this rod in thine hand, wherewith thou shalt do signs.
18 And Moses went and returned to Jethro his father in law, and said unto him, Let me go, I pray thee, and return unto my brethren which are in Egypt, and see whether they be yet alive. And Jethro said to Moses, Go in peace.
19 And the Lord said unto Moses in Midian, Go, return into Egypt: for all the men are dead which sought thy life.
20 And Moses took his wife and his sons, and set them upon an ass, and he returned to the land of Egypt: and Moses took the rod of God in his hand.
21 And the Lord said unto Moses, When thou goest to return into Egypt, see that thou do all those wonders before Pharaoh, which I have put in thine hand: but I will harden his heart, that he shall not let the people go.
22 And thou shalt say unto Pharaoh, Thus saith the Lord, Israel is my son, even my firstborn:
23 And I say unto thee, Let my son go, that he may serve me: and if thou refuse to let him go, behold, I will slay thy son, even thy firstborn.
24 And it came to pass by the way in the inn, that the Lord met him, and sought to kill him.
25 Then Zipporah took a sharp stone, and cut off the foreskin of her son, and cast it at his feet, and said, Surely a bloody husband art thou to me.
26 So he let him go: then she said, A bloody husband thou art, because of the circumcision.
27 And the Lord said to Aaron, Go into the wilderness to meet Moses. And he went, and met him in the mount of God, and kissed him.
28 And Moses told Aaron all the words of the Lord who had sent him, and all the signs which he had commanded him.
29 And Moses and Aaron went and gathered together all the elders of the children of Israel:
30 And Aaron spake all the words which the Lord had spoken unto Moses, and did the signs in the sight of the people.
31 And the people believed: and when they heard that the Lord had visited the children of Israel, and that he had looked upon their affliction, then they bowed their heads and worshipped.
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