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Het manna en de vogels

16 Toen ze van Elim vertrokken, kwamen ze in de Sin-woestijn. Die ligt tussen Elim en de berg Sinaï. Het was de 15e dag van de tweede maand sinds ze uit Egypte waren vertrokken. Het hele volk Israël mopperde en klaagde in de woestijn tegen Mozes en Aäron. Ze zeiden: "Waren we maar in Egypte door de Heer gedood. Toen hadden we tenminste vlees te eten en meer dan genoeg brood. Want jullie hebben ons in deze woestijn gebracht om ons hier allemaal te laten sterven van de honger."

Toen zei de Heer tegen Mozes: "Ik zal voor jullie brood uit de hemel laten regenen. Het volk mag daarvan precies zoveel verzamelen als ze voor één dag nodig hebben. Ik wil zien of ze wel of niet zullen doen wat Ik beveel. En op de zesde dag moeten ze ervoor zorgen dat ze twee keer zoveel verzamelen als op de andere dagen."

Toen zeiden Mozes en Aäron tegen de Israëlieten: "Vanavond zullen jullie zien dat de Heer jullie uit Egypte heeft gehaald. En morgenochtend zullen jullie de stralende hemelse macht en majesteit van de Heer zien. Want Hij heeft jullie gemopper en geklaag tegen Hem gehoord. Want wie zijn wij, dat jullie tegen óns zouden mopperen en klagen? De Heer zal jullie 's avonds vlees en 's morgens brood geven. Er zal meer dan genoeg zijn. Want de Heer heeft gehoord hoe jullie tegen Hem hebben lopen mopperen en klagen. Want jullie hebben niet tegen óns gemopperd en geklaagd, maar tegen de Heer. Want wie zijn wij nu eigenlijk?"

Daarna zei Mozes tegen Aäron: "Zeg tegen het volk Israël: Kom allemaal bij de Heer. Want Hij heeft jullie gemopper en geklaag gehoord." 10 Terwijl Aäron tegen het volk sprak, keken ze in de richting van de woestijn. Daar zagen ze opeens, in een wolk, de stralende aanwezigheid van de Heer. 11 En de Heer zei tegen Mozes: 12 "Ik heb het gemopper en geklaag van de Israëlieten gehoord. Zeg tegen hen: Als het avond wordt, zullen jullie vlees eten. En morgenochtend zullen jullie genoeg brood te eten hebben. Dan zullen jullie toegeven dat Ik jullie Heer en God ben."

13 Die avond kwamen er vogels aanvliegen. In het hele tentenkamp streken zwermen kwartels neer. En de volgende morgen lag er dauw rond het tentenkamp. 14 Toen de dauw was opgetrokken, lagen er over de woestijn fijne korreltjes, zo fijn als zand. 15 Toen de Israëlieten dat zagen liggen, zeiden ze tegen elkaar: "Wat is dit?" Want ze wisten niet wat het was. Mozes zei tegen hen: "Dit is het brood dat de Heer jullie te eten geeft. 16 En dit is wat de Heer jullie beveelt: Verzamel precies zo veel als je vandaag kan opeten. Iedereen mag voor de mensen die in zijn tent wonen 1 gomer[a] (2,2 liter) per persoon verzamelen."

17 De Israëlieten deden dat en verzamelden de korreltjes. De één verzamelde meer en de ander minder. 18 Ze maten het in een gomer af. Mensen die meer verzameld hadden, hielden niet over. En mensen die minder hadden verzameld, kwamen niet tekort. Iedereen had precies zoveel verzameld als hij kon opeten.

19 Mozes zei tegen hen: "Jullie mogen er niets van bewaren voor de volgende dag." 20 Maar sommige mensen luisterden niet naar Mozes. Zij bewaarden toch een deel voor de volgende dag. Toen was het bedorven. Er zaten wormen in en het stonk. En Mozes werd boos op hen.

21 Zo verzamelden ze elke morgen precies zoveel als ze nodig hadden. Maar als de zon heet werd, smolt het. 22 Op de zesde dag verzamelden ze twee keer zoveel: 2 gomer (4,4 liter) per persoon. De leiders van het volk kwamen het aan Mozes vertellen. 23 Toen zei hij tegen hen: "Dat had de Heer ook gezegd. Want morgen is het een rustdag, een heilige rustdag voor de Heer. Bak wat jullie willen bakken en kook wat jullie willen koken. Wat overblijft kunnen jullie bewaren voor de volgende dag." 24 Toen lieten ze het tot de volgende dag liggen, zoals Mozes gezegd had. Toen stonk het niet en er zaten geen wormen in.

25 Mozes zei: "Eet dit vandaag, want vandaag is het een heilige rustdag voor de Heer. Vandaag zullen jullie niets vinden. 26 Zes dagen per week moeten jullie het verzamelen. Maar elke zevende dag is een heilige rustdag. Dan is het er niet." 27 Op de zevende dag waren er toch mensen die de korreltjes wilden gaan verzamelen. Maar ze vonden niets. 28 Daarom zei de Heer tegen Mozes: "Hoelang weigeren jullie nog om Mij te gehoorzamen? 29 Bedenk dat Ik jullie de heilige rustdag heb gegeven. Daarom geef Ik jullie op de zesde dag brood voor twee dagen. Op de zevende dag moet iedereen thuisblijven. Dan mag niemand zijn plaats verlaten." 30 Toen rustte het volk op de zevende dag.

31 Het volk Israël noemde de korreltjes 'manna' (= 'wat is dat nou toch?'). Het was zo wit als korianderzaad en het smaakte naar honingkoek.

32 Mozes zei: "De Heer zegt: Vul een gomer met manna. Dat manna moet bewaard worden voor de families ná jullie. Dan kunnen ze het brood zien dat Ik jullie in de woestijn te eten heb gegeven toen Ik jullie uit Egypte haalde." 33 En hij zei tegen Aäron: "Neem een kruik, doe daarin een hele gomer manna en zet die bij de Heer neer. Hij moet bewaard worden voor onze families ná ons." 34 Aäron deed wat de Heer had bevolen. Hij zette de kruik met het manna vóór de kist van het verbond waarin de platte stenen van het verbond lagen, om het te bewaren.[b]

35 De Israëlieten hebben 40 jaar lang manna gegeten. Ze aten ervan totdat ze in bewoond gebied kwamen. Ze hebben manna gegeten totdat ze bij de grens van het land Kanaän kwamen.

36 Een gomer (2,2 liter) is het tiende deel van een efa (22 liter).[c]

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 16:16 Een gomer was een soort mand. Hoeveel er van iets was, werd uitgedrukt in aantallen gomers.
  2. Exodus 16:34 Kennelijk gebeurde dit pas een hele poos later, toen God inmiddels aan het volk de twee platte stenen met de Tien Leefregels had gegeven en in een kist had laten leggen. Pas in Exodus 24:12 worden deze twee stenen genoemd. Over de kist van het verbond wordt pas gesproken in Exodus 25:10-22.
  3. Exodus 16:36 Een efa was, net als een gomer, een soort mand, maar één waar tien keer zoveel in ging als in een gomer.

The Lord Provides Manna

16 They set out from Elim, and all the congregation of Israel came to the Wilderness of [a]Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after they left the land of Egypt. The whole congregation of the Israelites [grew discontented and] murmured and rebelled against Moses and Aaron in the wilderness, and the Israelites said to them, “[b]Would that we had died by the hand of the Lord in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the pots of meat and ate bread until we were full; for you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill this entire assembly with hunger.”

Then the Lord said to Moses, “Behold, I will cause bread to rain from heaven for you; the people shall go out and gather a day’s portion every day, so that I may test them [to determine] whether or not they will walk [obediently] in My instruction (law). And it shall be that on the sixth day, they shall prepare to bring in twice as much as they gather daily [so that they will not need to gather on the seventh day].” So Moses and Aaron said to all Israel, “At evening you shall know that the Lord has brought you out of the land of Egypt, and in the morning you will see the glory of the Lord, for He hears your murmurings against the Lord. What are we, that you murmur and rebel against us?”

The Lord Provides Meat

Moses said, “This will happen when the Lord gives you meat to eat in the evening, and in the morning [enough] bread to be fully satisfied, because the Lord has heard your murmurings against Him; for what are we? Your murmurings are not against us, but against the Lord.”

Then Moses said to Aaron, “Say to all the congregation of Israel, ‘Approach the Lord, because He has heard your murmurings.’” 10 So it happened that as Aaron spoke to the whole congregation of Israel, they looked toward the wilderness, and behold, the glory and brilliance of the Lord appeared in the cloud! 11 Then the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 12 “I have heard the murmurings of the Israelites; speak to them, saying, ‘At twilight you shall eat meat, and in the morning you shall be filled with bread; and you shall know that I am the Lord your God.’”

13 So in the evening the quails came up and covered the camp, and in the morning there was a blanket of dew around the camp. 14 When the layer of dew evaporated, on the surface of the wilderness there was a fine, flake-like thing, as fine as frost on the ground. 15 When the Israelites saw it, they said to one another, “[c]What is it?” For they did not know what it was. And Moses said to them, “This is the bread which the Lord has given you to eat.(A) 16 This is what the Lord has commanded: ‘Let every man gather as much of it as he needs. Take an [d]omer for each person, according to the number of people each of you has in his tent.’” 17 The Israelites did so, and some gathered much [of it] and some [only a] little. 18 When they measured it with an omer, he who had gathered a large amount had no excess, and he who had gathered little had no lack; every man gathered according to his need (family size). 19 Moses said, “Let none of it be left [overnight] until [the next] morning.” 20 But they did not listen to Moses, and some left a supply of it until morning, and it bred worms and became foul and rotten; and Moses was angry with them. 21 So they gathered it every morning, each as much as he needed, because when the sun was hot it melted.

The Sabbath Observed

22 Now on the sixth day they gathered twice as much bread, two omers for each person; and all the leaders of the congregation came and told Moses. 23 He said to them, “This is what the Lord has said: ‘Tomorrow is a solemn rest, a holy Sabbath to the Lord’; bake and boil what you will bake and boil [today], and all that remains left over put aside for yourselves to keep until morning.” 24 They put it aside until morning, as Moses told them, and it did not become foul nor was it wormy. 25 Then Moses said, “Eat that today, for today is a Sabbath to the Lord; today you will not find it in the field. 26 Six days you shall gather it, but on the seventh day, the Sabbath, there will be none [in the field].”

27 Now on the seventh day some of the people went out to gather, but they found none. 28 Then the Lord said to Moses, “How long do you [people] refuse to keep My commandments and My instructions (laws)? 29 See, the Lord has given you the Sabbath; therefore He gives you the bread for two days on the sixth day. Let every man stay in his place; no man is to leave his place on the seventh day.” 30 So the people rested on the seventh day.

31 The house of Israel called the bread manna; it was like coriander seed, white, and it tasted like flat pastry (wafers) made with honey. 32 Then Moses said, “This is the word which the Lord commands, ‘Let an omer of it be kept throughout your generations, that they may see the bread with which I fed you in the wilderness, when I brought you out of the land of Egypt.’” 33 So Moses said to Aaron, “Take a pot and put an omer of manna in it, and place it before the Lord to be kept throughout your generations.” 34 As the Lord commanded Moses, so Aaron [eventually] placed it in the presence of the [e]Testimony, to be kept.(B) 35 The Israelites ate manna forty years, until they reached an inhabited land; they ate the manna until they came to the border of the land of Canaan. 36 (Now an [f]omer is the tenth of an [g]ephah.)

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 16:1 Pronounced “seen” in Hebrew, it means “the place.” Although the words are spelled the same in English, “Sin” is not related in any way to “sin” (an offense against God).
  2. Exodus 16:3 To understand Israel’s rebellious behavior, it is important to grasp the contrast between life in Egypt and nomadic life in the wilderness. Despite the hardships of slavery survival was not an issue in Egypt, where they were guaranteed food and other necessities. But the desert wilderness was hostile and unforgiving, and survival was an art. Desert nomads needed to understand the wilderness in order to stay alive; they had to learn, among other things, how to protect themselves from the weather, where to find water and pasture, and how to find and prepare scarce food, or live primarily from what their livestock could provide them. So the Israelites viewed every new problem they faced as life-threatening. Instead of looking back and taking comfort from God’s earlier miracles, they doubted God’s ability and willingness to help them. Their fears and doubts subsequently came to be expressed as irrational anger toward Moses.
  3. Exodus 16:15 Heb man hu, cf v 31.
  4. Exodus 16:16 I.e. a little over two quarts.
  5. Exodus 16:34 The stone tablets on which the Ten Commandments were written.
  6. Exodus 16:36 I.e. a little over two quarts.
  7. Exodus 16:36 I.e. approx one bushel.

Manna and Quail

16 The whole Israelite community set out from Elim and came to the Desert of Sin,(A) which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after they had come out of Egypt.(B) In the desert the whole community grumbled(C) against Moses and Aaron. The Israelites said to them, “If only we had died by the Lord’s hand in Egypt!(D) There we sat around pots of meat and ate all the food(E) we wanted, but you have brought us out into this desert to starve this entire assembly to death.”(F)

Then the Lord said to Moses, “I will rain down bread from heaven(G) for you. The people are to go out each day and gather enough for that day. In this way I will test(H) them and see whether they will follow my instructions. On the sixth day they are to prepare what they bring in, and that is to be twice(I) as much as they gather on the other days.”

So Moses and Aaron said to all the Israelites, “In the evening you will know that it was the Lord who brought you out of Egypt,(J) and in the morning you will see the glory(K) of the Lord, because he has heard your grumbling(L) against him. Who are we, that you should grumble against us?”(M) Moses also said, “You will know that it was the Lord when he gives you meat to eat in the evening and all the bread you want in the morning, because he has heard your grumbling(N) against him. Who are we? You are not grumbling against us, but against the Lord.”(O)

Then Moses told Aaron, “Say to the entire Israelite community, ‘Come before the Lord, for he has heard your grumbling.’”

10 While Aaron was speaking to the whole Israelite community, they looked toward the desert, and there was the glory(P) of the Lord appearing in the cloud.(Q)

11 The Lord said to Moses, 12 “I have heard the grumbling(R) of the Israelites. Tell them, ‘At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am the Lord your God.’”(S)

13 That evening quail(T) came and covered the camp, and in the morning there was a layer of dew(U) around the camp. 14 When the dew was gone, thin flakes like frost(V) on the ground appeared on the desert floor. 15 When the Israelites saw it, they said to each other, “What is it?” For they did not know(W) what it was.

Moses said to them, “It is the bread(X) the Lord has given you to eat. 16 This is what the Lord has commanded: ‘Everyone is to gather as much as they need. Take an omer[a](Y) for each person you have in your tent.’”

17 The Israelites did as they were told; some gathered much, some little. 18 And when they measured it by the omer, the one who gathered much did not have too much, and the one who gathered little did not have too little.(Z) Everyone had gathered just as much as they needed.

19 Then Moses said to them, “No one is to keep any of it until morning.”(AA)

20 However, some of them paid no attention to Moses; they kept part of it until morning, but it was full of maggots and began to smell.(AB) So Moses was angry(AC) with them.

21 Each morning everyone gathered as much as they needed, and when the sun grew hot, it melted away. 22 On the sixth day, they gathered twice(AD) as much—two omers[b] for each person—and the leaders of the community(AE) came and reported this to Moses. 23 He said to them, “This is what the Lord commanded: ‘Tomorrow is to be a day of sabbath rest, a holy sabbath(AF) to the Lord. So bake what you want to bake and boil what you want to boil. Save whatever is left and keep it until morning.’”

24 So they saved it until morning, as Moses commanded, and it did not stink or get maggots in it. 25 “Eat it today,” Moses said, “because today is a sabbath to the Lord. You will not find any of it on the ground today. 26 Six days you are to gather it, but on the seventh day, the Sabbath,(AG) there will not be any.”

27 Nevertheless, some of the people went out on the seventh day to gather it, but they found none. 28 Then the Lord said to Moses, “How long will you[c] refuse to keep my commands(AH) and my instructions? 29 Bear in mind that the Lord has given you the Sabbath; that is why on the sixth day he gives you bread for two days. Everyone is to stay where they are on the seventh day; no one is to go out.” 30 So the people rested on the seventh day.

31 The people of Israel called the bread manna.[d](AI) It was white like coriander seed and tasted like wafers made with honey. 32 Moses said, “This is what the Lord has commanded: ‘Take an omer of manna and keep it for the generations to come, so they can see the bread I gave you to eat in the wilderness when I brought you out of Egypt.’”

33 So Moses said to Aaron, “Take a jar and put an omer of manna(AJ) in it. Then place it before the Lord to be kept for the generations to come.”

34 As the Lord commanded Moses, Aaron put the manna with the tablets of the covenant law,(AK) so that it might be preserved. 35 The Israelites ate manna(AL) forty years,(AM) until they came to a land that was settled; they ate manna until they reached the border of Canaan.(AN)

36 (An omer(AO) is one-tenth of an ephah.)(AP)

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 16:16 That is, possibly about 3 pounds or about 1.4 kilograms; also in verses 18, 32, 33 and 36
  2. Exodus 16:22 That is, possibly about 6 pounds or about 2.8 kilograms
  3. Exodus 16:28 The Hebrew is plural.
  4. Exodus 16:31 Manna sounds like the Hebrew for What is it? (see verse 15).