22 Si l’on surprend un voleur en train de pénétrer dans une maison par effraction et qu’on lui assène un coup mortel, celui qui l’aura frappé ne sera pas coupable de meurtre. Par contre, si cela se passe en plein jour, celui qui l’aura frappé sera coupable de meurtre. Tout voleur devra verser une indemnité. S’il ne possède rien, il sera lui-même vendu comme esclave pour compenser ce qu’il a volé.

S’il a volé un animal – bovin, âne ou mouton – et qu’on le retrouve vivant en sa possession, il rendra deux animaux en compensation.

Si quelqu’un fait brouter ses bêtes dans le champ ou le vignoble d’autrui, il indemnisera le propriétaire lésé en lui donnant le meilleur produit de son propre champ et de son vignoble.

Si quelqu’un allume un feu et que celui-ci, rencontrant des buissons d’épines[a], se propage et brûle les gerbes du voisin, ou son blé sur pied, ou bien son blé en herbe, l’auteur de l’incendie sera tenu de donner compensation pour ce qui aura été brûlé.

Si un homme confie à la garde d’autrui de l’argent ou des objets de valeur et qu’ils soient volés dans la maison de celui qui en avait accepté la garde, si le voleur est retrouvé, il restituera le double de ce qu’il a volé. S’il ne l’est pas, le maître de la maison comparaîtra devant Dieu pour savoir s’il ne s’est pas emparé du bien de son prochain. Dans toute affaire frauduleuse, qu’il s’agisse d’un bovin, d’un âne, d’un mouton, d’un vêtement ou de n’importe quel objet perdu dont deux personnes revendiqueront la propriété, les deux parties porteront leur litige devant Dieu ; celui que Dieu déclarera coupable restituera le double à l’autre. Si un homme confie en garde à son prochain un âne, un bovin, un mouton ou tout autre animal, et que celui-ci meurt, se casse une patte ou se fait capturer par des voleurs sans qu’il y ait de témoin, 10 un serment prêté au nom de l’Eternel départagera les deux parties. Celui qui avait la garde de l’animal jurera qu’il ne s’est pas emparé du bien de l’autre, et le propriétaire de la bête acceptera ce serment sans qu’aucune indemnité ne lui soit versée. 11 Mais si l’animal lui a été volé chez lui, il dédommagera le propriétaire. 12 Si l’animal a été déchiré par une bête féroce, ses restes seront produits comme pièce à conviction et il ne sera pas nécessaire de payer d’indemnité pour la bête déchirée.

13 Si quelqu’un emprunte une bête et qu’elle se casse une patte ou meurt en l’absence de son propriétaire, l’emprunteur sera tenu d’indemniser ce dernier. 14 Si, par contre, son propriétaire était présent au moment de l’accident, il n’y aura pas lieu de l’indemniser. Si la bête a été louée, ce dommage est couvert par le prix de la location.

15 Si un homme séduit une jeune fille non encore fiancée et couche avec elle, il devra payer sa dot et la prendre pour femme[b]. 16 Si le père refuse absolument de la lui accorder, il paiera en argent la dot habituelle des jeunes filles vierges[c].

Des crimes passibles de la peine de mort

17 Tu ne laisseras pas vivre de magicienne[d].

18 Quiconque s’accouple à une bête sera puni de mort[e].

19 Celui qui offrira des sacrifices à d’autres dieux qu’à l’Eternel devra être exécuté[f].

La loi sur la protection des défavorisés

20 Tu n’exploiteras pas l’étranger qui vit dans ton pays et tu ne l’opprimeras pas, car vous avez été vous-mêmes étrangers en Egypte. 21 Vous n’opprimerez pas la veuve ni l’orphelin[g]. 22 Si vous les opprimez et qu’ils fassent monter leur plainte vers moi, je ne manquerai pas d’écouter leur cri, 23 je me mettrai en colère contre vous et je vous ferai périr par la guerre, de sorte que vos femmes deviendront veuves et vos fils orphelins.

24 Si tu prêtes de l’argent à un membre de mon peuple, à un pauvre qui est avec toi, tu n’agiras pas envers lui comme un usurier, tu n’en exigeras pas d’intérêts[h].

25 Si tu prends en gage le manteau de ton prochain, tu le lui rendras avant le coucher du soleil[i], 26 car c’est là sa seule couverture ; autrement, dans quoi s’envelopperait-il pour dormir ? S’il crie vers moi, je l’écouterai, car je suis compatissant.

La loi sur ce qui est dû à Dieu

27 Tu n’insulteras pas Dieu[j] et tu ne maudiras pas celui qui gouverne ton peuple[k].

28 Tu ne différeras pas l’offrande des prémices de ta moisson et de ta vendange.

Tu me donneras le premier-né de tes fils, 29 tu m’offriras également le premier-né de tes bovins, de tes moutons et de tes chèvres ; ils resteront sept jours avec leur mère, et le huitième jour tu me les offriras.

30 Vous serez pour moi des hommes saints : vous ne mangerez donc pas la viande d’un animal déchiré par des bêtes sauvages, vous le jetterez aux chiens[l].

Footnotes

  1. 22.5 Les haies d’épines étaient souvent utilisées comme clôtures (voir Mi 7.4).
  2. 22.15 La dot devait être payée par le gendre ou son père au père de la jeune fille (comparer Dt 22.28-29).
  3. 22.16 Voir Dt 22.28-29.
  4. 22.17 Voir Lv 19.26, 31 ; Dt 18.10-11.
  5. 22.18 Voir Lv 18.23 ; 20.15-16 ; Dt 27.21.
  6. 22.19 Voir Dt 17.2-5.
  7. 22.21 Voir 23.9 ; Dt 24.17-18 ; 27.19.
  8. 22.24 Voir Lv 25.36-37 ; Dt 15.7-11 ; 23.20-21.
  9. 22.25 Pour les v. 25-26, voir Dt 24.10-13.
  10. 22.27 Autre traduction : tu ne manqueras pas de respect pour Dieu, ce qui suit explicitant ce que représente le respect ou le manque de respect pour Dieu.
  11. 22.27 Cité en Ac 23.5.
  12. 22.30 Voir Lv 17.15 ; Dt 14.21.

Responsibility for Property

22 “If a man steals an ox or a sheep, and slaughters it or sells it, he shall (A)restore five oxen for an ox and four sheep for a sheep. If the thief is found (B)breaking in, and he is struck so that he dies, there shall be (C)no guilt for his bloodshed. If the sun has risen on him, there shall be guilt for his bloodshed. He should make full restitution; if he has nothing, then he shall be (D)sold[a] for his theft. If the theft is certainly (E)found alive in his hand, whether it is an ox or donkey or sheep, he shall (F)restore double.

“If a man causes a field or vineyard to be grazed, and lets loose his animal, and it feeds in another man’s field, he shall make restitution from the best of his own field and the best of his own vineyard.

“If fire breaks out and catches in thorns, so that stacked grain, standing grain, or the field is consumed, he who kindled the fire shall surely make restitution.

“If a man (G)delivers to his neighbor money or articles to keep, and it is stolen out of the man’s house, (H)if the thief is found, he shall pay double. If the thief is not found, then the master of the house shall be brought to the (I)judges to see whether he has put his hand into his neighbor’s goods.

“For any kind of trespass, whether it concerns an ox, a donkey, a sheep, or clothing, or for any kind of lost thing which another claims to be his, the (J)cause of both parties shall come before the judges; and whomever the judges condemn shall pay double to his neighbor. 10 If a man delivers to his neighbor a donkey, an ox, a sheep, or any animal to keep, and it dies, is hurt, or driven away, no one seeing it, 11 then an (K)oath of the Lord shall be between them both, that he has not put his hand into his neighbor’s goods; and the owner of it shall accept that, and he shall not make it good. 12 But (L)if, in fact, it is stolen from him, he shall make restitution to the owner of it. 13 If it is (M)torn to pieces by a beast, then he shall bring it as evidence, and he shall not make good what was torn.

14 “And if a man borrows anything from his neighbor, and it becomes injured or dies, the owner of it not being with it, he shall surely make it good. 15 If its owner was with it, he shall not make it good; if it was hired, it came for its hire.

Moral and Ceremonial Principles

16 (N)“If a man entices a virgin who is not betrothed, and lies with her, he shall surely pay the bride-price for her to be his wife. 17 If her father utterly refuses to give her to him, he shall pay money according to the (O)bride-price of virgins.

18 (P)“You shall not permit a sorceress to live.

19 (Q)“Whoever lies with an animal shall surely be put to death.

20 (R)“He who sacrifices to any god, except to the Lord only, he shall be utterly destroyed.

21 (S)“You shall neither mistreat a [b]stranger nor oppress him, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt.

22 (T)“You shall not afflict any widow or fatherless child. 23 If you afflict them in any way, and they (U)cry at all to Me, I will surely (V)hear their cry; 24 and My (W)wrath will become hot, and I will kill you with the sword; (X)your wives shall be widows, and your children fatherless.

25 (Y)“If you lend money to any of My people who are poor among you, you shall not be like a moneylender to him; you shall not charge him (Z)interest. 26 (AA)If you ever take your neighbor’s garment as a pledge, you shall return it to him before the sun goes down. 27 For that is his only covering, it is his garment for his skin. What will he sleep in? And it will be that when he cries to Me, I will hear, for I am (AB)gracious.

28 (AC)“You shall not revile God, nor curse a (AD)ruler of your people.

29 “You shall not delay to offer (AE)the first of your ripe produce and your juices. (AF)The firstborn of your sons you shall give to Me. 30 (AG)Likewise you shall do with your oxen and your sheep. It shall be with its mother (AH)seven days; on the eighth day you shall give it to Me.

31 “And you shall be (AI)holy men to Me: (AJ)you shall not eat meat torn by beasts in the field; you shall throw it to the dogs.

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 22:3 Sold as a slave
  2. Exodus 22:21 sojourner

Protection of Property

22 [a]“Whoever steals an ox or a sheep and slaughters it or sells it must pay back(A) five head of cattle for the ox and four sheep for the sheep.

“If a thief is caught breaking in(B) at night and is struck a fatal blow, the defender is not guilty of bloodshed;(C) but if it happens after sunrise, the defender is guilty of bloodshed.

“Anyone who steals must certainly make restitution,(D) but if they have nothing, they must be sold(E) to pay for their theft. If the stolen animal is found alive in their possession(F)—whether ox or donkey or sheep—they must pay back double.(G)

“If anyone grazes their livestock in a field or vineyard and lets them stray and they graze in someone else’s field, the offender must make restitution(H) from the best of their own field or vineyard.

“If a fire breaks out and spreads into thornbushes so that it burns shocks(I) of grain or standing grain or the whole field, the one who started the fire must make restitution.(J)

“If anyone gives a neighbor silver or goods for safekeeping(K) and they are stolen from the neighbor’s house, the thief, if caught, must pay back double.(L) But if the thief is not found, the owner of the house must appear before the judges,(M) and they must[b] determine whether the owner of the house has laid hands on the other person’s property. In all cases of illegal possession of an ox, a donkey, a sheep, a garment, or any other lost property about which somebody says, ‘This is mine,’ both parties are to bring their cases before the judges.[c](N) The one whom the judges declare[d] guilty must pay back double to the other.

10 “If anyone gives a donkey, an ox, a sheep or any other animal to their neighbor for safekeeping(O) and it dies or is injured or is taken away while no one is looking, 11 the issue between them will be settled by the taking of an oath(P) before the Lord that the neighbor did not lay hands on the other person’s property. The owner is to accept this, and no restitution is required. 12 But if the animal was stolen from the neighbor, restitution(Q) must be made to the owner. 13 If it was torn to pieces by a wild animal, the neighbor shall bring in the remains as evidence and shall not be required to pay for the torn animal.(R)

14 “If anyone borrows an animal from their neighbor and it is injured or dies while the owner is not present, they must make restitution.(S) 15 But if the owner is with the animal, the borrower will not have to pay. If the animal was hired, the money paid for the hire covers the loss.(T)

Social Responsibility

16 “If a man seduces a virgin(U) who is not pledged to be married and sleeps with her, he must pay the bride-price,(V) and she shall be his wife. 17 If her father absolutely refuses to give her to him, he must still pay the bride-price for virgins.

18 “Do not allow a sorceress(W) to live.

19 “Anyone who has sexual relations with an animal(X) is to be put to death.

20 “Whoever sacrifices to any god(Y) other than the Lord must be destroyed.[e](Z)

21 “Do not mistreat or oppress a foreigner,(AA) for you were foreigners(AB) in Egypt.

22 “Do not take advantage of the widow or the fatherless.(AC) 23 If you do and they cry out(AD) to me, I will certainly hear their cry.(AE) 24 My anger will be aroused, and I will kill you with the sword; your wives will become widows and your children fatherless.(AF)

25 “If you lend money to one of my people among you who is needy, do not treat it like a business deal; charge no interest.(AG) 26 If you take your neighbor’s cloak as a pledge,(AH) return it by sunset, 27 because that cloak is the only covering your neighbor has. What else can they sleep in?(AI) When they cry out to me, I will hear, for I am compassionate.(AJ)

28 “Do not blaspheme God[f](AK) or curse(AL) the ruler of your people.(AM)

29 “Do not hold back offerings(AN) from your granaries or your vats.[g]

“You must give me the firstborn of your sons.(AO) 30 Do the same with your cattle and your sheep.(AP) Let them stay with their mothers for seven days, but give them to me on the eighth day.(AQ)

31 “You are to be my holy people.(AR) So do not eat the meat of an animal torn by wild beasts;(AS) throw it to the dogs.

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 22:1 In Hebrew texts 22:1 is numbered 21:37, and 22:2-31 is numbered 22:1-30.
  2. Exodus 22:8 Or before God, and he will
  3. Exodus 22:9 Or before God
  4. Exodus 22:9 Or whom God declares
  5. Exodus 22:20 The Hebrew term refers to the irrevocable giving over of things or persons to the Lord, often by totally destroying them.
  6. Exodus 22:28 Or Do not revile the judges
  7. Exodus 22:29 The meaning of the Hebrew for this phrase is uncertain.

22 [a] “If a man steals an ox or a sheep, and kills it or sells it, he shall repay five oxen for an ox, and (A)four sheep for a sheep. [b] If a thief is found (B)breaking in and is struck so that he dies, there shall be no bloodguilt for him, but if the sun has risen on him, there shall be bloodguilt for him. He[c] shall surely pay. If he has nothing, then (C)he shall be sold for his theft. If the stolen beast (D)is found alive in his possession, whether it is an ox or a donkey or a sheep, (E)he shall pay double.

“If a man causes a field or vineyard to be grazed over, or lets his beast loose and it feeds in another man's field, he shall make restitution from the best in his own field and in his own vineyard.

“If fire breaks out and catches in thorns so that the stacked grain or the standing grain or the field is consumed, he who started the fire shall make full restitution.

“If a man gives to his neighbor money or goods to keep safe, and it is stolen from the man's house, then, if the thief is found, (F)he shall pay double. If the thief is not found, the owner of the house shall come near to God to show whether or not he has put his hand to his neighbor's property. For every breach of trust, whether it is for an ox, for a donkey, for a sheep, for a cloak, or for any kind of lost thing, of which one says, ‘This is it,’ the case of both parties shall come before God. The one whom God condemns shall pay double to his neighbor.

10 “If a man gives to his neighbor a donkey or an ox or a sheep or any beast to keep safe, and it dies or is injured or is driven away, without anyone seeing it, 11 (G)an oath by the Lord shall be between them both to see whether or not he has put his hand to his neighbor's property. The owner shall accept the oath, and he shall not make restitution. 12 But if (H)it is stolen from him, he shall make restitution to its owner. 13 If it is torn by beasts, let him bring it as evidence. He shall not make restitution for what has been torn.

14 “If a man borrows anything of his neighbor, and it is injured or dies, the owner not being with it, he shall make full restitution. 15 If the owner was with it, he shall not make restitution; if it was hired, it came for its hiring fee.[d]

Laws for a Just Community

16 (I)“If a man seduces a virgin[e] who is not betrothed and lies with her, he shall give the bride-price[f] for her and make her his wife. 17 If her father utterly refuses to give her to him, (J)he shall pay money equal to the (K)bride-price for virgins.

18 (L)“You shall not permit a sorceress to live.

19 (M)“Whoever lies with an animal shall be put to death.

20 (N)“Whoever sacrifices to any god, other than the Lord alone, shall be devoted to destruction.[g]

21 (O)“You shall not wrong a sojourner or oppress him, for you were sojourners in the land of Egypt. 22 (P)You shall not mistreat any widow or fatherless child. 23 If you do mistreat them, and they (Q)cry out to me, I will surely (R)hear their cry, 24 and my wrath will burn, and I will kill you with the sword, and (S)your wives shall become widows and your children fatherless.

25 (T)“If you lend money to any of my people with you who is poor, you shall not be like a moneylender to him, and you shall not exact interest from him. 26 (U)If ever you take your neighbor's cloak in pledge, you shall return it to him before the sun goes down, 27 for that is his only covering, and it is his cloak for his body; in what else shall he sleep? And if he (V)cries to me, I will hear, for I am (W)compassionate.

28 (X)“You shall not revile God, nor (Y)curse a ruler of your people.

29 “You shall not delay to offer from the fullness of your harvest and from the outflow of your presses. (Z)The firstborn of your sons you shall give to me. 30 (AA)You shall do the same with your oxen and with your sheep: (AB)seven days it shall be with its mother; on the eighth day you shall give it to me.

31 (AC)“You shall be consecrated to me. Therefore (AD)you shall not eat any flesh that is torn by beasts in the field; (AE)you shall throw it to the dogs.

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 22:1 Ch 21:37 in Hebrew
  2. Exodus 22:2 Ch 22:1 in Hebrew
  3. Exodus 22:3 That is, the thief
  4. Exodus 22:15 Or it is reckoned in (Hebrew comes into) its hiring fee
  5. Exodus 22:16 Or a girl of marriageable age; also verse 17
  6. Exodus 22:16 Or engagement present; also verse 17
  7. Exodus 22:20 That is, set apart (devoted) as an offering to the Lord (for destruction)