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Relations entre maîtres et esclaves

21 »Voici les règles que tu leur présenteras. Si tu achètes un esclave hébreu, il servira six années, mais la septième il sortira libre, sans rien payer. S'il est entré seul, il sortira seul; s'il avait une femme, sa femme sortira avec lui. Si c'est son maître qui lui a donné une femme et qu'il en ait eu des fils ou des filles, la femme et ses enfants appartiendront à son maître et il sortira seul. Supposons que l'esclave dise: ‘J'aime mon maître, ma femme et mes enfants, je ne veux pas sortir libre.’ Alors son maître le conduira devant Dieu, le fera approcher de la porte ou de son montant et lui percera l'oreille avec un poinçon. Ainsi l'esclave sera pour toujours à son service.

»Si un homme vend sa fille comme esclave, elle ne sortira pas libre comme le font les esclaves de sexe masculin. Si elle déplaît à son maître alors qu’il avait pensé la prendre pour femme, celui-ci facilitera son rachat; mais il n'aura pas le droit de la vendre à des étrangers, ce serait la trahir. S'il la destine à son fils, il agira envers elle conformément au droit en vigueur pour les filles. 10 S'il prend une autre femme, il ne supprimera rien à la nourriture, aux vêtements et au droit conjugal de la première. 11 Et s'il ne fait pas pour elle ces trois choses, elle pourra sortir sans rien payer, sans donner d'argent.

Dommages corporels et sanctions

12 »Celui qui frappera un homme mortellement sera puni de mort. 13 S'il ne lui a pas tendu de piège et que Dieu l'ait fait tomber entre ses mains, je te désignerai un endroit où il pourra se réfugier. 14 Mais si quelqu'un agit méchamment contre son prochain en employant la ruse pour le tuer, tu iras jusqu’à l’arracher de mon autel pour le faire mourir.

15 »Celui qui frappera son père ou sa mère sera puni de mort.

16 »Celui qui enlèvera un homme, qu’il l’ait vendu ou qu’on l’ait trouvé entre ses mains, sera puni de mort.

17 *»Celui qui maudira son père ou sa mère sera puni de mort.[a]

18 »Si des hommes se battent et que l'un d'eux frappe l'autre avec une pierre ou avec le poing, sans causer sa mort mais en l'obligeant à garder le lit, 19 celui qui a frappé ne sera pas puni dans le cas où l'autre viendrait à se lever et à se promener dehors avec son bâton. Seulement, il le dédommagera de son interruption de travail et le fera soigner jusqu'à sa guérison.

20 »Si un maître frappe son esclave, homme ou femme, avec un bâton et que l'esclave meure sous ses coups, il sera puni. 21 Mais si l’esclave survit un jour ou deux, le maître ne sera pas puni, car c'est son argent.

22 »Si des hommes se battent, heurtent une femme enceinte et la font accoucher sans qu’il n’y ait de conséquence malheureuse, ils seront punis d'une amende imposée par le mari de la femme, qu'ils paieront devant les juges. 23 Mais s'il y a une conséquence malheureuse, tu donneras vie pour vie, 24 *œil pour œil, dent pour dent[b], main pour main, pied pour pied, 25 brûlure pour brûlure, blessure pour blessure, plaie pour plaie.

26 »Si un homme frappe l'œil de son esclave, homme ou femme, et qu'il lui fasse perdre l'œil, il le laissera partir libre pour prix de son œil. 27 Et s'il fait tomber une dent à son esclave, homme ou femme, il le laissera partir libre pour prix de sa dent.

28 »Si un bœuf frappe de ses cornes un homme ou une femme et que la mort en résulte, le bœuf sera lapidé. On ne mangera pas sa viande et le maître du bœuf ne sera pas puni. 29 Mais si le bœuf avait déjà tendance à frapper et si on en avait averti son maître, qui ne l'a pas surveillé, dans le cas où il tuerait un homme ou une femme, le bœuf sera lapidé et son maître sera puni de mort. 30 Si on impose au maître un prix pour le rachat de sa vie, il paiera tout ce qui lui sera imposé. 31 Si c’est un fils ou une fille que le bœuf frappe, on lui appliquera cette règle; 32 mais si c’est un esclave, homme ou femme, on donnera 30 pièces d'argent au maître de l'esclave et le bœuf sera lapidé.

33 »Si un homme retire le couvercle d’une citerne, ou bien si un homme en creuse une sans la couvrir, et qu'il y tombe un bœuf ou un âne, 34 le possesseur de la citerne paiera au maître la valeur de l'animal en argent et gardera l'animal mort.

35 »Si le bœuf d'un homme frappe de ses cornes le bœuf d'un autre homme et que la mort en résulte, ils vendront le bœuf vivant et en partageront le prix; ils partageront aussi le bœuf mort. 36 Mais s'il est connu que le bœuf avait déjà tendance à frapper et si son maître ne l'a pas surveillé, ce maître rendra bœuf pour bœuf et gardera le bœuf mort.

Préjudices et réparations

37 »Si un homme vole un bœuf ou un agneau et qu'il l'égorge ou le vende, il restituera 5 bœufs pour le bœuf et 4 agneaux pour l'agneau.

Footnotes

  1. Exode 21:17 Celui qui… mort: repris en Lévitique 20.9 et cité en Matthieu 15.4; Marc 7.10.
  2. Exode 21:24 Œil pour œil, dent pour dent: principe appelé «loi du talion», repris en Lévitique 24.20; Deutéronome 19.21 et commenté par Jésus en Matthieu 5.38.

21 “These are the laws(A) you are to set before them:

Hebrew Servants(B)(C)

“If you buy a Hebrew servant,(D) he is to serve you for six years. But in the seventh year, he shall go free,(E) without paying anything. If he comes alone, he is to go free alone; but if he has a wife when he comes, she is to go with him. If his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the woman and her children shall belong to her master, and only the man shall go free.

“But if the servant declares, ‘I love my master and my wife and children and do not want to go free,’(F) then his master must take him before the judges.[a](G) He shall take him to the door or the doorpost and pierce(H) his ear with an awl. Then he will be his servant for life.(I)

“If a man sells his daughter as a servant, she is not to go free as male servants do. If she does not please the master who has selected her for himself,[b] he must let her be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to foreigners, because he has broken faith with her. If he selects her for his son, he must grant her the rights of a daughter. 10 If he marries another woman, he must not deprive the first one of her food, clothing and marital rights.(J) 11 If he does not provide her with these three things, she is to go free, without any payment of money.

Personal Injuries

12 “Anyone who strikes a person with a fatal blow is to be put to death.(K) 13 However, if it is not done intentionally, but God lets it happen, they are to flee to a place(L) I will designate. 14 But if anyone schemes and kills someone deliberately,(M) that person is to be taken from my altar and put to death.(N)

15 “Anyone who attacks[c] their father or mother is to be put to death.

16 “Anyone who kidnaps someone is to be put to death,(O) whether the victim has been sold(P) or is still in the kidnapper’s possession.

17 “Anyone who curses their father or mother is to be put to death.(Q)

18 “If people quarrel and one person hits another with a stone or with their fist[d] and the victim does not die but is confined to bed, 19 the one who struck the blow will not be held liable if the other can get up and walk around outside with a staff; however, the guilty party must pay the injured person for any loss of time and see that the victim is completely healed.

20 “Anyone who beats their male or female slave with a rod must be punished if the slave dies as a direct result, 21 but they are not to be punished if the slave recovers after a day or two, since the slave is their property.(R)

22 “If people are fighting and hit a pregnant woman and she gives birth prematurely[e] but there is no serious injury, the offender must be fined whatever the woman’s husband demands(S) and the court allows. 23 But if there is serious injury, you are to take life for life,(T) 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth,(U) hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise.

26 “An owner who hits a male or female slave in the eye and destroys it must let the slave go free to compensate for the eye. 27 And an owner who knocks out the tooth of a male or female slave must let the slave go free to compensate for the tooth.

28 “If a bull gores a man or woman to death, the bull is to be stoned to death,(V) and its meat must not be eaten. But the owner of the bull will not be held responsible. 29 If, however, the bull has had the habit of goring and the owner has been warned but has not kept it penned up(W) and it kills a man or woman, the bull is to be stoned and its owner also is to be put to death. 30 However, if payment is demanded, the owner may redeem his life by the payment of whatever is demanded.(X) 31 This law also applies if the bull gores a son or daughter. 32 If the bull gores a male or female slave, the owner must pay thirty shekels[f](Y) of silver to the master of the slave, and the bull is to be stoned to death.

33 “If anyone uncovers a pit(Z) or digs one and fails to cover it and an ox or a donkey falls into it, 34 the one who opened the pit must pay the owner for the loss and take the dead animal in exchange.

35 “If anyone’s bull injures someone else’s bull and it dies, the two parties are to sell the live one and divide both the money and the dead animal equally. 36 However, if it was known that the bull had the habit of goring, yet the owner did not keep it penned up,(AA) the owner must pay, animal for animal, and take the dead animal in exchange.

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 21:6 Or before God
  2. Exodus 21:8 Or master so that he does not choose her
  3. Exodus 21:15 Or kills
  4. Exodus 21:18 Or with a tool
  5. Exodus 21:22 Or she has a miscarriage
  6. Exodus 21:32 That is, about 12 ounces or about 345 grams

Laws About Slaves

21 “Now these are the (A)rules that you shall set before them. (B)When you buy a Hebrew slave,[a] he shall serve six years, and in the seventh he shall go out free, for nothing. If he comes in single, he shall go out single; if he comes in married, then his wife shall go out with him. If his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the wife and her children shall be her master's, and he shall go out alone. But (C)if the slave plainly says, ‘I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free,’ then his master shall bring him to (D)God, and he shall bring him to the door or the doorpost. And his master shall bore his ear through with an awl, and he shall be his slave forever.

“When a man (E)sells his daughter as a slave, she shall not go out as the male slaves do. If she does not please her master, who has designated her[b] for himself, then he shall let her be redeemed. He shall have no right to sell her to a foreign people, since he has broken faith with her. If he designates her for his son, he shall deal with her as with a daughter. 10 If he takes another wife to himself, he shall not diminish her food, her clothing, or (F)her marital rights. 11 And if he does not do these three things for her, she shall go out for nothing, without payment of money.

12 (G)“Whoever strikes a man so that he dies shall be put to death. 13 (H)But if he did not lie in wait for him, but God let him fall into his hand, then (I)I will appoint for you a place to which he may flee. 14 But if a man willfully attacks another to kill him by cunning, (J)you shall take him from my altar, that he may die.

15 “Whoever strikes his father or his mother shall be put to death.

16 (K)“Whoever steals a man and sells him, and anyone found (L)in possession of him, shall be put to death.

17 (M)“Whoever curses[c] his father or his mother shall be put to death.

18 “When men quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone or with his fist and the man does not die but takes to his bed, 19 then if the man rises again and walks outdoors with his staff, he who struck him shall be clear; only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall have him thoroughly healed.

20 “When a man strikes his slave, male or female, with a rod and the slave dies under his hand, he shall be avenged. 21 But if the slave survives a day or two, he is not to be avenged, for the (N)slave is his money.

22 “When men strive together and hit a pregnant woman, so that her children come out, but there is no harm, the one who hit her shall surely be fined, as the woman's husband shall impose on him, and (O)he shall pay as the (P)judges determine. 23 But if there is harm,[d] then you shall pay (Q)life for life, 24 (R)eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.

26 “When a man strikes the eye of his slave, male or female, and destroys it, he shall let the slave go free because of his eye. 27 If he knocks out the tooth of his slave, male or female, he shall let the slave go free because of his tooth.

28 “When an ox gores a man or a woman to death, the (S)ox shall be stoned, and its flesh shall not be eaten, but the owner of the ox shall not be liable. 29 But if the ox has been accustomed to gore in the past, and its owner has been warned but has not kept it in, and it kills a man or a woman, the ox shall be stoned, and its owner also shall be put to death. 30 If (T)a ransom is imposed on him, then (U)he shall give for the redemption of his life whatever is imposed on him. 31 If it gores a man's son or daughter, he shall be dealt with according to this same rule. 32 If the ox gores a slave, male or female, the owner shall give to their master (V)thirty shekels[e] of silver, and (W)the ox shall be stoned.

Laws About Restitution

33 “When a man opens a pit, or when a man digs a pit and does not cover it, and an ox or a donkey falls into it, 34 the owner of the pit shall make restoration. He shall give money to its owner, and the dead beast shall be his.

35 “When one man's ox butts another's, so that it dies, then they shall sell the live ox and share its price, and the dead beast also they shall share. 36 Or if it is known that the ox has been accustomed to gore in the past, and its owner has not kept it in, he shall repay ox for ox, and the dead beast shall be his.

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 21:2 Or servant; the Hebrew term ‘ebed designates a range of social and economic roles; also verses 5, 6, 7, 20, 21, 26, 27, 32 (see Preface)
  2. Exodus 21:8 Or so that he has not designated her
  3. Exodus 21:17 Or dishonors; Septuagint reviles
  4. Exodus 21:23 Or so that her children come out and it is clear who was to blame, he shall be fined as the woman's husband shall impose on him, and he alone shall pay. 23 If it is unclear who was to blame
  5. Exodus 21:32 A shekel was about 2/5 ounce or 11 grams