Exode 21
La Bible du Semeur
Les lois sur les esclaves hébreux
21 L’Eternel dit à Moïse : Voici les lois que tu exposeras au peuple : 2 Lorsque vous achèterez un esclave hébreu, son service durera six ans ; la septième année, il partira libre, sans avoir rien à payer. 3 S’il était célibataire en entrant à votre service, il partira seul. S’il était marié, sa femme partira avec lui. 4 Si son maître lui a procuré une femme et qu’elle lui a donné des fils ou des filles[a], la femme et ses enfants resteront la propriété de son maître, lui seul partira libre. 5 Mais si le serviteur déclare : « J’aime mon maître, ma femme et mes enfants, je renonce à partir libre », 6 alors le maître prendra Dieu à témoin[b] et fera approcher l’homme du battant de la porte ou de son montant et lui percera l’oreille avec un poinçon[c] et cet homme sera son esclave pour toujours[d].
7 Si un homme a vendu sa fille comme servante, elle ne sera pas libérée dans les mêmes conditions que les esclaves. 8 Si elle déplaît à son maître qui se la réservait[e], il la fera racheter, mais il ne pourra pas la vendre à des étrangers. Ce serait la trahir. 9 S’il l’a destinée à son fils, il la traitera selon le droit qui s’applique à des filles. 10 Si, après l’avoir épousée, il prend une autre femme, il ne retranchera rien à la nourriture et à l’habillement de la première, ni à son devoir conjugal envers elle. 11 S’il lui refuse l’une de ces trois choses, elle pourra partir libre, sans paiement[f].
La loi sur les atteintes aux personnes
12 Celui qui frappera un homme et causera sa mort, sera puni de mort[g]. 13 Cependant, s’il n’avait pas l’intention de donner la mort[h], mais que Dieu a fait tomber l’homme entre ses mains, je te désignerai un endroit où il pourra se réfugier[i]. 14 Par contre, si quelqu’un agit avec préméditation, et qu’il assassine son prochain par ruse, vous irez jusqu’à l’arracher à mon autel[j] pour le faire mourir.
15 Celui qui frappe son père ou sa mère sera puni de mort.
16 Celui qui commet un rapt sera également mis à mort – qu’il ait vendu sa victime comme esclave ou qu’on la trouve encore entre ses mains[k].
17 Celui qui maudit son père ou sa mère sera puni de mort[l].
18 Si, au cours d’une dispute, un homme en frappe un autre du poing ou à coups de pierres sans causer sa mort, mais en l’obligeant à s’aliter, 19 si la victime se relève et peut de nouveau se promener dehors – fût-ce en s’appuyant sur une canne – celui qui l’aura frappé sera acquitté. Toutefois, il dédommagera l’autre pour son temps d’arrêt de travail et il se chargera de le faire soigner.
20 Si quelqu’un fait mourir son esclave ou sa servante en le frappant à coups de bâton, il devra être puni. 21 Toutefois, si le blessé survit un jour ou deux, son maître ne sera pas puni, car il l’a acquis avec son propre argent.
22 Si des hommes, en se battant, heurtent une femme enceinte et causent un accouchement prématuré, mais sans qu’il y ait d’autre conséquence grave, l’auteur de l’accident devra payer une indemnité dont le montant sera fixé par le mari de la femme et approuvé par arbitrage. 23 Mais s’il s’ensuit un dommage[m], tu feras payer vie pour vie, 24 œil pour œil, dent pour dent, main pour main, pied pour pied[n], 25 brûlure pour brûlure, blessure pour blessure, contusion pour contusion[o].
26 Si un homme blesse son esclave ou sa servante à l’œil au point de lui en faire perdre l’usage, il lui rendra la liberté en compensation de l’œil perdu. 27 S’il lui fait tomber une dent, il lui rendra également la liberté en compensation de sa dent. 28 Si un taureau frappe un homme ou une femme et les tue, il sera lapidé. On n’en mangera pas la viande, mais son propriétaire ne sera pas puni. 29 Toutefois si, depuis quelque temps, ce taureau avait l’habitude d’attaquer les gens et que son propriétaire en a été formellement averti mais ne l’a pas surveillé, et si ce taureau tue quelqu’un, il sera lapidé et son propriétaire sera lui aussi mis à mort. 30 Si on impose au propriétaire une rançon pour sa vie, il devra donner tout ce qu’on lui réclamera. 31 Si le taureau frappe un garçon ou une fille, on lui appliquera la même loi. 32 S’il heurte un esclave ou une servante, le propriétaire de l’animal versera au maître de la victime trente pièces d’argent, et le taureau sera lapidé[p].
La loi sur les atteintes aux biens
33 Si quelqu’un, après avoir enlevé le couvercle d’une citerne ou après avoir creusé une citerne, la laisse ouverte et qu’un taureau ou un âne tombe dedans, 34 le propriétaire de la citerne paiera au propriétaire de la bête l’argent qu’elle valait, et la bête morte lui appartiendra.
35 Si le taureau de quelqu’un blesse mortellement celui d’un autre, le taureau vivant sera vendu et les deux propriétaires se partageront l’argent et l’animal mort. 36 Mais si l’on savait que le taureau qui en a tué un autre avait l’habitude de donner des coups de corne et si son maître ne l’a pas surveillé, celui-ci devra remplacer le taureau qui a été tué et l’animal mort lui appartiendra.
37 Si quelqu’un vole un bovin ou un mouton et qu’il l’abatte ou le vende, il devra donner cinq bovins pour le bovin volé ou quatre moutons pour le mouton volé.
Footnotes
- 21.4 C’est-à-dire : lui a donné l’une de ses esclaves.
- 21.6 Concrètement cela signifie qu’il ira devant un représentant de l’autorité divine, c’est-à-dire un juge (voir 22.7-8 ; Dt 1.17) ou l’assemblée des juges (voir Ps 82.1).
- 21.6 Le percement de l’oreille, courant en Syrie et dans les pays environnants comme signe de servitude, symbolisait l’obéissance stricte que le serviteur devait à son maître.
- 21.6 Voir Lv 25.39-46.
- 21.8 Selon la leçon indiquée en marge par les copistes, le texte porte : et que celui-ci ne se l’attribue pas.
- 21.11 En donnant ces droits à la femme-esclave, la Loi la protégeait et restreignait la polygamie.
- 21.12 Voir Gn 9.6 ; Lv 24.17.
- 21.13 C’est le cas que nos législations ont retenu sous l’appellation d’homicide involontaire ou par imprudence.
- 21.13 Dieu désignera certaines villes de refuge lorsque le peuple sera entré en Canaan (voir Nb 35.9-34 ; Dt 19.1-13 ; Jos 20.1-9).
- 21.14 L’autel était l’ultime refuge du coupable poursuivi par la justice (voir 1 R 1.50-51 ; 2.28-34 ; Am 3.14).
- 21.16 Voir Dt 24.7.
- 21.17 Voir Lv 20.9. Cité en Mt 15.4 ; Mc 7.10.
- 21.23 Pour la mère ou pour l’enfant.
- 21.24 Cité en Mt 5.38.
- 21.25 Voir Lv 24.19-20 ; Dt 19.21 ; Mt 5.38.
- 21.32 Prix moyen d’un esclave étranger. L’esclave hébreu devait être racheté au prix de cinquante pièces d’argent (Lv 27.3-6 ; il s’agit de sicles).
Exodus 21
World English Bible
21 “Now these are the ordinances which you shall set before them:
2 “If you buy a Hebrew servant, he shall serve six years, and in the seventh he shall go out free without paying anything. 3 If he comes in by himself, he shall go out by himself. If he is married, then his wife shall go out with him. 4 If his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the wife and her children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself. 5 But if the servant shall plainly say, ‘I love my master, my wife, and my children. I will not go out free;’ 6 then his master shall bring him to God, and shall bring him to the door or to the doorpost, and his master shall bore his ear through with an awl, and he shall serve him forever.
7 “If a man sells his daughter to be a female servant, she shall not go out as the male servants do. 8 If she doesn’t please her master, who has married her to himself, then he shall let her be redeemed. He shall have no right to sell her to a foreign people, since he has dealt deceitfully with her. 9 If he marries her to his son, he shall deal with her as a daughter. 10 If he takes another wife to himself, he shall not diminish her food, her clothing, and her marital rights. 11 If he doesn’t do these three things for her, she may go free without paying any money.
12 “One who strikes a man so that he dies shall surely be put to death, 13 but not if it is unintentional, but God allows it to happen; then I will appoint you a place where he shall flee. 14 If a man schemes and comes presumptuously on his neighbor to kill him, you shall take him from my altar, that he may die.
15 “Anyone who attacks his father or his mother shall be surely put to death.
16 “Anyone who kidnaps someone and sells him, or if he is found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.
17 “Anyone who curses his father or his mother shall surely be put to death.
18 “If men quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone, or with his fist, and he doesn’t die, but is confined to bed; 19 if he rises again and walks around with his staff, then he who struck him shall be cleared; only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall provide for his healing until he is thoroughly healed.
20 “If a man strikes his servant or his maid with a rod, and he dies under his hand, the man shall surely be punished. 21 Notwithstanding, if his servant gets up after a day or two, he shall not be punished, for the servant is his property.
22 “If men fight and hurt a pregnant woman so that she gives birth prematurely, and yet no harm follows, he shall be surely fined as much as the woman’s husband demands and the judges allow. 23 But if any harm follows, then you must take life for life, 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burning for burning, wound for wound, and bruise for bruise.
26 “If a man strikes his servant’s eye, or his maid’s eye, and destroys it, he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake. 27 If he strikes out his male servant’s tooth, or his female servant’s tooth, he shall let the servant go free for his tooth’s sake.
28 “If a bull gores a man or a woman to death, the bull shall surely be stoned, and its meat shall not be eaten; but the owner of the bull shall not be held responsible. 29 But if the bull had a habit of goring in the past, and this has been testified to its owner, and he has not kept it in, but it has killed a man or a woman, the bull shall be stoned, and its owner shall also be put to death. 30 If a ransom is imposed on him, then he shall give for the redemption of his life whatever is imposed. 31 Whether it has gored a son or has gored a daughter, according to this judgment it shall be done to him. 32 If the bull gores a male servant or a female servant, thirty shekels[a] of silver shall be given to their master, and the ox shall be stoned.
33 “If a man opens a pit, or if a man digs a pit and doesn’t cover it, and a bull or a donkey falls into it, 34 the owner of the pit shall make it good. He shall give money to its owner, and the dead animal shall be his.
35 “If one man’s bull injures another’s, so that it dies, then they shall sell the live bull, and divide its price; and they shall also divide the dead animal. 36 Or if it is known that the bull was in the habit of goring in the past, and its owner has not kept it in, he shall surely pay bull for bull, and the dead animal shall be his own.
Footnotes
- 21:32 A shekel is about 10 grams or about 0.35 ounces, so 30 shekels is about 300 grams or about 10.6 ounces.
Exodus 21
New International Version
21 “These are the laws(A) you are to set before them:
Hebrew Servants(B)(C)
2 “If you buy a Hebrew servant,(D) he is to serve you for six years. But in the seventh year, he shall go free,(E) without paying anything. 3 If he comes alone, he is to go free alone; but if he has a wife when he comes, she is to go with him. 4 If his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the woman and her children shall belong to her master, and only the man shall go free.
5 “But if the servant declares, ‘I love my master and my wife and children and do not want to go free,’(F) 6 then his master must take him before the judges.[a](G) He shall take him to the door or the doorpost and pierce(H) his ear with an awl. Then he will be his servant for life.(I)
7 “If a man sells his daughter as a servant, she is not to go free as male servants do. 8 If she does not please the master who has selected her for himself,[b] he must let her be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to foreigners, because he has broken faith with her. 9 If he selects her for his son, he must grant her the rights of a daughter. 10 If he marries another woman, he must not deprive the first one of her food, clothing and marital rights.(J) 11 If he does not provide her with these three things, she is to go free, without any payment of money.
Personal Injuries
12 “Anyone who strikes a person with a fatal blow is to be put to death.(K) 13 However, if it is not done intentionally, but God lets it happen, they are to flee to a place(L) I will designate. 14 But if anyone schemes and kills someone deliberately,(M) that person is to be taken from my altar and put to death.(N)
15 “Anyone who attacks[c] their father or mother is to be put to death.
16 “Anyone who kidnaps someone is to be put to death,(O) whether the victim has been sold(P) or is still in the kidnapper’s possession.
17 “Anyone who curses their father or mother is to be put to death.(Q)
18 “If people quarrel and one person hits another with a stone or with their fist[d] and the victim does not die but is confined to bed, 19 the one who struck the blow will not be held liable if the other can get up and walk around outside with a staff; however, the guilty party must pay the injured person for any loss of time and see that the victim is completely healed.
20 “Anyone who beats their male or female slave with a rod must be punished if the slave dies as a direct result, 21 but they are not to be punished if the slave recovers after a day or two, since the slave is their property.(R)
22 “If people are fighting and hit a pregnant woman and she gives birth prematurely[e] but there is no serious injury, the offender must be fined whatever the woman’s husband demands(S) and the court allows. 23 But if there is serious injury, you are to take life for life,(T) 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth,(U) hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise.
26 “An owner who hits a male or female slave in the eye and destroys it must let the slave go free to compensate for the eye. 27 And an owner who knocks out the tooth of a male or female slave must let the slave go free to compensate for the tooth.
28 “If a bull gores a man or woman to death, the bull is to be stoned to death,(V) and its meat must not be eaten. But the owner of the bull will not be held responsible. 29 If, however, the bull has had the habit of goring and the owner has been warned but has not kept it penned up(W) and it kills a man or woman, the bull is to be stoned and its owner also is to be put to death. 30 However, if payment is demanded, the owner may redeem his life by the payment of whatever is demanded.(X) 31 This law also applies if the bull gores a son or daughter. 32 If the bull gores a male or female slave, the owner must pay thirty shekels[f](Y) of silver to the master of the slave, and the bull is to be stoned to death.
33 “If anyone uncovers a pit(Z) or digs one and fails to cover it and an ox or a donkey falls into it, 34 the one who opened the pit must pay the owner for the loss and take the dead animal in exchange.
35 “If anyone’s bull injures someone else’s bull and it dies, the two parties are to sell the live one and divide both the money and the dead animal equally. 36 However, if it was known that the bull had the habit of goring, yet the owner did not keep it penned up,(AA) the owner must pay, animal for animal, and take the dead animal in exchange.
Footnotes
- Exodus 21:6 Or before God
- Exodus 21:8 Or master so that he does not choose her
- Exodus 21:15 Or kills
- Exodus 21:18 Or with a tool
- Exodus 21:22 Or she has a miscarriage
- Exodus 21:32 That is, about 12 ounces or about 345 grams
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