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Despre slobozenie şi viaţă

21 „Iată legile pe care le vei(A) pune înaintea lor. Dacă(B) vei cumpăra un rob evreu, să slujească şase ani ca rob, dar în al şaptelea, să iasă slobod, fără să plătească nimic ca despăgubire. Dacă a intrat singur, să iasă singur; dacă era însurat, să iasă şi nevastă-sa împreună cu el. Dacă stăpânul lui i-a dat o nevastă şi a avut fii şi fiice cu ea, nevasta şi copiii să fie ai stăpânului lui, iar el să iasă singur. Dacă robul(C) va zice: ‘Eu iubesc pe stăpânul meu, pe nevastă-mea şi copiii mei şi nu vreau să ies slobod’, atunci stăpânul lui să-l ducă înaintea(D) lui Dumnezeu, să-l apropie de uşă sau de stâlpul uşii şi stăpânul lui să-i(E) găurească urechea cu o sulă, şi robul să rămână pentru totdeauna în slujba lui. Dacă un om îşi va(F) vinde fata ca roabă, ea să nu iasă cum(G) ies robii. Dacă nu va plăcea stăpânului ei, care o luase de nevastă, el să-i înlesnească răscumpărarea, dar nu va avea dreptul s-o vândă unor străini, dacă nu-şi va ţine cuvântul. Dacă o dă de nevastă fiului său, să se poarte cu ea după dreptul fiicelor. 10 Dacă-i va lua o altă nevastă, nu va scădea nimic pentru cea dintâi din hrană, din îmbrăcăminte şi din dreptul(H) ei de soţie. 11 Dacă nu-i face aceste trei lucruri, ea va putea ieşi fără nicio despăgubire, fără să dea bani.

Legi în privinţa uciderii

12 Cine va lovi(I) pe altul cu o lovitură de moarte să fie pedepsit cu moartea. 13 Dacă nu(J) i-a întins laţuri şi dacă Dumnezeu l-a făcut(K) să-i cadă în mână, îţi voi(L) hotărî un loc unde va putea să fugă. 14 Dar, dacă lucrează(M) cineva cu răutate împotriva aproapelui său, folosindu-se de viclenie ca să-l omoare, chiar şi de la(N) altarul Meu să-l smulgi, ca să fie omorât.

Necinstirea părinţilor

15 Cine va lovi pe tatăl său sau pe mama sa să fie pedepsit cu moartea. 16 Cine(O) va fura un om şi-l va(P) vinde sau îl va ţine în mâinile(Q) lui să fie pedepsit cu moartea. 17 Cine(R) va blestema pe tatăl său sau pe mama sa să fie pedepsit cu moartea.

Legi privitoare la vătămarea trupului

18 Dacă se vor certa doi oameni, şi unul din ei va lovi pe celălalt cu o piatră sau cu pumnul, fără să-i pricinuiască moartea, dar silindu-l să stea în pat, 19 cel ce l-a lovit să nu fie pedepsit dacă celălalt se va scula şi se va plimba afară, sprijinit pe un toiag(S). Numai să-l despăgubească pentru încetarea lucrului lui şi să-l îngrijească până la vindecare. 20 Dacă un om va lovi cu băţul pe robul său, fie bărbat fie femeie, şi robul moare sub mâna lui, stăpânul să fie pedepsit. 21 Dar, dacă mai trăieşte o zi sau două, stăpânul să nu fie pedepsit; căci este argintul(T) lui. 22 Dacă se ceartă doi oameni şi lovesc pe o femeie însărcinată şi o fac doar să nască înainte de vreme, fără altă nenorocire, să fie pedepsiţi cu o gloabă(U) pusă de bărbatul femeii şi pe care o vor plăti după hotărârea judecătorilor. 23 Dar, dacă se întâmplă o nenorocire, vei da viaţă pentru viaţă, 24 ochi(V) pentru ochi, dinte pentru dinte, mână pentru mână, picior pentru picior, 25 arsură pentru arsură, rană pentru rană, vânătaie pentru vânătaie. 26 Dacă un om loveşte ochiul robului său, fie bărbat, fie femeie, şi-l face să-şi piardă ochiul, să-i dea drumul ca despăgubire pentru ochiul lui. 27 Şi dacă face să cadă un dinte robului său, fie bărbat, fie femeie, ca despăgubire pentru dintele lui, să-i dea drumul. 28 Dacă un bou va împunge şi va omorî pe un bărbat sau pe o femeie(W), boul să fie ucis cu pietre, carnea să nu i se mănânce, iar stăpânul boului să nu fie pedepsit. 29 Dar, dacă boul avea obicei mai înainte să împungă şi stăpânul fusese înştiinţat de lucrul acesta, şi nu l-a închis, boul să fie ucis cu pietre, dacă va ucide un bărbat sau o femeie, şi stăpânul lui să fie pedepsit cu moartea. 30 Dacă i se pune stăpânului un preţ pentru răscumpărarea(X) vieţii lui, va plăti tot ce i se va cere. 31 Când boul va împunge pe un băiat sau pe o fată, i se va face după legea aceasta, 32 dar, dacă boul împunge pe un rob, fie bărbat, fie femeie, să se dea trei(Y) sicli de argint stăpânului robului, şi boul(Z) să fie ucis cu pietre. 33 Dacă un om descoperă o groapă sau dacă un om sapă o groapă şi n-o acoperă şi cade în ea un bou sau un măgar, 34 stăpânul gropii să plătească stăpânului lor preţul vitei în argint, iar vita moartă să fie a lui. 35 Dacă boul unui om împunge boul unui alt om şi boul acesta moare, vor vinde boul cel viu şi preţul lui îl vor împărţi; vor împărţi şi boul mort. 36 Dar, dacă se ştia că boul avea obicei mai înainte să împungă, şi stăpânul lui nu l-a închis, stăpânul acesta să dea bou pentru bou, iar boul cel mort să-l ia el.

21 “These are the laws(A) you are to set before them:

Hebrew Servants(B)(C)

“If you buy a Hebrew servant,(D) he is to serve you for six years. But in the seventh year, he shall go free,(E) without paying anything. If he comes alone, he is to go free alone; but if he has a wife when he comes, she is to go with him. If his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the woman and her children shall belong to her master, and only the man shall go free.

“But if the servant declares, ‘I love my master and my wife and children and do not want to go free,’(F) then his master must take him before the judges.[a](G) He shall take him to the door or the doorpost and pierce(H) his ear with an awl. Then he will be his servant for life.(I)

“If a man sells his daughter as a servant, she is not to go free as male servants do. If she does not please the master who has selected her for himself,[b] he must let her be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to foreigners, because he has broken faith with her. If he selects her for his son, he must grant her the rights of a daughter. 10 If he marries another woman, he must not deprive the first one of her food, clothing and marital rights.(J) 11 If he does not provide her with these three things, she is to go free, without any payment of money.

Personal Injuries

12 “Anyone who strikes a person with a fatal blow is to be put to death.(K) 13 However, if it is not done intentionally, but God lets it happen, they are to flee to a place(L) I will designate. 14 But if anyone schemes and kills someone deliberately,(M) that person is to be taken from my altar and put to death.(N)

15 “Anyone who attacks[c] their father or mother is to be put to death.

16 “Anyone who kidnaps someone is to be put to death,(O) whether the victim has been sold(P) or is still in the kidnapper’s possession.

17 “Anyone who curses their father or mother is to be put to death.(Q)

18 “If people quarrel and one person hits another with a stone or with their fist[d] and the victim does not die but is confined to bed, 19 the one who struck the blow will not be held liable if the other can get up and walk around outside with a staff; however, the guilty party must pay the injured person for any loss of time and see that the victim is completely healed.

20 “Anyone who beats their male or female slave with a rod must be punished if the slave dies as a direct result, 21 but they are not to be punished if the slave recovers after a day or two, since the slave is their property.(R)

22 “If people are fighting and hit a pregnant woman and she gives birth prematurely[e] but there is no serious injury, the offender must be fined whatever the woman’s husband demands(S) and the court allows. 23 But if there is serious injury, you are to take life for life,(T) 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth,(U) hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise.

26 “An owner who hits a male or female slave in the eye and destroys it must let the slave go free to compensate for the eye. 27 And an owner who knocks out the tooth of a male or female slave must let the slave go free to compensate for the tooth.

28 “If a bull gores a man or woman to death, the bull is to be stoned to death,(V) and its meat must not be eaten. But the owner of the bull will not be held responsible. 29 If, however, the bull has had the habit of goring and the owner has been warned but has not kept it penned up(W) and it kills a man or woman, the bull is to be stoned and its owner also is to be put to death. 30 However, if payment is demanded, the owner may redeem his life by the payment of whatever is demanded.(X) 31 This law also applies if the bull gores a son or daughter. 32 If the bull gores a male or female slave, the owner must pay thirty shekels[f](Y) of silver to the master of the slave, and the bull is to be stoned to death.

33 “If anyone uncovers a pit(Z) or digs one and fails to cover it and an ox or a donkey falls into it, 34 the one who opened the pit must pay the owner for the loss and take the dead animal in exchange.

35 “If anyone’s bull injures someone else’s bull and it dies, the two parties are to sell the live one and divide both the money and the dead animal equally. 36 However, if it was known that the bull had the habit of goring, yet the owner did not keep it penned up,(AA) the owner must pay, animal for animal, and take the dead animal in exchange.

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 21:6 Or before God
  2. Exodus 21:8 Or master so that he does not choose her
  3. Exodus 21:15 Or kills
  4. Exodus 21:18 Or with a tool
  5. Exodus 21:22 Or she has a miscarriage
  6. Exodus 21:32 That is, about 12 ounces or about 345 grams

Ordinances for the People

21 “Now these are the (A)ordinances which you are to set before them:

“If you buy (B)a Hebrew slave, he shall serve for six years; but on the seventh he shall leave as a free man without a payment to you. If he comes [a]alone, he shall leave [b]alone; if he is the husband of a wife, then his wife shall leave with him. If his master gives him a wife, and she bears him sons or daughters, the wife and her children shall belong to her master, and he shall leave [c]alone. But (C)if the slave plainly says, ‘I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not leave as a free man,’ then his master shall bring him to [d]God, then he shall bring him to the door or the doorpost. And his master shall pierce his ear with an [e]awl; and he shall serve him permanently.

“Now (D)if a man sells his daughter as a female slave, she is not to [f]go free (E)as the male slaves [g]do. If she is [h]displeasing in the eyes of her master [i]who designated her for himself, then he shall let her be redeemed. He does not have authority to sell her to a foreign people, because of his [j]unfairness to her. And if he designates her for his son, he shall deal with her according to the custom of daughters. 10 If he takes to himself another woman, he may not reduce her [k]food, her clothing, or (F)her conjugal rights. 11 But if he will not do these three things for her, then she shall go [l]free for nothing, without payment of money.

Personal Injuries

12 (G)He who strikes someone so that he dies shall certainly be put to death. 13 (H)Yet [m]if he did not lie in wait for him, but (I)God caused him to fall into his hand, then I will appoint you a place to which he may flee. 14 (J)If, however, someone is enraged against his neighbor, so as to kill him in a cunning way, you are to take him even from My altar, to be put to death.

15 “And one who strikes his father or his mother shall certainly be put to death.

16 “Now (K)one who [n]kidnaps someone, whether he sells him or he is found in his [o]possession, shall certainly be put to death.

17 “And (L)one who curses his father or his mother shall certainly be put to death.

18 “Now if people have a quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone or with a fist, and he does not die but [p]is confined to bed, 19 if he gets up and walks around outside on his staff, then he who struck him shall go unpunished; he shall only pay for his [q]loss of time, and [r]shall pay for his care until he is completely healed.

20 “And if someone strikes his male or female slave with a rod and the slave dies [s]at his hand, he shall [t]be punished. 21 If, however, the slave [u]survives a day or two, no vengeance shall be taken; (M)for the slave is his [v]property.

22 “Now if people struggle with each other and strike a pregnant woman so that [w]she gives birth prematurely, but there is no injury, the guilty person shall certainly be fined as the woman’s husband [x]may demand of him, and he shall (N)pay [y]as the judges decide. 23 But if there is any further injury, (O)then you shall appoint as a penalty life for life, 24 (P)eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, [z]bruise for bruise.

26 “And if someone strikes the eye of his male or female slave and destroys it, he shall let [aa]the slave go free on account of the eye. 27 And if he [ab]knocks out a tooth of his male or female slave, he shall let [ac]the slave go free on account of the tooth.

28 “Now if an ox gores a man or a woman [ad]to death, (Q)the ox shall certainly be stoned and its flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall go unpunished. 29 If, however, an ox was previously in the habit of goring and its owner has been warned, yet he does not confine it and it kills a man or a woman, the ox shall be stoned and its owner also shall be put to death. 30 If a ransom is [ae]demanded of him, then he shall give for the redemption of his life whatever is [af]demanded of him. 31 Whether it gores a son or [ag]a daughter, it shall be done to him according to [ah]the same rule. 32 If the ox gores a male or female slave, [ai]the owner shall give his or her master [aj](R)thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned.

Property Rights

33 “Now if someone opens a pit, or [ak]digs a pit and does not cover it, and an ox or a donkey falls into it, 34 the owner of the pit shall make restitution; he shall [al]give money to its owner, and the dead animal shall become his.

35 “And if someone’s ox injures another’s ox so that it dies, then they shall sell the live ox and divide its proceeds equally; and they shall also divide the dead ox. 36 Or if it is known that the ox was previously in the habit of goring, yet its owner has not confined it, he must make restitution of ox for ox, and the dead animal shall become his.

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 21:3 Lit by himself
  2. Exodus 21:3 Lit by himself
  3. Exodus 21:4 Lit by himself
  4. Exodus 21:6 Or the judges (who acted in God’s name)
  5. Exodus 21:6 I.e., a pointed tool
  6. Exodus 21:7 Lit go out
  7. Exodus 21:7 Lit go out
  8. Exodus 21:8 Lit bad
  9. Exodus 21:8 Another reading is so that he did not designate her
  10. Exodus 21:8 Lit dealing treacherously
  11. Exodus 21:10 Lit flesh
  12. Exodus 21:11 Lit out
  13. Exodus 21:13 Lit he who
  14. Exodus 21:16 Lit steals
  15. Exodus 21:16 Lit hand
  16. Exodus 21:18 Lit lies in
  17. Exodus 21:19 Lit his sitting
  18. Exodus 21:19 Lit healing, he shall cause to be healed
  19. Exodus 21:20 Lit under
  20. Exodus 21:20 Lit suffer vengeance
  21. Exodus 21:21 Lit stands
  22. Exodus 21:21 Lit money
  23. Exodus 21:22 Or an untimely birth occurs; lit her children come out
  24. Exodus 21:22 Lit lays on him
  25. Exodus 21:22 Lit by arbitration
  26. Exodus 21:25 Lit welt
  27. Exodus 21:26 Lit him go...his eye
  28. Exodus 21:27 Lit causes to fall
  29. Exodus 21:27 Lit him go...his tooth
  30. Exodus 21:28 Lit so that he dies
  31. Exodus 21:30 Lit laid on him
  32. Exodus 21:30 Lit laid on him
  33. Exodus 21:31 Lit gores a daughter
  34. Exodus 21:31 Lit this judgment
  35. Exodus 21:32 Lit he
  36. Exodus 21:32 About 15 oz. or 425 gm
  37. Exodus 21:33 Lit if a man digs
  38. Exodus 21:34 Lit give back

21 Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them.

If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.

If he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he were married, then his wife shall go out with him.

If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master's, and he shall go out by himself.

And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free:

Then his master shall bring him unto the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an aul; and he shall serve him for ever.

And if a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do.

If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her.

And if he have betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters.

10 If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish.

11 And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out free without money.

12 He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death.

13 And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee.

14 But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die.

15 And he that smiteth his father, or his mother, shall be surely put to death.

16 And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.

17 And he that curseth his father, or his mother, shall surely be put to death.

18 And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keepeth his bed:

19 If he rise again, and walk abroad upon his staff, then shall he that smote him be quit: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed.

20 And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished.

21 Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money.

22 If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman's husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine.

23 And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,

24 Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,

25 Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.

26 And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish; he shall let him go free for his eye's sake.

27 And if he smite out his manservant's tooth, or his maidservant's tooth; he shall let him go free for his tooth's sake.

28 If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die: then the ox shall be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit.

29 But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death.

30 If there be laid on him a sum of money, then he shall give for the ransom of his life whatsoever is laid upon him.

31 Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him.

32 If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned.

33 And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein;

34 The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money unto the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his.

35 And if one man's ox hurt another's, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide.

36 Or if it be known that the ox hath used to push in time past, and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and the dead shall be his own.

Esclavos hebreos

21 »Estas son otras leyes que deben obedecer:

»Si alguien adquiere un esclavo hebreo, sólo lo obligará a trabajar para él por seis años. Al séptimo año le dará la libertad, sin que pague nada.

»Si el esclavo era soltero, y luego se casa, solamente él será libre. Pero si estaba casado, su esposa recibirá la libertad al mismo tiempo que él. Si su amo le dio esposa mientras era esclavo, y tuvieron hijos o hijas, la esposa y los hijos pertenecerán todavía al amo. Por eso, el esclavo tendrá que irse solo.

»Pero si el esclavo declara: “Amo a mi dueño, a mi esposa y a mis hijos, y no quiero ser puesto en libertad”, el amo lo llevará delante de los jueces, y en presencia de ellos le perforará la oreja con un punzón, y será su esclavo para siempre.

»Si un hombre vende a su hija como esclava, ella no será libre al final de los seis años, como en el caso del hombre.

»Si el hombre que la compró no desea casarse con ella, porque no le agrada, permitirá que sea rescatada. Pero no podrá venderla a extranjeros, puesto que la despreció al no querer tenerla como esposa. Pero si la ha desposado con su hijo, ya no deberá tratarla como esclava, sino como hija.

10 »Si el que la compró se casa con ella, y luego toma otra esposa, no podrá disminuirle el alimento ni el vestido; ni dejar de dormir con ella. 11 Si falla en alguno de estos compromisos, ella quedará libre, sin necesidad de pago alguno.

Ofensas personales

12 »Cualquiera que mate a otro hombre, deberá morir. 13 Pero si fue accidental, porque así yo lo había determinado, entonces el asesino podrá huir y refugiarse en un lugar que yo te indicaré.

14 »Sin embargo, si lo mata deliberadamente, aun si se refugia en mi altar, de allí lo sacarás y le darás muerte.

15 »Cualquiera que golpee a su padre o a su madre morirá.

16 »El que secuestre a una persona y la venda, o lo sorprendan con ella en su poder, deberá morir.

17 »El que insulte o maldiga a su madre o a su padre, ciertamente debe morir.

18 »Si dos hombres están peleando y uno golpea al otro con una piedra o con su puño, y le causa un daño tal que debe guardar cama, pero no muere, 19 el ofensor será declarado inocente, siempre y cuando el herido pueda levantarse y caminar apoyado sobre un bastón. Sin embargo, el que lo golpeó deberá pagarle por el tiempo que esté sin trabajar, como también los gastos de su curación, hasta que esté completamente sano.

20 »Si un hombre golpea a su esclavo y le da muerte, debe ser castigado. 21 Sin embargo, si el esclavo no muere en un par de días, el ofensor no será castigado, porque el esclavo es propiedad suya.

22 »Si varios hombres pelean, y en medio de la pelea uno de ellos golpea a una mujer que está embarazada, y como consecuencia ella tiene un aborto, pero queda viva, el hombre que la haya herido deberá pagar la multa que exija el marido de la mujer, y que los jueces aprueben. 23 Pero si la mujer muere, entonces el ofensor pagará vida por vida, 24 ojo por ojo, diente por diente; mano por mano, pie por pie; 25 quemadura por quemadura, herida por herida, golpe por golpe.

26 »Si un hombre golpea a su esclavo o a su esclava en un ojo, y por dicho golpe el esclavo o la esclava pierde su ojo, entonces el ofensor le dará la libertad, como una compensación por el ojo que le dañó. 27 Si le arranca un diente, también deberá darle la libertad.

28 »Si un buey cornea a un hombre o a una mujer y le da muerte, el dueño del animal no será considerado culpable. Pero se matará al buey a pedradas, y no se podrá comer su carne. 29 Pero si el buey es bravo, y el dueño lo sabe y lo deja suelto, el buey será apedreado y el dueño deberá morir, 30 a menos que los parientes del muerto acepten la indemnización que los jueces determinen.

31 »La misma ley se aplica si el buey cornea a un niño o a una niña.

32 »Pero si el buey cornea a un esclavo, hombre o mujer, el dueño pagará treinta monedas de plata al dueño del esclavo o de la esclava, y el buey se matará a pedradas.

33 »Si un hombre cava un pozo y, por no cubrirlo, cae en él un buey o un burro, 34 pagará los daños al propietario del animal, y el animal muerto quedará para él.

35 »Si un buey mata al buey de otra persona, los dos propietarios venderán el buey vivo, se repartirán el dinero, y cada uno se quedará con la mitad del buey muerto. 36 Pero si se sabía que el buey era bravo, su dueño deberá reponer el buey muerto con uno vivo, y se quedará con el buey muerto.