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II. Daniel’s Visions

Chapter 7

The Beasts and the Judgment.[a] In the first year of King Belshazzar of Babylon, as Daniel lay in bed he had a dream, visions in his head. Then he wrote down the dream; the account began: In the vision I saw during the night, suddenly the four winds of heaven stirred up the great sea,[b] from which emerged four immense beasts,(A) each different from the others. The first was like a lion, but with eagle’s wings.[c] While I watched, the wings were plucked; it was raised from the ground to stand on two feet like a human being, and given a human mind. The second beast was like a bear;[d] it was raised up on one side, and among the teeth in its mouth were three tusks. It was given the order, “Arise, devour much flesh.” After this I looked and saw another beast, like a leopard;[e] on its back were four wings like those of a bird, and it had four heads. To this beast dominion was given. [f]After this, in the visions of the night I saw a fourth beast, terrifying, horrible, and of extraordinary strength; it had great iron teeth with which it devoured and crushed, and it trampled with its feet what was left. It differed from the beasts that preceded it. It had ten horns. I was considering the ten horns it had, when suddenly another, a little horn, sprang out of their midst, and three of the previous horns were torn away to make room for it. This horn had eyes like human eyes, and a mouth that spoke arrogantly. [g]As I watched,

Thrones were set up
    and the Ancient of Days took his throne.
His clothing was white as snow,
    the hair on his head like pure wool;
His throne was flames of fire,
    with wheels of burning fire.
10 A river of fire surged forth,
    flowing from where he sat;
Thousands upon thousands were ministering to him,
    and myriads upon myriads stood before him.(B)

The court was convened, and the books were opened. 11 I watched, then, from the first of the arrogant words which the horn spoke, until the beast was slain and its body destroyed and thrown into the burning fire. 12 As for the other beasts, their dominion was taken away, but they were granted a prolongation of life for a time and a season. 13 As the visions during the night continued, I saw coming with the clouds of heaven(C)

One like a son of man.[h]
When he reached the Ancient of Days
    and was presented before him,
14 He received dominion, splendor, and kingship;
    all nations, peoples and tongues will serve him.
His dominion is an everlasting dominion
    that shall not pass away,
    his kingship, one that shall not be destroyed.(D)

15 Because of this, my spirit was anguished and I, Daniel, was terrified by my visions. 16 I approached one of those present and asked him the truth of all this; in answer, he made known to me its meaning: 17 “These four great beasts stand for four kings which shall arise on the earth. 18 But the holy ones[i] of the Most High shall receive the kingship, to possess it forever and ever.”

19 Then I wished to make certain about the fourth beast, so very terrible and different from the others, devouring and crushing with its iron teeth and bronze claws, and trampling with its feet what was left; 20 and about the ten horns on its head, and the other one that sprang up, before which three horns fell; and about the horn with the eyes and the mouth that spoke arrogantly, which appeared greater than its fellows. 21 For, as I watched, that horn made war against the holy ones and was victorious 22 until the Ancient of Days came, and judgment was pronounced in favor of the holy ones of the Most High, and the time arrived for the holy ones to possess the kingship. 23 He answered me thus:

“The fourth beast shall be a fourth kingdom on earth,
    different from all the others;
The whole earth it shall devour,
    trample down and crush.
24 The ten horns shall be ten kings
    rising out of that kingdom;
    another shall rise up after them,
Different from those before him,
    who shall lay low three kings.
25 He shall speak against the Most High
    and wear down the holy ones of the Most High,
    intending to change the feast days and the law.[j]
They shall be handed over to him
    for a time, two times, and half a time.
26 But when the court is convened,
    and his dominion is taken away
    to be abolished and completely destroyed,
27 Then the kingship and dominion and majesty
    of all the kingdoms under the heavens
    shall be given to the people of the holy ones of the Most High,
Whose kingship shall be an everlasting kingship,
    whom all dominions shall serve and obey.”

28 This is the end of the report. I, Daniel, was greatly terrified by my thoughts, and my face became pale, but I kept the matter to myself.[k]

Footnotes

  1. 7:1–27 This vision continues the motif of the four kingdoms from chap. 2; see note on 2:36–45. To the four succeeding world kingdoms, Babylonian, Median, Persian, and Greek, is opposed the heavenly kingdom of God and the kingdom of God’s people on earth. The beast imagery of this chapter has been used extensively in the Book of Revelation, where it is applied to the Roman empire, the persecutor of the Church.
  2. 7:2 The great sea: the primordial ocean beneath the earth, according to ancient Near Eastern cosmology (Gn 7:11; 49:25). It was thought to contain various monsters (Is 27:1; Jb 7:12), and in particular mythological monsters symbolizing the chaos which God had vanquished in primordial times (Jb 9:13; 26:12; Is 51:9–10; etc.).
  3. 7:4 In ancient times the Babylonian empire was commonly represented as a winged lion, in the rampant position (raised up on one side). The two wings that were plucked may represent Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar. On two feet like a human being…a human mind: contrasts with what is said in 4:13, 30.
  4. 7:5 A bear: represents the Median empire, its three tusks symbolizing its destructive nature; hence, the command: “Arise, devour much flesh.”
  5. 7:6 A leopard: used to symbolize the swiftness with which Cyrus the Persian established his kingdom. Four heads: corresponding to the four Persian kings of 11:2.
  6. 7:7–8 Alexander’s empire was different from all the others in that it was Western rather than Eastern in inspiration, and far exceeded the others in power. The ten horns represent the kings of the Seleucid dynasty, the only part of the Hellenistic empire that concerned the author. The little horn is Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175–164 B.C.), who usurped the throne and persecuted the Jews.
  7. 7:9–10 A vision of the heavenly throne of God (the Ancient of Days), who sits in judgment over the nations. Some of the details of the vision, depicting the divine majesty and omnipotence, are to be found in Ezekiel 1. Others are paralleled in 1 Enoch, a contemporary Jewish apocalypse.
  8. 7:13–14 One like a son of man: In contrast to the worldly kingdoms opposed to God, which are represented as grotesque beasts, the coming Kingdom of God is represented by a human figure. Scholars disagree as to whether this figure should be taken as a collective symbol for the people of God (cf. 7:27) or identified as a particular individual, e.g., the archangel Michael (cf. 12:1) or the messiah. The phrase “Son of Man” becomes a title for Jesus in the gospels, especially in passages dealing with the Second Coming (Mk 13 and parallels).
  9. 7:18 “Holy ones” in Hebrew and Aramaic literature are nearly always members of the heavenly court or angels (cf. 4:10, 14, 20; 8:13), though here the term is commonly taken to refer to Israel.
  10. 7:25 The reference is to the persecution of Antiochus IV and specifically to the disruption of the Temple cult (1 Mc 1:41–64). A time, two times, and half a time: an indefinite, evil period of time. Probably here, three and a half years, which becomes the standard period of tribulation in apocalyptic literature (Rev 11:2; 13:5 [in months]; 11:3 [in days]; and cf. 12:14). As seven is the Jewish “perfect” number, half of it signifies great imperfection. Actually, the Temple was desecrated for three years (1 Mc 4:52–54). The duration of the persecution was a little longer, since it was already under way before the Temple was desecrated.
  11. 7:28 This verse ends the Aramaic part of the Book of Daniel.

Las cuatro bestias

En el primer año del reinado de Belsasar en Babilonia, Daniel tuvo un sueño y visiones mientras yacía en su lecho. Entonces puso por escrito lo más importante de su sueño. Daniel dijo:

«Durante la noche tuve una visión. En ella aparecía el gran mar agitado por los cuatro vientos del cielo. Del mar salían cuatro bestias enormes, cada una diferente de la otra.

»La primera de ellas se parecía a un león, pero sus alas eran las de un águila. Mientras yo la observaba, le arrancaron las alas, la levantaron del suelo y la obligaron a pararse sobre sus patas traseras, como si fuera un hombre. Y se le dio un corazón humano.

»La segunda bestia que vi se parecía a un oso. Se levantaba sobre uno de sus costados y entre sus fauces tenía tres costillas. A esta bestia se le dijo: “¡Levántate y come carne hasta que te hartes!”.

»Ante mis propios ojos vi aparecer otra bestia, la cual se parecía a un leopardo, aunque en el lomo tenía cuatro alas, como las de un ave. Esta bestia tenía cuatro cabezas y recibió autoridad para gobernar.

»Después de esto, en mis visiones nocturnas vi ante mí una cuarta bestia, la cual era extremadamente horrible y poseía una fuerza descomunal. Con sus grandes colmillos de hierro aplastaba y devoraba a sus víctimas, para luego pisotear los restos. Tenía diez cuernos y no se parecía en nada a las otras bestias.

»Mientras me fijaba en los cuernos, vi surgir entre ellos otro cuerno más pequeño. Por causa de este fueron arrancados tres de los primeros. El cuerno pequeño parecía tener ojos humanos y una boca que hablaba insolencias.

Canto al Anciano

»Mientras yo observaba esto,

»se colocaron unos tronos
    y tomó asiento un Anciano de días.
Su ropa era blanca como la nieve,
    y su cabello, blanco como la lana.
Su trono con sus ruedas
    centelleaban como el fuego.
10 De su presencia brotaba
    un torrente de fuego.
Miles y millares le servían;
    centenares de miles estaban delante de él.
Al iniciarse el juicio,
    los libros fueron abiertos.

11 »Yo me quedé mirando por causa de las grandes insolencias que profería el cuerno. Seguí mirando hasta que a esta bestia la mataron, destrozaron y echaron al fuego ardiente. 12 A las otras bestias les quitaron el poder, aunque las dejaron vivir por algún tiempo.

13 »En esa visión nocturna, vi que alguien con el aspecto de un hijo de hombre venía entre las nubes del cielo. Se acercó al Anciano de días, fue llevado a su presencia 14 y se le dio autoridad, poder y reino. Todos los pueblos, naciones y lenguas lo adoraron. Su dominio es eterno y no pasará; su reino jamás será destruido.

La interpretación del sueño

15 »Yo, Daniel, me quedé agitado por dentro a causa de las visiones que pasaban por mi mente. 16 Entonces me acerqué a uno de los que estaban allí, y le pregunté el verdadero significado de todo esto.

»Y esta fue su interpretación: 17 “Las cuatro grandes bestias son cuatro reinos que se levantarán en la tierra, 18 pero los santos del Altísimo recibirán el reino, y será suyo para siempre, ¡para siempre jamás!”.

19 »Quise entonces saber el significado de la cuarta bestia, que era muy diferente a las demás. Era más aterradora, pues tenía colmillos de hierro y garras de bronce. Desmenuzaba a sus víctimas y las devoraba, pisoteando luego sus restos. 20 Quise saber también acerca de los diez cuernos que tenía en la cabeza, y del otro cuerno que le había salido y ante el cual habían caído tres de ellos. Este cuerno se veía más impresionante que los otros, pues tenía ojos y hablaba con insolencia. 21 Mientras observaba yo, este cuerno libró una guerra contra los santos y los venció. 22 Entonces vino el Anciano y emitió juicio en favor de los santos del Altísimo. En ese momento los santos recibieron el reino.

23 »Esta fue la explicación que me dio: “La cuarta bestia es un cuarto reino que surgirá en este mundo. Será diferente a los otros reinos; devorará toda la tierra, la aplastará y la pisoteará. 24 Los diez cuernos son diez reyes que saldrán de este reino. Otro rey les sucederá, distinto a los anteriores, el cual derrocará a tres reyes. 25 Hablará en contra del Altísimo y oprimirá a sus santos; tratará de cambiar las fechas importantes[a] y también las leyes, y los santos quedarán bajo su poder por un tiempo, dos tiempos y medio tiempo.[b]

26 »”El tribunal tomará asiento, se le quitará el poder y se le destruirá para siempre. 27 Entonces se dará a los santos, que son el pueblo del Altísimo, la majestad y el poder y la grandeza de los reinos. Su reino será un reino eterno, y lo adorarán y obedecerán todos los gobernantes de la tierra”.

28 »Aquí termina el relato. Yo, Daniel, me quedé desconcertado por tantas ideas que me pasaban por la mente, a tal grado que palideció mi rostro. Pero guardé esto para mí mismo».[c]

Footnotes

  1. 7:25 O el calendario; o también las fiestas religiosas.
  2. 7:25 O por un año, dos años y medio año; o tres años y medio.
  3. 7:28 Aquí termina la porción aramea. Véase nota en 2:4.