Zufluchtsstädte für Totschläger (4. Mose 35,9‒34)

19 1-2 Der Herr wird die Völker in dem Land, das er euch gibt, vernichten. Ihr werdet ihr Land in Besitz nehmen und in ihren Städten und Häusern leben. Drei von diesen Städten sollt ihr zu Zufluchtsorten erklären. Sie sollen in drei verschiedenen Teilen des Landes liegen und gut erreichbar sein. Dorthin kann jeder fliehen, der einen anderen Menschen unabsichtlich getötet hat. Er ist in diesen Städten vor der Blutrache sicher, wenn er nicht vorsätzlich und aus Hass gehandelt hat.

So etwas kann geschehen, wenn zwei Männer im Wald Bäume fällen. Der eine holt mit der Axt aus, das Eisen löst sich und trifft den anderen tödlich. In diesem Fall kann der Totschläger sein eigenes Leben durch Flucht in eine der Zufluchtsstädte retten. Der Weg dorthin darf nicht zu lang sein. Denn der nächste Verwandte des Getöteten wird den Totschläger voller Zorn verfolgen, um den Tod zu rächen. Holt er ihn ein, dann bringt er ihn um. Dabei war der Verfolgte unschuldig, denn er hat nicht aus Hass getötet. Darum sollt ihr drei gut erreichbare Zufluchtsorte bestimmen.

Später wird der Herr, euer Gott, euer Gebiet erweitern. Das hat er euren Vorfahren geschworen. Ihr werdet dann das ganze Land besitzen, das er ihnen versprochen hat. Er schenkt es euch, wenn ihr alle seine Gebote genau beachtet, die ich euch heute weitergebe. Liebt den Herrn, euren Gott, und lebt jeden Tag so, wie es ihm gefällt. In dem neu dazugewonnenen Gebiet sollt ihr drei weitere Zufluchtsstädte bestimmen. 10 Denn in dem Land, das der Herr, euer Gott, euch schenken will, soll kein unschuldiges Blut vergossen werden. Sonst trägt euer ganzes Volk dafür die Verantwortung.

11 Es kann aber auch sein, dass jemand aus Hass einem anderen auflauert, ihn ermordet und anschließend in einer der Zufluchtsstädte Schutz sucht. 12 Dann sollen die führenden Männer seiner Heimatstadt ihn holen lassen und an den Bluträcher ausliefern, damit dieser ihn tötet. 13 Habt kein Mitleid mit einem Mörder! Das Blut, das er in eurem Land vergossen hat, darf nicht ungesühnt bleiben! Wenn ihr euch daran haltet, wird es euch gut gehen.

Geht aufrichtig miteinander um!

14 Wenn ihr das Land besitzt, das der Herr, euer Gott, euch geben will, dann stehlt euren Nachbarn keinen Grund und Boden. Lasst die Grundstücksgrenzen so, wie eure Vorfahren sie gezogen haben!

15 Ihr dürft niemanden verurteilen, wenn nur ein einziger Zeuge gegen ihn aussagt. Um welches Unrecht oder Verbrechen es auch geht, immer sind mindestens zwei oder drei Zeugen nötig, um eine Sache zu entscheiden.

16 Wenn der Angeklagte seine Schuld bestreitet und einen Zeugen der Lüge bezichtigt, 17 dann sollen beide ins Heiligtum vor den Herrn kommen und dort ihren Fall den Priestern und Richtern vorlegen. 18 Die Richter sollen die Angelegenheit genau untersuchen. Stellt sich heraus, dass der Zeuge tatsächlich gelogen und den anderen zu Unrecht beschuldigt hat, 19 dann sollt ihr genau die Strafe über ihn verhängen, die er dem anderen zugedacht hat. Duldet keine solche Hinterhältigkeit, sondern beseitigt das Böse aus eurem Volk!

20 Ganz Israel soll von der Bestrafung erfahren, damit alle gewarnt sind und so eine Verleumdung nicht wieder bei euch vorkommt. 21 In einem solchen Fall dürft ihr kein Erbarmen zeigen! Zur Festlegung der Strafe gilt der Grundsatz: Leben um Leben, Auge um Auge, Zahn um Zahn, Hand um Hand, Fuß um Fuß.

Three Cities of Refuge(A)

19 “When the Lord your God (B)has cut off the nations whose land the Lord your God is giving you, and you dispossess them and dwell in their cities and in their houses, (C)you shall separate three cities for yourself in the midst of your land which the Lord your God is giving you to possess. You shall prepare roads for yourself, and divide into three parts the territory of your land which the Lord your God is giving you to inherit, that any manslayer may flee there.

“And (D)this is the case of the manslayer who flees there, that he may live: Whoever kills his neighbor [a]unintentionally, not having hated him in time past— as when a man goes to the woods with his neighbor to cut timber, and his hand swings a stroke with the ax to cut down the tree, and the head slips from the handle and strikes his neighbor so that he dies—he shall flee to one of these cities and live; (E)lest the avenger of blood, while his anger is hot, pursue the manslayer and overtake him, because the way is long, and kill him, though he was not deserving of death, since he had not hated the victim in time past. Therefore I command you, saying, ‘You shall separate three cities for yourself.’

“Now if the Lord your God (F)enlarges your territory, as He swore to (G)your fathers, and gives you the land which He promised to give to your fathers, and if you keep all these commandments and do them, which I command you today, to love the Lord your God and to walk always in His ways, (H)then you shall add three more cities for yourself besides these three, 10 (I)lest innocent blood be shed in the midst of your land which the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance, and thus guilt of bloodshed be upon you.

11 “But (J)if anyone hates his neighbor, lies in wait for him, rises against him and strikes him mortally, so that he dies, and he flees to one of these cities, 12 then the elders of his city shall send and bring him from there, and deliver him over to the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die. 13 (K)Your eye shall not pity him, (L)but you shall [b]put away the guilt of innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with you.

Property Boundaries

14 (M)“You shall not remove your neighbor’s landmark, which the men of old have set, in your inheritance which you will inherit in the land that the Lord your God is giving you to possess.

The Law Concerning Witnesses

15 (N)“One witness shall not rise against a man concerning any iniquity or any sin that he commits; by the mouth of two or three witnesses the matter shall be established. 16 If a false witness (O)rises against any man to testify against him of wrongdoing, 17 then both men in the controversy shall stand before the Lord, (P)before the priests and the judges who serve in those days. 18 And the judges shall make careful inquiry, and indeed, if the witness is a false witness, who has testified falsely against his brother, 19 (Q)then you shall do to him as he thought to have done to his brother; so (R)you shall put away the evil from among you. 20 (S)And those who remain shall hear and fear, and hereafter they shall not again commit such evil among you. 21 (T)Your eye shall not pity: (U)life shall be for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.

Footnotes

  1. Deuteronomy 19:4 ignorantly, lit. without knowledge
  2. Deuteronomy 19:13 purge the blood of the innocent

Laws Concerning Cities of Refuge

19 “When (A)the Lord your God cuts off the nations whose land the Lord your God is giving you, and you dispossess them and dwell in their cities and in their houses, (B)you shall set apart three cities for yourselves in the land that the Lord your God is giving you to possess. You shall measure the distances[a] and divide into three parts the area of the land that the Lord your God gives you as a possession, so that any manslayer can flee to them.

“This is the provision for (C)the manslayer, who by fleeing there may save his life. If anyone kills his neighbor unintentionally without having hated him in the past— as when someone goes into the forest with his neighbor to cut wood, and his hand swings the axe to cut down a tree, and the head slips from the handle and strikes his neighbor so that he dies—he may flee to one of these cities and live, lest (D)the avenger of blood in hot anger pursue the manslayer and overtake him, because the way is long, and strike him fatally, though the man did not deserve to die, since he had not hated his neighbor in the past. Therefore I command you, You shall set apart three cities. (E)And if the Lord your God enlarges your territory, (F)as he has sworn to your fathers, and (G)gives you all the land that he promised to give to your fathers— provided you are careful to keep all this commandment, which I command you today, by loving the Lord your God and by walking ever in his ways—(H)then you shall add three other cities to these three, 10 lest innocent blood be shed in your land that the Lord your God is giving you for an inheritance, and so the guilt of bloodshed be upon you.

11 “But if anyone hates his neighbor and lies in wait for him and attacks him (I)and strikes him fatally so that he dies, and he flees into one of these cities, 12 then the elders of his city shall send and take him from there, and hand him over to the avenger of blood, so that he may die. 13 (J)Your eye shall not pity him, (K)but you shall purge the guilt of innocent blood[b] from Israel, so that it may be well with you.

Property Boundaries

14 (L)“You shall not move your neighbor's landmark, which the men of old have set, in the inheritance that you will hold in the land that the Lord your God is giving you to possess.

Laws Concerning Witnesses

15 “A single witness shall not suffice against a person for any crime or for any wrong in connection with any offense that he has committed. (M)Only on the evidence of two witnesses or of three witnesses shall a charge be established. 16 If (N)a malicious witness arises to accuse a person of wrongdoing, 17 then both parties to the dispute shall appear before the Lord, (O)before the priests and the judges who are in office in those days. 18 The judges shall (P)inquire diligently, and if the witness is a false witness and has accused his brother falsely, 19 (Q)then you shall do to him as he had meant to do to his brother. So you shall purge the evil[c] from your midst. 20 And the rest (R)shall hear and fear, and shall never again commit any such evil among you. 21 (S)Your eye shall not pity. (T)It shall be life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.

Footnotes

  1. Deuteronomy 19:3 Hebrew road
  2. Deuteronomy 19:13 Or the blood of the innocent
  3. Deuteronomy 19:19 Or evil person