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2 Cronache 36
Conferenza Episcopale Italiana

5. SITUAZIONE DI ISRAELE ALLA FINE DELLA MONARCHIA

Ioacaz

36 Il popolo del paese prese Ioacaz figlio di Giosia e lo proclamò re, al posto del padre, in Gerusalemme. 2 Quando Ioacaz divenne re, aveva ventitrè anni; regnò tre mesi in Gerusalemme. 3 Lo spodestò in Gerusalemme il re d'Egitto, che impose al paese un'indennità di cento talenti d'argento e di un talento d'oro. 4 Il re d'Egitto nominò re su Giuda e Gerusalemme il fratello Eliakìm, cambiandogli il nome in Ioiakìm. Quanto al fratello di Ioacaz, Necao lo prese e lo deportò in Egitto.

Ioiakim

5 Quando Ioiakìm divenne re, aveva venticinque anni; regnò undici anni in Gerusalemme. Egli fece ciò che è male agli occhi del Signore suo Dio. 6 Contro di lui marciò Nabucodònosor re di Babilonia, che lo legò con catene di bronzo per deportarlo in Babilonia. 7 Nabucodònosor portò in Babilonia parte degli oggetti del tempio, che depose in Babilonia nella sua reggia.

8 Le altre gesta di Ioiakìm, gli abomini da lui commessi e le colpe che risultarono sul suo conto, ecco sono descritti nel libro dei re di Israele e di Giuda. Al suo posto divenne re suo figlio Ioiachìn.

Ioiachin

9 Quando Ioiachìn divenne re, aveva diciotto anni; regnò tre mesi e dieci giorni in Gerusalemme. Egli fece ciò che è male agli occhi del Signore. 10 All'inizio del nuovo anno il re Nabucodònosor mandò a imprigionarlo per deportarlo in Babilonia con gli oggetti più preziosi del tempio. Egli nominò re su Giuda e Gerusalemme il fratello di suo padre Sedecìa.

Sedecia

11 Quando Sedecìa divenne re, aveva ventun anni; regnò undici anni in Gerusalemme. 12 Egli fece ciò che è male agli occhi del Signore suo Dio. Non si umiliò davanti al profeta Geremia che gli parlava a nome del Signore. 13 Si ribellò anche al re Nabucodònosor, che gli aveva fatto giurare fedeltà in nome di Dio. Egli si ostinò e decise fermamente in cuor suo di non far ritorno al Signore Dio di Israele.

La nazione

14 Anche tutti i capi di Giuda, i sacerdoti e il popolo moltiplicarono le loro infedeltà, imitando in tutto gli abomini degli altri popoli, e contaminarono il tempio, che il Signore si era consacrato in Gerusalemme.

15 Il Signore Dio dei loro padri mandò premurosamente e incessantemente i suoi messaggeri ad ammonirli, perché amava il suo popolo e la sua dimora. 16 Ma essi si beffarono dei messaggeri di Dio, disprezzarono le sue parole e schernirono i suoi profeti al punto che l'ira del Signore contro il suo popolo raggiunse il culmine, senza più rimedio.

La rovina

17 Allora il Signore fece marciare contro di loro il re dei Caldei, che uccise di spada i loro uomini migliori nel santuario, senza pietà per i giovani, per le fanciulle, per gli anziani e per le persone canute. Il Signore mise tutti nelle sue mani. 18 Quegli portò in Babilonia tutti gli oggetti del tempio, grandi e piccoli, i tesori del tempio e i tesori del re e dei suoi ufficiali. 19 Quindi incendiarono il tempio, demolirono le mura di Gerusalemme e diedero alle fiamme tutti i suoi palazzi e distrussero tutte le sue case più eleganti.

20 Il re deportò in Babilonia gli scampati alla spada, che divennero schiavi suoi e dei suoi figli fino all'avvento del regno persiano, 21 attuandosi così la parola del Signore, predetta per bocca di Geremia: «Finché il paese non abbia scontato i suoi sabati, esso riposerà per tutto il tempo nella desolazione fino al compiersi di settanta anni».

Verso l'avvenire

22 Nell'anno primo di Ciro, re di Persia, a compimento della parola del Signore predetta per bocca di Geremia, il Signore suscitò lo spirito di Ciro re di Persia, che fece proclamare per tutto il regno, a voce e per iscritto: 23 «Dice Ciro re di Persia: Il Signore, Dio dei cieli, mi ha consegnato tutti i regni della terra. Egli mi ha comandato di costruirgli un tempio in Gerusalemme, che è in Giuda. Chiunque di voi appartiene al suo popolo, il suo Dio sia con lui e parta!».

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2 Chronicles 36
New Life Version

Joahaz Rules Judah

36 Then the people of the land took Joahaz the son of Josiah, and made him king in place of his father in Jerusalem. 2 Joahaz was twenty-three years old when he became king. And he ruled for three months in Jerusalem. 3 Then the king of Egypt took Joahaz’s power away at Jerusalem, and made the people of the land pay a tax of silver weighing as much as 100 men, and gold weighing as much as one man. 4 The king of Egypt made Eliakim his brother king over Judah and Jerusalem, and changed his name to Jehoiakim. But Neco took Eliakim’s brother Joahaz and brought him to Egypt.

Jehoiakim Rules Judah

5 Jehoiakim was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he ruled eleven years in Jerusalem. He did what was sinful in the eyes of the Lord his God. 6 King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon came up against him and tied him with brass chains to take him to Babylon. 7 Nebuchadnezzar also brought some of the things of the Lord’s house to Babylon and put them in his place of worship there. 8 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoiakim and the sinful things which he did, and what was found against him, are written in the Book of the Kings of Israel and Judah. His son Jehoiachin became king in his place.

Jehoiachin Rules Judah

9 Jehoiachin was eighteen years old when he became king, and he ruled in Jerusalem three months and ten days. He did what was sinful in the eyes of the Lord. 10 In the spring of the year, King Nebuchadnezzar sent and brought him to Babylon with the objects of great worth from the Lord’s house. He made his brother Zedekiah king over Judah and Jerusalem.

Zedekiah Rules Judah

11 Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when he became king, and he ruled eleven years in Jerusalem. 12 He did what was sinful in the eyes of the Lord his God. He had much pride in front of Jeremiah the man of God who spoke for the Lord. 13 And he turned against King Nebuchadnezzar who had made him make a promise by God. He was strong-willed and made his heart hard against turning to the Lord God of Israel. 14 Also none of the rulers of the religious leaders and people were faithful. They followed all the sinful things of the nations. And they brought sinful things into the Lord’s house, which the Lord had made holy in Jerusalem.

Jerusalem Is Taken

15 The Lord, the God of their fathers, sent men to speak for Him again and again, because He had loving-pity on His people and on His house. 16 But the people always made fun of the men sent by God. They hated God’s words and laughed at His men who spoke for God, until the Lord was very angry with His people. And there was no way for things to be better. 17 So God brought the king of the Babylonians against them, who killed their young men with the sword in the house of God. He had no pity on anyone, young or old, men or women or the sick. He gave them all into the king’s hand. 18 And he brought to Babylon all the things of the house of God, great and small, and the riches of the Lord’s house, and the riches of the king and of his rulers. 19 Then they burned the house of God, and broke down the wall of Jerusalem. They burned all of its buildings built for battles, and destroyed all of its objects of great worth. 20 He carried away to Babylon those who had not been killed by the sword. They were made to work for him and his sons until the rule of the nation of Persia. 21 This was done so the word of the Lord spoken by Jeremiah came true. For the seventy years that the land was not being used, the Day of Rest was kept. So the Days of Rest were enjoyed that had not been kept before.

Cyrus Tells the Jews to Return

22 The Lord’s word by the mouth of Jeremiah came true in this way also: In the first year of King Cyrus of Persia, the Lord caused the spirit of King Cyrus to send word to all his nation, and also to write it down, saying, 23 “King Cyrus of Persia says, ‘The Lord, the God of heaven, has given me all the nations of the earth. He has chosen me to build Him a house in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Whoever is among you of all His people, may the Lord his God be with him, and let him go up.’”

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2 Chronicles 36
New English Translation

Jehoahaz’s Reign

36 The people of the land took Jehoahaz son of Josiah and made him king in his father’s place in Jerusalem. 2 Jehoahaz was twenty-three years old when he became king, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem. 3 The king of Egypt prevented him from ruling in Jerusalem and imposed on the land a special tax[a] of 100 talents[b] of silver and a talent of gold. 4 The king of Egypt made Jehoahaz’s[c] brother Eliakim king over Judah and Jerusalem, and changed his name to Jehoiakim. Necho seized his brother Jehoahaz and took him to Egypt.

Jehoiakim’s Reign

5 Jehoiakim was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned for eleven years in Jerusalem. He did evil in the sight of[d] the Lord his God. 6 King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon attacked him,[e] bound him with bronze chains, and carried him away[f] to Babylon. 7 Nebuchadnezzar took some of the items in the Lord’s temple to Babylon and put them in his palace[g] there.[h]

8 The rest of the events of Jehoiakim’s reign, including the horrible sins he committed and his shortcomings, are recorded in the Scroll of the Kings of Israel and Judah.[i] His son Jehoiachin replaced him as king.

Jehoiachin’s Reign

9 Jehoiachin was eighteen[j] years old when he became king, and he reigned three months and ten days in Jerusalem. He did evil in the sight of[k] the Lord. 10 At the beginning of the year King Nebuchadnezzar ordered him to be brought[l] to Babylon, along with the valuable items in the Lord’s temple. In his place Nebuchadnezzar made Jehoiachin’s relative[m] Zedekiah king over Judah and Jerusalem.

Zedekiah’s Reign

11 Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when he became king, and he ruled for eleven years in Jerusalem. 12 He did evil in the sight of[n] the Lord his God. He did not humble himself before Jeremiah the prophet, the Lord’s spokesman. 13 He also rebelled against King Nebuchadnezzar, who had made him vow allegiance[o] in the name of God. He was stubborn and obstinate, and refused to return[p] to the Lord God of Israel. 14 All the leaders of the priests and people became more unfaithful and committed the same horrible sins practiced by the nations.[q] They defiled the Lord’s temple which he had consecrated in Jerusalem.

The Babylonians Destroy Jerusalem

15 The Lord God of their ancestors[r] continually warned them through his messengers,[s] for he felt compassion for his people and his dwelling place. 16 But they mocked God’s messengers, despised his warnings,[t] and ridiculed his prophets.[u] Finally the Lord got very angry at his people and there was no one who could prevent his judgment.[v] 17 He brought against them the king of the Babylonians, who slaughtered[w] their young men in their temple.[x] He did not spare[y] young men or women, or even the old and aging. God[z] handed everyone over to him. 18 He carried away to Babylon all the items in God’s temple, whether large or small, as well as what was in the treasuries of the Lord’s temple and in the treasuries of the king and his officials. 19 They burned down God’s temple and tore down the wall of Jerusalem. They burned all its fortified buildings and destroyed all its valuable items. 20 He deported to Babylon all who escaped the sword. They served him and his sons until the Persian kingdom rose to power. 21 This took place to fulfill the Lord’s message spoken through Jeremiah[aa] and lasted until the land experienced[ab] its sabbatical years.[ac] All the time[ad] of its desolation the land rested in order to fulfill the seventy years.[ae]

Cyrus Allows the Exiles to Go Home

22 In the first year[af] of King Cyrus of Persia, in fulfillment of the Lord’s message spoken through Jeremiah,[ag] the Lord motivated[ah] King Cyrus of Persia to issue a proclamation[ai] throughout his kingdom and also to put it in writing. It read:

23 “This is what King Cyrus of Persia says:

‘The Lord God of heaven has given me all the kingdoms of the earth. He has appointed me to build a temple for him in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Anyone of his people among you may go up there, and may the Lord his God be with him.”

Footnotes

  1. 2 Chronicles 36:3 tn Or “a fine.”
  2. 2 Chronicles 36:3 tn The Hebrew word כִּכַּר (kikkar, “circle”) refers generally to something that is round. When used of metals it can refer to a disk-shaped weight made of the metal or, by extension, to a standard unit of weight. According to the older (Babylonian) standard the “talent” weighed 130 lbs. (58.9 kg), but later this was lowered to 108.3 lbs. (49.1 kg). More recent research suggests the “light” standard talent was 67.3 lbs. (30.6 kg). Using this as the standard for calculation, the weight of the silver was 6,730 lbs. (3,060 kg).
  3. 2 Chronicles 36:4 tn Heb “his”; the referent (Jehoahaz) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  4. 2 Chronicles 36:5 tn Heb “in the eyes of.”
  5. 2 Chronicles 36:6 tn Heb “came up against him.”
  6. 2 Chronicles 36:6 tn Heb “to carry him away.”
  7. 2 Chronicles 36:7 tn Or “temple.”
  8. 2 Chronicles 36:7 tn Heb “in Babylon.” Repeating the proper name “Babylon” here would be redundant in contemporary English, so “there” has been used in the translation.
  9. 2 Chronicles 36:8 tn Heb “As for the rest of the events of Jehoiakim, and his horrible deeds which he did and that which was found against him, look, they are written on the scroll of the kings of Israel and Judah.”
  10. 2 Chronicles 36:9 tc The Hebrew text reads “eight,” but some ancient textual witnesses, as well as the parallel text in 2 Kgs 24:8, have “eighteen.”
  11. 2 Chronicles 36:9 tn Heb “in the eyes of.”
  12. 2 Chronicles 36:10 tn Heb “sent and brought him.”
  13. 2 Chronicles 36:10 tn Heb “and he made Zedekiah his brother king.” According to the parallel text in 2 Kgs 24:17, Zedekiah was Jehoiachin’s uncle, not his brother. Therefore many interpreters understand אח (ʾakh) here in its less specific sense of “relative” (NEB “made his father’s brother Zedekiah king”; NASB “made his kinsman Zedekiah king”; NIV “made Jehoiachin’s uncle, Zedekiah, king”; NRSV “made his brother Zedekiah king”).
  14. 2 Chronicles 36:12 tn Heb “in the eyes of.”
  15. 2 Chronicles 36:13 tn Or “made him swear an oath.”
  16. 2 Chronicles 36:13 tn Heb “and he stiffened his neck and strengthened his heart from returning.”
  17. 2 Chronicles 36:14 tn Heb “like all the abominable practices of the nations.”
  18. 2 Chronicles 36:15 tn Heb “fathers.”
  19. 2 Chronicles 36:15 tn Heb “and the Lord God of their fathers sent against them by the hand of his messengers, getting up early and sending.”
  20. 2 Chronicles 36:16 tn Heb “his words.”
  21. 2 Chronicles 36:16 tn All three verbal forms (“mocked,” “despised,” and “ridiculed”) are active participles in the Hebrew text, indicating continual or repeated action. They made a habit of rejecting God’s prophetic messengers.
  22. 2 Chronicles 36:16 tn Heb “until the anger of the Lord went up against his people until there was no healer.”
  23. 2 Chronicles 36:17 tn Heb “killed with the sword.”
  24. 2 Chronicles 36:17 tn Heb “in the house of their sanctuary.”
  25. 2 Chronicles 36:17 tn Or “show compassion to.”
  26. 2 Chronicles 36:17 tn Heb “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  27. 2 Chronicles 36:21 tn Heb “by the mouth of Jeremiah.”
  28. 2 Chronicles 36:21 tn The verb may be seen as either of two homophonous roots רָצָה (ratsah) meaning “to restore” or “to accept, take pleasure in.”
  29. 2 Chronicles 36:21 sn According to Lev 25:4, the land was to remain uncultivated every seventh year. Lev 26:33-35 warns that the land would experience a succession of such sabbatical rests if the people disobeyed God, for he would send them away into exile.
  30. 2 Chronicles 36:21 tn Heb “days of.”
  31. 2 Chronicles 36:21 sn Concerning the seventy years see Jer 25:11. Cyrus’ edict (see vv. 22-23) occurred about fifty years after the fall of Jerusalem in 586 b.c., which is most naturally understood as the beginning point of the “days of desolation” mentioned in v. 21. The number “seventy” is probably used in a metaphorical sense, indicating a typical lifetime and suggesting a thorough or complete judgment that would not be lifted until an entirely new generation emerged.
  32. 2 Chronicles 36:22 sn The first year of Cyrus would be ca. 539 b.c. Cyrus reigned in Persia from ca. 539-530 b.c.
  33. 2 Chronicles 36:22 tn Heb “by the mouth of Jeremiah.”sn See Jer 25:11; 29:10.
  34. 2 Chronicles 36:22 tn Heb “stirred the spirit of.” The Hebrew noun רוּחַ (ruakh, “spirit”) has a broad range of meanings (see BDB 924-26 s.v.). Here, it probably refers to (1) “mind” as the seat of mental acts (e.g., Exod 28:3; Deut 34:9; Isa 29:24; 40:13; Ezek 11:5; 20:32; 1 Chr 28:12; cf. BDB 925 s.v. 6) or (2) “will” as the seat of volitional decisions (e.g., Exod 35:5, 22; Pss 51:12, 14; 57:8; 2 Chr 29:31; cf. BDB 925 s.v. 7). So also in Ezra 1:5. The entire phrase “stirred the spirit” has been rendered as “motivated” to better reflect normal English.
  35. 2 Chronicles 36:22 tn Heb “a voice.” The Hebrew noun קוֹל (qol, “voice, sound”) has a broad range of meanings, including the metonymical (cause—effect) nuance “proclamation” (e.g., Exod 36:6; 2 Chr 24:9; 30:5; 36:22; Ezra 1:1; 10:7; Neh 8:15). See BDB 877 s.v. 3.a.2.
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2 Chronicles 36
New International Version

36 1 And the people(A) of the land took Jehoahaz son of Josiah and made him king in Jerusalem in place of his father.

Jehoahaz King of Judah(B)

2 Jehoahaz[a] was twenty-three years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem three months. 3 The king of Egypt dethroned him in Jerusalem and imposed on Judah a levy of a hundred talents[b] of silver and a talent[c] of gold. 4 The king of Egypt made Eliakim, a brother of Jehoahaz, king over Judah and Jerusalem and changed Eliakim’s name to Jehoiakim. But Necho(C) took Eliakim’s brother Jehoahaz and carried him off to Egypt.(D)

Jehoiakim King of Judah(E)

5 Jehoiakim(F) was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem eleven years. He did evil in the eyes of the Lord his God. 6 Nebuchadnezzar(G) king of Babylon attacked him and bound him with bronze shackles to take him to Babylon.(H) 7 Nebuchadnezzar also took to Babylon articles from the temple of the Lord and put them in his temple[d] there.(I)

8 The other events of Jehoiakim’s reign, the detestable things he did and all that was found against him, are written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah. And Jehoiachin his son succeeded him as king.

Jehoiachin King of Judah(J)

9 Jehoiachin(K) was eighteen[e] years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem three months and ten days. He did evil in the eyes of the Lord. 10 In the spring, King Nebuchadnezzar sent for him and brought him to Babylon,(L) together with articles of value from the temple of the Lord, and he made Jehoiachin’s uncle,[f] Zedekiah, king over Judah and Jerusalem.

Zedekiah King of Judah(M)

11 Zedekiah(N) was twenty-one years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem eleven years. 12 He did evil in the eyes of the Lord(O) his God and did not humble(P) himself before Jeremiah the prophet, who spoke the word of the Lord. 13 He also rebelled against King Nebuchadnezzar, who had made him take an oath(Q) in God’s name. He became stiff-necked(R) and hardened his heart and would not turn to the Lord, the God of Israel. 14 Furthermore, all the leaders of the priests and the people became more and more unfaithful,(S) following all the detestable practices of the nations and defiling the temple of the Lord, which he had consecrated in Jerusalem.

The Fall of Jerusalem(T)(U)

15 The Lord, the God of their ancestors, sent word to them through his messengers(V) again and again,(W) because he had pity on his people and on his dwelling place. 16 But they mocked God’s messengers, despised his words and scoffed(X) at his prophets until the wrath(Y) of the Lord was aroused against his people and there was no remedy.(Z) 17 He brought up against them the king of the Babylonians,[g](AA) who killed their young men with the sword in the sanctuary, and did not spare young men(AB) or young women, the elderly or the infirm.(AC) God gave them all into the hands of Nebuchadnezzar.(AD) 18 He carried to Babylon all the articles(AE) from the temple of God, both large and small, and the treasures of the Lord’s temple and the treasures of the king and his officials. 19 They set fire(AF) to God’s temple(AG) and broke down the wall(AH) of Jerusalem; they burned all the palaces and destroyed(AI) everything of value there.(AJ)

20 He carried into exile(AK) to Babylon the remnant, who escaped from the sword, and they became servants(AL) to him and his successors until the kingdom of Persia came to power. 21 The land enjoyed its sabbath rests;(AM) all the time of its desolation it rested,(AN) until the seventy years(AO) were completed in fulfillment of the word of the Lord spoken by Jeremiah.

22 In the first year of Cyrus(AP) king of Persia, in order to fulfill the word of the Lord spoken by Jeremiah, the Lord moved the heart of Cyrus king of Persia to make a proclamation throughout his realm and also to put it in writing:

23 “This is what Cyrus king of Persia says:

“‘The Lord, the God of heaven, has given me all the kingdoms of the earth and he has appointed(AQ) me to build a temple for him at Jerusalem in Judah. Any of his people among you may go up, and may the Lord their God be with them.’”

Footnotes

  1. 2 Chronicles 36:2 Hebrew Joahaz, a variant of Jehoahaz; also in verse 4
  2. 2 Chronicles 36:3 That is, about 3 3/4 tons or about 3.4 metric tons
  3. 2 Chronicles 36:3 That is, about 75 pounds or about 34 kilograms
  4. 2 Chronicles 36:7 Or palace
  5. 2 Chronicles 36:9 One Hebrew manuscript, some Septuagint manuscripts and Syriac (see also 2 Kings 24:8); most Hebrew manuscripts eight
  6. 2 Chronicles 36:10 Hebrew brother, that is, relative (see 2 Kings 24:17)
  7. 2 Chronicles 36:17 Or Chaldeans
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