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2 Chronicles 34
New English Translation

Josiah Institutes Religious Reforms

34 Josiah was eight years old when he became king, and he reigned for thirty-one years in Jerusalem. 2 He did what the Lord approved[a] and followed in his ancestor David’s footsteps;[b] he did not deviate to the right or the left.

3 In the eighth year of his reign, while he was still young, he began to seek the God of his ancestor[c] David. In his twelfth year he began ridding[d] Judah and Jerusalem of the high places, Asherah poles, idols, and images. 4 He ordered the altars of the Baals to be torn down,[e] and broke the incense altars that were above them. He smashed the Asherah poles, idols, and images, crushed them, and sprinkled the dust over the tombs of those who had sacrificed to them. 5 He burned the bones of the pagan priests[f] on their altars; he purified Judah and Jerusalem. 6 In the cities of Manasseh, Ephraim, and Simeon, as far as Naphtali, and in the ruins[g] around them, 7 he tore down the altars and Asherah poles, demolished the idols, and smashed all the incense altars throughout the land of Israel. Then he returned to Jerusalem.

8 In the eighteenth year of his reign, he continued his policy of purifying the land and the temple.[h] He sent Shaphan son of Azaliah, Maaseiah the city official, and Joah son of Joahaz the secretary to repair the temple of the Lord his God. 9 They went to Hilkiah the high priest and gave him the silver that had been brought to God’s temple. The Levites who guarded the door had collected it from the people of[i] Manasseh and Ephraim and from all who were left in Israel, as well as from all the people of[j] Judah and Benjamin and the residents of[k] Jerusalem. 10 They handed it over to the construction foremen[l] assigned to the Lord’s temple. They in turn paid the temple workers to restore and repair it.[m] 11 They gave money to the craftsmen and builders to buy chiseled stone and wood for the braces and rafters of the buildings that the kings of Judah had allowed to fall into disrepair.[n] 12 The men worked faithfully. Their supervisors were Jahath and Obadiah (Levites descended from Merari), as well as Zechariah and Meshullam (descendants of Kohath). The Levites, all of whom were skilled musicians, 13 supervised the laborers and all the foremen on their various jobs.[o] Some of the Levites were scribes, officials, and guards.

14 When they took out the silver that had been brought to the Lord’s temple, Hilkiah the priest found the law scroll the Lord had given to Moses. 15 Hilkiah informed Shaphan the scribe, “I found the law scroll in the Lord’s temple.” Hilkiah gave the scroll to Shaphan. 16 Shaphan brought the scroll to the king and reported,[p] “Your servants are doing everything assigned to them. 17 They melted down the silver in the Lord’s temple[q] and handed it over to the supervisors and the construction foremen.” 18 Then Shaphan the scribe told the king, “Hilkiah the priest has given me a scroll.” Shaphan read it out loud before the king. 19 When the king heard the words of the law, he tore his clothes. 20 The king ordered Hilkiah, Ahikam son of Shaphan, Abdon son of Micah,[r] Shaphan the scribe, and Asaiah the king’s servant, 21 “Go, ask the Lord[s] for me and for those who remain in Israel and Judah about the words of this scroll that has been discovered. For the Lord’s great fury has been ignited[t] against us, because our ancestors did not obey the word of the Lord by living[u] according to all that is written in this scroll.”

22 So Hilkiah and the others sent by the king[v] went to Huldah the prophetess, the wife of Shallum son of Tokhath, the son of Hasrah,[w] the supervisor of the wardrobe.[x] (She lived in Jerusalem in the Mishneh[y] district.) They stated their business,[z] 23 and she said to them: “This is what the Lord God of Israel says: ‘Say this to the man who sent you to me: 24 “This is what the Lord says: ‘I am about to bring disaster on this place and its residents, all the curses that are recorded in the scroll which they read before the king of Judah. 25 This will happen because they have abandoned me and offered sacrifices[aa] to other gods, angering me with all the idols they have made.[ab] My anger will ignite against this place and will not be extinguished!’” 26 Say this to the king of Judah, who sent you to seek an oracle from the Lord: “This is what the Lord God of Israel says concerning the words you have heard: 27 ‘You displayed a sensitive spirit[ac] and humbled yourself before God when you heard his words concerning this place and its residents. You humbled yourself before me, tore your clothes and wept before me, and I have heard you,’ says the Lord. 28 ‘Therefore I will allow you to die and be buried in peace.[ad] You will not have to witness all the disaster I will bring on this place and its residents.’”’” Then they reported back to the king.

29 The king summoned all the leaders of Judah and Jerusalem.[ae] 30 The king went up to the Lord’s temple, accompanied by all the people of Judah, the residents of Jerusalem, the priests, and the Levites. All the people were there, from the oldest to the youngest. He read aloud all the words of the scroll of the covenant that had been discovered in the Lord’s temple. 31 The king stood by his pillar[af] and renewed[ag] the covenant before the Lord, agreeing to follow[ah] the Lord and to obey his commandments, laws, and rules with all his heart and being,[ai] by carrying out the terms[aj] of this covenant recorded on this scroll. 32 He made all who were in Jerusalem and Benjamin agree to it.[ak] The residents of Jerusalem acted in accordance with the covenant of God, the God of their ancestors. 33 Josiah removed all the detestable idols from all the areas belonging to the Israelites and encouraged[al] all who were in Israel to worship the Lord their God. Throughout the rest of his reign[am] they did not turn aside from following the Lord God of their ancestors.

Footnotes

  1. 2 Chronicles 34:2 tn Heb “he did what was proper in the eyes of the Lord.”
  2. 2 Chronicles 34:2 tn Heb “and walked in the ways of David his father.”
  3. 2 Chronicles 34:3 tn Heb “father.”
  4. 2 Chronicles 34:3 tn Heb “purifying.”
  5. 2 Chronicles 34:4 tn Heb “and they tore down before him the altars of the Baals.”
  6. 2 Chronicles 34:5 tn Heb “the priests”; the qualifying adjective “pagan” has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
  7. 2 Chronicles 34:6 tn “In their ruins” is the marginal reading (Qere) of the Hebrew text.
  8. 2 Chronicles 34:8 tn Heb “to purify the land and the house.”
  9. 2 Chronicles 34:9 tn Heb “from Manasseh and Ephraim.” The words “the people of” are supplied in the translation for clarity. The Hebrew text uses the names “Manasseh and Ephraim” here by metonymy for the people of Manasseh and Ephraim.
  10. 2 Chronicles 34:9 tn Heb “all Judah and Benjamin.” The words “the people of” are supplied in the translation for clarity. The Hebrew text uses the names “Judah and Benjamin” here by metonymy for the people of Judah and Benjamin.
  11. 2 Chronicles 34:9 tc The Hebrew consonantal text (Kethib) assumes the reading, “and the residents of.” The marginal reading (Qere) is “and they returned.”
  12. 2 Chronicles 34:10 tn Heb “doer[s] of the work.”
  13. 2 Chronicles 34:10 tn Heb “and they gave it to the doers of the work who were working in the house of the Lord to restore and to repair the house.”
  14. 2 Chronicles 34:11 tn Heb “of the houses that the kings of Judah had destroyed.”
  15. 2 Chronicles 34:13 tn Heb “[were] over the laborers and were directing every doer of work for work assignment and work assignment.”
  16. 2 Chronicles 34:16 tn Heb “returned still the king a word, saying.”
  17. 2 Chronicles 34:17 tn Heb “that was found in the house of the Lord.”
  18. 2 Chronicles 34:20 tn The parallel account in 2 Kgs 22:12 has the variant spelling “Achbor son of Micaiah.”
  19. 2 Chronicles 34:21 sn The implication is to seek a prophetic oracle.
  20. 2 Chronicles 34:21 tc The MT reads נִתְּכָה (nittekah, “has gushed forth”) but the LXX implies נִצְתָה (nitsetah, “has been ignited”).
  21. 2 Chronicles 34:21 tn Heb “doing.”
  22. 2 Chronicles 34:22 tn Heb “and those who [were sent by] the king.”
  23. 2 Chronicles 34:22 tn The parallel account in 2 Kgs 22:14 has the variant spelling “son of Tikvah, the son of Harhas.”
  24. 2 Chronicles 34:22 tn Heb “the keeper of the clothes.”
  25. 2 Chronicles 34:22 tn Or “second.” For a discussion of the possible location of this district, see M. Cogan and H. Tadmor, II Kings (AB), 283.
  26. 2 Chronicles 34:22 tn Heb “and they spoke to her like this.”
  27. 2 Chronicles 34:25 tn Or “burned incense.”
  28. 2 Chronicles 34:25 tn Heb “angering me with all the work of their hands.” The present translation assumes this refers to idols they have manufactured (note the preceding reference to “other gods”). However, it is possible that this is a general reference to their sinful practices, in which case one might translate, “angering me by all the things they do.”
  29. 2 Chronicles 34:27 tn Heb “Because your heart was tender.”
  30. 2 Chronicles 34:28 tn Heb “Therefore, behold, I am gathering you to your fathers, and you will be gathered to your tomb in peace.”
  31. 2 Chronicles 34:29 tn Heb “and the king sent and gathered all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem.”
  32. 2 Chronicles 34:31 tc This assumes an emendation to עַמּוּדוֹ (ʿammudo), see 23:13. The MT reads “at his place.”
  33. 2 Chronicles 34:31 tn Heb “cut,” that is, “made” or “agreed to.”
  34. 2 Chronicles 34:31 tn Heb “walk after.”
  35. 2 Chronicles 34:31 tn Or “soul.”
  36. 2 Chronicles 34:31 tn Heb “words.”
  37. 2 Chronicles 34:32 tn Heb “and he caused to stand everyone who was found in Jerusalem and Benjamin.”
  38. 2 Chronicles 34:33 tn Or “caused, forced.”
  39. 2 Chronicles 34:33 tn Heb “All his days.”
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2 Chronicles 33
2 Chronicles 35
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2 Chronicles 35
New English Translation

Josiah Observes the Passover

35 Josiah observed a Passover festival for the Lord in Jerusalem. They slaughtered the Passover lambs on the fourteenth day of the first month. 2 He appointed the priests to fulfill their duties and encouraged them to carry out their service in the Lord’s temple. 3 He told the Levites, who instructed all Israel about things consecrated to the Lord, “Place the holy ark in the temple which King Solomon son of David of Israel built. Don’t carry it on your shoulders. Now serve the Lord your God and his people Israel! 4 Prepare yourselves by your families according to your divisions, as instructed in writing by King David of Israel and his son Solomon. 5 Stand in the sanctuary and, together with the Levites, represent the family divisions of your countrymen.[a] 6 Slaughter the Passover lambs, consecrate yourselves, and make preparations for your countrymen to celebrate[b] according to the Lord’s message which came through Moses.”

7 From his own royal flocks and herds, Josiah supplied the people with 30,000 lambs and goats for the Passover sacrifice, as well as 3,000 cattle.[c] 8 His officials also willingly contributed to the people, priests, and Levites. Hilkiah, Zechariah, and Jehiel, the leaders of God’s temple, gave the priests 2,600 Passover sacrifices and 300 cattle. 9 Konaniah and his brothers Shemaiah and Nethanel, along with Hashabiah, Jeiel, and Jozabad, the officials of the Levites, supplied the Levites with 5,000 Passover sacrifices and 500 cattle. 10 Preparations were made,[d] and the priests stood at their posts and the Levites in their divisions as prescribed by the king. 11 They slaughtered the Passover lambs and the priests splashed the blood,[e] while the Levites skinned the animals. 12 They reserved the burnt offerings and the cattle for the family divisions of the people to present to the Lord, as prescribed in the scroll of Moses.[f] 13 They cooked the Passover sacrifices over the open fire as prescribed and cooked the consecrated offerings in pots, kettles, and pans. They quickly served them to all the people. 14 Afterward they made preparations for themselves and for the priests, because the priests, the descendants of Aaron, were offering burnt sacrifices and fat portions until evening. The Levites made preparations for themselves and for the priests, the descendants of Aaron. 15 The musicians, the descendants of Asaph, manned their posts, as prescribed by David, Asaph, Heman, and Jeduthun the king’s prophet.[g] The guards at the various gates did not need to leave their posts, for their fellow Levites made preparations for them. 16 So all the preparations for the Lord’s service were made that day, as the Passover was observed and the burnt sacrifices were offered on the altar of the Lord, as prescribed by King Josiah. 17 So the Israelites who were present observed the Passover at that time, as well as the Feast of Unleavened Bread for seven days. 18 A Passover like this had not been observed in Israel since the days of Samuel the prophet. None of the kings of Israel had observed a Passover like the one celebrated by Josiah, the priests, the Levites, all the people of Judah and Israel who were there, and the residents of Jerusalem. 19 This Passover was observed in the eighteenth year of Josiah’s reign.

Josiah’s Reign Ends

20 After Josiah had done all this for the temple,[h] King Necho of Egypt marched up to do battle at Carchemish on the Euphrates River.[i] Josiah marched out to oppose him. 21 Necho[j] sent messengers to him, saying, “Why are you opposing me, O king of Judah?[k] I am not attacking you today, but the kingdom with which I am at war.[l] God told me to hurry. Stop opposing God, who is with me, or else he will destroy you.”[m] 22 But Josiah did not turn back from him;[n] he disguised himself for battle. He did not take seriously[o] the words of Necho which he had received from God; he went to fight him in the Plain of Megiddo. 23 Archers shot King Josiah; the king ordered his servants, “Take me out of this chariot,[p] for I am seriously wounded.” 24 So his servants took him out of the chariot, put him in another chariot that he owned, and brought him to Jerusalem, where he died. He was buried in the tombs of his ancestors;[q] all the people of Judah and Jerusalem mourned Josiah. 25 Jeremiah composed laments for Josiah which all the male and female singers use to mourn Josiah to this very day. It has become customary in Israel to sing these; they are recorded in the Book of Laments.

26 The rest of the events of Josiah’s reign, including the faithful acts he did in obedience to what is written in the law of the Lord[r] 27 and his accomplishments, from start to finish, are recorded[s] in the Scroll of the Kings of Israel and Judah.

Footnotes

  1. 2 Chronicles 35:5 tn Heb “and stand in the sanctuary by the divisions of the house of the fathers for your brothers, the sons of the people, and a division of the house of a father for the Levites.”
  2. 2 Chronicles 35:6 tn Heb “to do,” here to celebrate Passover.
  3. 2 Chronicles 35:7 tn Heb “and Josiah supplied for the sons of the people sheep, lambs and sons of goats, the whole for the Passover sacrifices for everyone who was found according to the number of thirty thousand, and three thousand cattle. These were from the property of the king.”
  4. 2 Chronicles 35:10 tn Heb “and the service was prepared.”
  5. 2 Chronicles 35:11 tn Heb “from their hand.”
  6. 2 Chronicles 35:12 tn Heb “and they put aside the burnt offering[s] to give them to the divisions of the house of the fathers for the sons of the people to bring near to the Lord as it is written in the scroll of Moses—and the same with the cattle.”
  7. 2 Chronicles 35:15 tn Or “seer.”
  8. 2 Chronicles 35:20 tn Heb “After all this, [by] which Josiah prepared the temple.”
  9. 2 Chronicles 35:20 tn The word “River” is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
  10. 2 Chronicles 35:21 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Neco) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  11. 2 Chronicles 35:21 tn Heb “What to me and to you, king of Judah?”
  12. 2 Chronicles 35:21 tn Heb “Not against you, you, today, but against the house of my battle.”
  13. 2 Chronicles 35:21 tn Heb “Stop yourself from [opposing] God who is with me and let him not destroy you.”
  14. 2 Chronicles 35:22 tn Heb “and Josiah did not turn his face from him.”
  15. 2 Chronicles 35:22 tn Heb “listen to.”
  16. 2 Chronicles 35:23 tn Heb “carry me away.”
  17. 2 Chronicles 35:24 tn Heb “fathers.”
  18. 2 Chronicles 35:26 tn Heb “and his faithful acts according to what is written in the law of the Lord.”
  19. 2 Chronicles 35:27 tn Heb “look, they are written.”
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2 Chronicles 34
2 Chronicles 36
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Psalm 97
New English Translation

Psalm 97[a]

97 The Lord reigns.
Let the earth be happy.
Let the many coastlands rejoice.
2 Dark clouds surround him;
equity and justice are the foundation of his throne.[b]
3 Fire goes before him;
on every side[c] it burns up his enemies.
4 His lightning bolts light up the world;
the earth sees and trembles.
5 The mountains melt like wax before the Lord,
before the Lord of the whole earth.
6 The sky declares his justice,
and all the nations see his splendor.
7 All who worship idols are ashamed,
those who boast about worthless idols.
All the gods bow down before him.[d]
8 Zion hears and rejoices,
the towns[e] of Judah are happy,
because of your judgments, O Lord.
9 For you, O Lord, are the Most High[f] over the whole earth;
you are elevated high above all gods.
10 You who love the Lord, hate evil!
He protects[g] the lives of his faithful followers;
he delivers them from the power[h] of the wicked.
11 The godly bask in the light;
the morally upright experience joy.[i]
12 You godly ones, rejoice in the Lord.
Give thanks to his holy name.[j]

Footnotes

  1. Psalm 97:1 sn Psalm 97. The psalmist depicts the Lord as the sovereign, just king of the world who comes in power to vindicate his people.
  2. Psalm 97:2 sn The Lord’s throne symbolizes his kingship.
  3. Psalm 97:3 tn Heb “all around.”
  4. Psalm 97:7 tn The translation assumes that the prefixed verbal form in the first line is an imperfect (“are ashamed”) and that the ambiguous form in the third line is a perfect (“bow down”) because the psalmist appears to be describing the effect of the Lord’s mighty theophany on those who witness it (see vv. 5, 8). Another option is to take the prefixed form in the first line as a jussive (“let all who worship idols be ashamed”) and the ambiguous form in the third line as an imperative (“All you gods, bow down before him!”; cf. NIV).
  5. Psalm 97:8 tn Heb “daughters.” The term “daughters” refers to the cities of Judah surrounding Zion (see Ps 48:11 and H. Haag, TDOT 2:336).
  6. Psalm 97:9 sn The divine title “Most High” (עֶלְיוֹן ʿelyon) pictures God as the exalted ruler of the universe who vindicates the innocent and judges the wicked. See especially Pss 7:17; 9:2; 18:13; 21:7; 47:2.
  7. Psalm 97:10 tn The participle may be verbal, though it might also be understood as substantival and appositional to “the Lord.” In this case one could translate, “Hate evil, you who love the Lord, the one who protects the lives…and delivers them.”
  8. Psalm 97:10 tn Heb “hand.”
  9. Psalm 97:11 tn Heb “Light is planted for the godly, and for the upright of heart joy.” The translation assumes an emendation of זָרַע (zaraʿ, “planted”) to זָרַח (zarakh, “shines”) which collocates more naturally with “light.” “Light” here symbolizes the joy (note the following line) that accompanies deliverance and the outpouring of divine favor.
  10. Psalm 97:12 tn Heb “to his holy remembrance.” The Hebrew noun זָכַר (zakhar, “remembrance”) here refers to the name of the Lord as invoked in liturgy and praise. Cf. Pss 6:5; 30:4. The Lord’s “name” is “holy” in the sense that it is a reminder of his uniqueness and greatness.
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Psalm 96
Psalm 98
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1 Timothy 6
New English Translation

6 Those who are under the yoke as slaves[a] must regard their own masters as deserving of full respect. This will prevent[b] the name of God and Christian teaching[c] from being discredited.[d] 2 But those who have believing masters must not show them less respect[e] because they are brothers. Instead they are to serve all the more, because those who benefit from their service are believers and dearly loved.[f]

Summary of Timothy’s Duties

Teach them and exhort them about these things.[g] 3 If someone spreads false teachings[h] and does not agree with sound words (that is, those of our Lord Jesus Christ) and with the teaching that accords with godliness, 4 he is conceited and understands nothing, but has an unhealthy interest in controversies and verbal disputes. This gives rise to envy, dissension, slanders, evil suspicions, 5 and constant bickering by people corrupted in their minds and deprived of the truth, who suppose that godliness[i] is a way of making a profit. 6 Now godliness combined with contentment brings great profit. 7 For we have brought nothing into this world and so[j] we cannot take a single thing out either. 8 But if we have food and shelter, we will be satisfied with that.[k] 9 Those who long to be rich, however, stumble into temptation and a trap and many senseless and harmful desires that plunge people into ruin and destruction. 10 For the love of money is the root[l] of all evils.[m] Some people in reaching for it have strayed from the faith and stabbed themselves with many pains.

11 But you, as a person dedicated to God,[n] keep away from all that.[o] Instead pursue righteousness, godliness, faithfulness, love, endurance, and gentleness. 12 Compete well[p] for the faith and lay hold of that eternal life you were called for and made your good confession[q] for[r] in the presence of many witnesses. 13 I charge you[s] before God who gives life to all things and Christ Jesus who made his good confession[t] before Pontius Pilate, 14 to obey[u] this command[v] without fault or failure until the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ 15 —whose appearing[w] the blessed and only Sovereign, the King of kings and Lord of lords, will reveal at the right time. 16 He alone possesses immortality and lives in unapproachable light, whom no human has ever seen or is able to see. To him be honor and eternal power! Amen.

17 Command those who are rich in this world’s goods[x] not to be haughty or to set their hope on riches, which are uncertain,[y] but on God who richly provides us with all things for our enjoyment. 18 Tell them to do good,[z] to be rich in good deeds, to be generous givers, sharing with others.[aa] 19 In this way they will save up[ab] a treasure for themselves as a firm foundation[ac] for the future and so lay hold of[ad] what is truly life.

Conclusion

20 O Timothy, protect what has been entrusted to you. Avoid[ae] the profane chatter and absurdities[af] of so-called “knowledge.”[ag] 21 By professing it, some have strayed from the faith.[ah] Grace be with you all.[ai]

Footnotes

  1. 1 Timothy 6:1 tn Traditionally, “servants.” Though δοῦλος (doulos) is normally translated “servant,” the word does not bear the connotation of a free individual serving another. BDAG notes that “‘servant’ for ‘slave’ is largely confined to Biblical transl. and early American times…in normal usage at the present time the two words are carefully distinguished” (BDAG 260 s.v.). One good translation is “bondservant” (sometimes found in the ASV for δοῦλος) in that it often indicates one who sells himself into slavery to another. But as this is archaic, few today understand its force. Also, many slaves in the Roman world became slaves through Rome’s subjugation of conquered nations, kidnapping, or by being born into slave households.
  2. 1 Timothy 6:1 tn Grk “that the name…may not be slandered” (a continuation of the preceding sentence).
  3. 1 Timothy 6:1 tn Grk “the teaching.”
  4. 1 Timothy 6:1 tn Or “slandered.”
  5. 1 Timothy 6:2 tn Or “think the less of them”; Grk “despise them,” “look down on them.”
  6. 1 Timothy 6:2 tn Or “those who devote themselves to service are faithful and dearly loved” (referring to slaves who serve them).
  7. 1 Timothy 6:2 tn Grk “these things teach and exhort.”
  8. 1 Timothy 6:3 tn Grk “teaches other doctrines,” (different from apostolic teaching, cf. 1 Tim 1:3).
  9. 1 Timothy 6:5 tc Although most witnesses, including some early versions and fathers (D2 Ψ 1241 1505 M al sy Cyp Lcf Ambst), have ἀφίστασο ἀπὸ τῶν τοιούτων (aphistaso apo’ tōn toioutōn, “stay away from such things!”) after εὐσεβείαν (eusebeian, “godliness”; thus, “who suppose that godliness is a way of making a profit; stay away from such things!”), there seems to be little reason for this clause’s omission in some of the oldest and best witnesses (א A D* F G 048 6 33 81 1175 1739 1881 lat co). It is likely that it crept into the text early, perhaps as a marginal comment, but it should not be considered authentic in light of the strong external and transcriptional evidence against it.
  10. 1 Timothy 6:7 tc The Greek conjunction ὅτι usually means “because,” but here it takes the sense “so that” (see BDAG 732 s.v. 5.c). This unusual sense led to textual variation as scribes attempted to correct what appeared to be an error: D* along with a few versional and patristic witnesses read ἀληθὲς ὅτι (“it is true that”), and א2 D1 Ψ 1175 1241 1505 M al sy read δῆλον ὅτι (“it is clear that”). Thus the simple conjunction is preferred on internal as well as external grounds, supported by א* A F G 048 33 81 1739 1881.
  11. 1 Timothy 6:8 tn Grk “with these.”
  12. 1 Timothy 6:10 tn This could be taken to mean “a root,” but the phrase “of all evils” clearly makes it definite. This seems to be not entirely true to life (some evils are unrelated to love of money), but it should be read as a case of hyperbole (exaggeration to make a point more strongly).
  13. 1 Timothy 6:10 tn Many translations render this “of all kinds of evil,” especially to allow for the translation “a root” along with it. But there is no parallel for taking a construction like this to mean “all kinds of” or “every kind of.” The normal sense is “all evils.”
  14. 1 Timothy 6:11 tn Grk “O man of God.”
  15. 1 Timothy 6:11 tn Grk “flee these things.”
  16. 1 Timothy 6:12 tn This phrase literally means “compete in the good competition of the faith,” using words that may refer to a race or to a boxing or wrestling match: “run the good race” or “fight the good fight.” The similar phrase in 1 Tim 1:18 uses a military picture and is more literally “war the good warfare.”
  17. 1 Timothy 6:12 sn At some point in Timothy’s life, he publicly acknowledged Jesus as the resurrected Lord, perhaps either at his baptism or his ordination as a minister of the gospel. With this reminder of the historical moment of his good confession, Timothy is encouraged to remain steadfast in his faith and to finish his life as a minister in the same way it began (see G. W. Knight, Pastoral Epistles [NIGTC], 264-65).
  18. 1 Timothy 6:12 tn Grk “confessed the good confession.”
  19. 1 Timothy 6:13 tc ‡ Most witnesses, some of them significant (א2 A D H 1175 1505 1881 M al lat sy bo), have σοι (soi, “you”) after παραγγέλλω (parangellō, “I charge [you]”), a predictable variant because the personal pronoun is demanded by the sense of the passage (and was added in the translation because of English requirements). Hence, the omission is the harder reading, and the addition of σοι is one of clarification. Further, the shorter reading is found in several significant witnesses, such as א* F G Ψ 6 33 1739. Although the external evidence is evenly balanced, internally the shorter reading is preferred. NA 28 places σοι in brackets, indicating some doubts as to its authenticity.tn Grk “I charge.”
  20. 1 Timothy 6:13 tn Grk “testified the good confession.”sn Jesus’ good confession was his affirmative answer to Pilate’s question “Are you the king of the Jews?” (see Matt 27:11, Mark 15:2, Luke 23:3, John 18:33-37).
  21. 1 Timothy 6:14 tn The Greek word τηρέω (tēreō, traditionally translated “keep”) in this context connotes preservation of and devotion to an object as well as obedience.
  22. 1 Timothy 6:14 tn Grk “the command.”sn The command refers to the duties laid upon Timothy for his ministry in Ephesus (1 Tim 1:3-20; 6:2c-5).
  23. 1 Timothy 6:15 tn Grk “which.” All of 1 Tim 6:15 is a relative clause which refers back to “appearing” in v.14. The phrase “whose appearing” was supplied to clarify this connection.
  24. 1 Timothy 6:17 tn Grk “in the present age.”
  25. 1 Timothy 6:17 tn Grk “in uncertainty.”
  26. 1 Timothy 6:18 tn Grk “to do good” (the continuation of 6:17). Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started at the beginning of v. 18.
  27. 1 Timothy 6:18 tn Grk “to be generous,” “sharing.”
  28. 1 Timothy 6:19 tn Grk “saving up” (the continuation of 6:18). Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started at the beginning of v. 19.
  29. 1 Timothy 6:19 tn Grk “treasuring up a good foundation.”
  30. 1 Timothy 6:19 tn Grk “that they may lay hold of.”
  31. 1 Timothy 6:20 tn Grk “avoiding.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
  32. 1 Timothy 6:20 tn Or “contradictions.”
  33. 1 Timothy 6:20 tn Grk “the falsely named knowledge.”
  34. 1 Timothy 6:21 tn Grk “have deviated concerning the faith.”
  35. 1 Timothy 6:21 tc Most witnesses (א2 D1 Ψ 1175 1241 1505 M al sy bo) conclude this letter with ἀμήν (amēn, “amen”). Such a conclusion is routinely added by scribes to NT books because a few of these books originally had such an ending (cf. Rom 16:27; Gal 6:18; Jude 25). A majority of Greek witnesses have the concluding ἀμήν in every NT book except Acts, James, and 3 John (and even in these books, ἀμήν is found in some witnesses). It is thus a predictable variant. Further, the earliest and best witnesses (א* A D* F G 33 81 1739* 1881 it sa) lack the particle, indicating that the letter concluded with “Grace be with you all.”tn Grk “with you” (but the Greek pronoun indicates the meaning is plural here).
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