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1 Re 22
Conferenza Episcopale Italiana

5. NUOVA GUERRA ARAMEA

Acab decide una spedizione a Ramot di Gàlaad

22 Trascorsero tre anni senza guerra fra Aram e Israele. 2 Nel terzo anno Giòsafat re di Giuda fece visita al re di Israele. 3 Ora il re di Israele aveva detto ai suoi ufficiali: «Non sapete che Ramot di Gàlaad è nostra? Eppure noi ce ne stiamo inerti, senza riprenderla dalle mani di Aram». 4 Disse a Giòsafat: «Verresti con me a combattere per Ramot di Gàlaad?». Giòsafat rispose al re di Israele: «Conta su di me come su te stesso, sul mio popolo come sul tuo, sui miei cavalli come sui tuoi».

I falsi profeti predicono il successo

5 Giòsafat disse al re di Israele: «Consulta oggi stesso la parola del Signore». 6 Il re di Israele radunò i profeti, in numero di circa quattrocento, e domandò loro: «Devo muovere contro Ramot di Gàlaad oppure devo rinunziarvi?». Risposero: «Attaccala; il Signore la metterà nelle mani del re». 7 Giòsafat disse: «Non c'è più nessun altro profeta del Signore da consultare?». 8 Il re di Israele rispose a Giòsafat: «Ci sarebbe ancora un uomo, attraverso il quale si potrebbe consultare il Signore, ma io lo detesto perché non mi predice altro che male, mai qualcosa di buono. Si tratta di Michea, figlio di Imla». Giòsafat disse: «Il re non parli così!». 9 Il re di Israele, chiamato un eunuco, gli ordinò: «Convoca subito Michea, figlio di Imla».

10 Il re di Israele e Giòsafat re di Giuda sedevano ognuno sul suo trono, vestiti dei loro mantelli, nell'aia di fronte alla porta di Samaria; tutti i profeti predicevano davanti a loro. 11 Sedecìa, figlio di Chenaana, che si era fatte corna di ferro, affermava: «Dice il Signore: Con queste cozzerai contro gli Aramei fino al loro sterminio». 12 Tutti i profeti predicevano allo stesso modo: «Assali Ramot di Gàlaad, riuscirai. Il Signore la metterà nelle mani del re».

Il profeta Michea predice la disfatta

13 Il messaggero, che era andato a chiamare Michea, gli disse: «Ecco, le parole dei profeti sono concordi nel predire il successo del re; ora la tua parola sia identica alla loro; preannunzia il successo». 14 Michea rispose: «Per la vita del Signore, comunicherò quanto il Signore mi dirà». 15 Si presentò al re che gli domandò: «Michea, dobbiamo muovere contro Ramot di Gàlaad oppure dobbiamo rinunziarvi?». Gli rispose: «Attaccala, riuscirai; il Signore la metterà nelle mani del re». 16 Il re gli disse: «Quante volte ti devo scongiurare di non dirmi se non la verità nel nome del Signore?». 17 Quegli disse:

«Vedo tutti gli Israeliti
vagare sui monti
come pecore senza pastore.

Il Signore dice: Non hanno padroni; ognuno torni a casa in pace».

18 Il re di Israele disse a Giòsafat: «Non te l'avevo forse detto che non mi avrebbe profetizzato nulla di buono, ma solo il male?». 19 Michea disse: «Per questo, ascolta la parola del Signore. Io ho visto il Signore seduto sul trono; tutto l'esercito del cielo gli stava intorno, a destra e a sinistra. 20 Il Signore ha domandato: Chi ingannerà Acab perché muova contro Ramot di Gàlaad e vi perisca? Chi ha risposto in un modo e chi in un altro. 21 Si è fatto avanti uno spirito che - postosi davanti al Signore - ha detto: Lo ingannerò io. Il Signore gli ha domandato: Come? 22 Ha risposto: Andrò e diventerò spirito di menzogna sulla bocca di tutti i suoi profeti. Quegli ha detto: Lo ingannerai senz'altro; ci riuscirai; và e fà così. 23 Ecco, dunque, il Signore ha messo uno spirito di menzogna sulla bocca di tutti questi tuoi profeti; ma il Signore a tuo riguardo preannunzia una sciagura».

24 Allora Sedecìa, figlio di Chenaana, si avvicinò e percosse Michea sulla guancia dicendo: «Per quale via lo spirito del Signore è passato quando è uscito da me per parlare a te?». 25 Michea rispose: «Ecco, lo vedrai quando passerai di stanza in stanza per nasconderti». 26 Il re di Israele disse: «Prendi Michea e conducilo da Amon governatore della città e da Ioas figlio del re. 27 Dirai loro: Il re ordina: Mettetelo in prigione e mantenetelo con il minimo indispensabile di pane e di acqua finché tornerò sano e salvo». 28 Michea disse: «Se tornerai in pace, il Signore non ha parlato per mio mezzo».

Morte di Acab a Ramot di Gàlaad

29 Il re di Israele marciò, insieme con Giòsafat re di Giuda, contro Ramot di Gàlaad. 30 Il re di Israele disse a Giòsafat: «Io per combattere mi travestirò: tu resta con i tuoi abiti». Il re di Israele si travestì ed entrò in battaglia. 31 Il re di Aram aveva ordinato ai capi dei suoi carri - erano trentadue -: «Non combattete contro nessuno, piccolo o grande, se non contro il re di Israele». 32 Appena videro Giòsafat, i capi dei carri dissero: «Certo, questi è il re di Israele». Si volsero contro di lui per investirlo. Giòsafat lanciò un grido 33 e allora i capi dei carri si accorsero che egli non era il re di Israele e si allontanarono da lui.

34 Ma un uomo tese a caso l'arco e colpì il re di Israele fra le maglie dell'armatura e la corazza. Il re disse al suo cocchiere: «Gira, portami fuori della mischia, perché sono ferito». 35 La battaglia infuriò per tutto quel giorno; il re se ne stava sul suo carro di fronte agli Aramei. Alla sera morì; il sangue della sua ferita era colato sul fondo del carro. 36 Al tramonto un grido si diffuse per l'accampamento: «Ognuno alla sua città e ognuno alla sua tenda! 37 Il re è morto!». Lo portarono in Samaria e là lo seppellirono. 38 Il carro fu lavato nella piscina di Samaria dove si lavavano le prostitute e i cani leccarono il suo sangue, secondo la parola pronunziata dal Signore.

6. DOPO LA MORTE DI ACAB

Conclusione del regno di Acab

39 Le altre gesta di Acab, tutte le sue azioni, la costruzione della casa d'avorio e delle città da lui erette, sono descritte nel libro delle Cronache dei re di Israele. 40 Acab si addormentò con i suoi padri. Al suo posto divenne re suo figlio Acazia.

Regno di Giòsafat in Giuda (870-848)

41 Giòsafat figlio di Asa divenne re su Giuda l'anno quarto di Acab, re di Israele. 42 Quando divenne re, Giòsafat aveva trentacinque anni; regnò venticinque anni in Gerusalemme. Sua madre si chiamava Azuba figlia di Silchi. 43 Imitò in tutto la condotta di Asa suo padre, senza deviazioni, facendo ciò che è giusto agli occhi del Signore. 44 Ma non scomparvero le alture; il popolo ancora sacrificava e offriva incenso sulle alture. 45 Giòsafat fu in pace con il re di Israele.

46 Le altre gesta di Giòsafat, le prodezze compiute da lui e le sue guerre sono descritte nel libro delle Cronache dei re di Giuda. 47 Egli spazzò via dalla regione il resto dei prostituti sacri, che esistevano al tempo di suo padre Asa.

48 Allora non c'era re in Edom; lo sostituiva un governatore. 49 Giòsafat costruì navi di Tarsis per andare a cercare l'oro in Ofir; ma non ci andò, perché le navi si sfasciarono in Ezion-Gheber. 50 Allora Acazia, figlio di Acab, disse a Giòsafat: «I miei servi si uniscano ai tuoi per costituire gli equipaggi delle navi». Ma Giòsafat non accettò.

51 Giòsafat si addormentò con i suoi padri, con i quali fu sepolto nella città di Davide suo antenato e al suo posto divenne re suo figlio Ioram.

Il re Acazia di Israele (853-852) e il profeta Elia

52 Acazia, figlio di Acab, divenne re d'Israele in Samaria nell'anno diciassette di Giòsafat, re di Giuda; regnò due anni su Israele. 53 Fece ciò che è male agli occhi del Signore; imitò la condotta di suo padre, quella di sua madre e quella di Geroboamo, figlio di Nebàt, che aveva fatto peccare Israele. 54 Venerò Baal e si prostrò davanti a lui irritando il Signore, Dio di Israele, proprio come aveva fatto suo padre.

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1 Kings 22
New English Translation

Ahab Dies in Battle

22 There was no war between Syria and Israel for three years.[a] 2 In the third year King Jehoshaphat of Judah came down to visit[b] the king of Israel. 3 The king of Israel said to his servants, “Surely you recognize that Ramoth Gilead belongs to us, though we are hesitant to reclaim it from the king of Syria.”[c] 4 Then he said to Jehoshaphat, “Will you go with me to attack Ramoth Gilead?” Jehoshaphat replied to the king of Israel, “I will support you; my army and horses are at your disposal.”[d] 5 But then Jehoshaphat said to Israel’s king, “Please seek a message from the Lord this very day.”[e] 6 So the king of Israel assembled about 400 prophets and asked them, “Should I attack Ramoth Gilead or not?”[f] They said, “Attack! The Sovereign One[g] will hand it over to the king.” 7 But Jehoshaphat asked, “Is there not a prophet of the Lord still here, that we may ask him?” 8 The king of Israel answered Jehoshaphat, “There is still one man through whom we can seek the Lord’s will.[h] But I despise[i] him because he does not prophesy prosperity for me, but disaster. His name is Micaiah son of Imlah.”[j] Jehoshaphat said, “The king should not say such things.” 9 The king of Israel summoned an official and said, “Quickly bring Micaiah son of Imlah.”

10 Now the king of Israel and King Jehoshaphat of Judah were sitting on their respective thrones,[k] dressed in their robes, at the threshing floor at the entrance of the gate of Samaria. All the prophets were prophesying before them. 11 Zedekiah son of Kenaanah made iron horns and said, “This is what the Lord has said, ‘With these you will gore Syria until they are destroyed.’” 12 All the prophets were prophesying the same, saying, “Attack Ramoth Gilead! You will succeed; the Lord will hand it over to the king.” 13 Now the messenger who went to summon Micaiah said to him, “Look, the prophets are in complete agreement that the king will succeed.[l] Your words must agree with theirs; you must predict success.”[m] 14 But Micaiah said, “As certainly as the Lord lives, I will say what the Lord tells me to say.”

15 When he came before the king, the king asked him, “Micaiah, should we attack Ramoth Gilead or not?” He answered him, “Attack! You will succeed; the Lord will hand it over to the king.”[n] 16 The king said to him, “How many times must I make you solemnly promise in[o] the name of the Lord to tell me only the truth?” 17 Micaiah[p] said, “I saw all Israel scattered on the mountains like sheep that have no shepherd. Then the Lord said, ‘They have no master. They should go home in peace.’” 18 The king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, “Didn’t I tell you he does not prophesy prosperity for me, but disaster?” 19 Micaiah[q] said, “That being the case, listen to the Lord’s message. I saw the Lord sitting on his throne, with all the heavenly assembly standing beside him on his right and on his left. 20 The Lord said, ‘Who will deceive Ahab, so he will attack Ramoth Gilead and die[r] there?’ One said this and another that. 21 Then a spirit[s] stepped forward and stood before the Lord. He said, ‘I will deceive him.’ 22 The Lord asked him, ‘How?’ He replied, ‘I will go out and be a lying spirit in the mouths of all his prophets.’ The Lord[t] said, ‘Deceive and overpower him.[u] Go out and do as you have proposed.’ 23 So now, look, the Lord has placed a lying spirit in the mouths of all these prophets of yours, but the Lord has decreed disaster for you.” 24 Zedekiah son of Kenaanah approached, hit Micaiah on the jaw, and said, “Which way did the Lord’s Spirit go when he went from me to speak to you?” 25 Micaiah replied, “Look, you will see in the day when you go into an inner room to hide.” 26 Then the king of Israel said, “Take Micaiah and return him to Amon the city official and Joash the king’s son. 27 Say, ‘This is what the king says, “Put this man in prison. Give him only a little bread and water[v] until I safely return.”’”[w] 28 Micaiah said, “If you really do safely return, then the Lord has not spoken through me.” Then he added, “Take note,[x] all you people.”

29 The king of Israel and King Jehoshaphat of Judah attacked Ramoth Gilead. 30 The king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, “I will disguise myself and then enter[y] into the battle, but you wear your royal robes.” So the king of Israel disguised himself and then entered into the battle. 31 Now the king of Syria had ordered his thirty-two chariot commanders, “Do not fight common soldiers or high-ranking officers;[z] fight only the king of Israel.” 32 When the chariot commanders saw Jehoshaphat, they said, “He must be the king of Israel.” So they turned and attacked him, but Jehoshaphat cried out. 33 When the chariot commanders realized he was not the king of Israel, they turned away from him. 34 Now an archer shot an arrow at random,[aa] and it struck the king of Israel between the plates of his armor. The king[ab] ordered his charioteer, “Turn around and take me from the battle line,[ac] because I’m wounded.” 35 While the battle raged throughout the day, the king stood propped up in his chariot opposite the Syrians. He died in the evening; the blood from the wound ran down into the bottom of the chariot. 36 As the sun was setting, a cry went through the camp, “Each one should return to his city and to his homeland.” 37 So the king died and was taken to Samaria, where they buried him.[ad] 38 They washed off the chariot at the pool of Samaria. Then the dogs licked his blood, while the prostitutes bathed, in keeping with the Lord’s message that he had spoken.[ae]

39 The rest of the events of Ahab’s reign, including a record of his accomplishments and how he built a luxurious palace and various cities, are recorded in the scroll called the Annals of the Kings of Israel.[af] 40 Ahab passed away.[ag] His son Ahaziah replaced him as king.

Jehoshaphat’s Reign over Judah

41 In the fourth year of Ahab’s reign over Israel, Asa’s son Jehoshaphat became king over Judah. 42 Jehoshaphat was thirty-five years old when he became king and he reigned for twenty-five years in Jerusalem. His mother was Azubah, the daughter of Shilhi. 43 He followed in his father Asa’s footsteps and was careful to do what the Lord approved.[ah] (22:44)[ai] However, the high places were not eliminated; the people continued to offer sacrifices and burn incense on the high places. 44 (22:45) Jehoshaphat was also at peace with the king of Israel.

45 The rest of the events of Jehoshaphat’s reign, including his successes and military exploits, are recorded in the scroll called the Annals of the Kings of Judah.[aj] 46 He removed from the land any male cultic prostitutes who had managed to survive the reign of his father Asa.[ak] 47 There was no king in Edom at this time; a governor ruled. 48 Jehoshaphat built a fleet of large merchant ships[al] to travel to Ophir for gold, but they never made the voyage because they were shipwrecked in Ezion Geber. 49 Then Ahaziah son of Ahab said to Jehoshaphat, “Let my sailors join yours in the fleet,”[am] but Jehoshaphat refused.

50 Jehoshaphat passed away[an] and was buried with his ancestors in the city of his ancestor[ao] David. His son Jehoram replaced him as king.

Ahaziah’s Reign over Israel

51 In the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat’s reign over Judah, Ahab’s son Ahaziah became king over Israel in Samaria. He ruled for two years over Israel. 52 He did evil in the sight of[ap] the Lord and followed in the footsteps[aq] of his father and mother; like Jeroboam son of Nebat, he encouraged Israel to sin.[ar] 53 He worshiped and bowed down to Baal,[as] angering the Lord God of Israel just as his father had done.[at]

Footnotes

  1. 1 Kings 22:1 tn Heb “and they lived three years without war between Aram and Israel.”
  2. 1 Kings 22:2 tn The word “visit” is supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
  3. 1 Kings 22:3 tn Heb “Do you know that Ramoth Gilead belongs to us, and we hesitate to take it from the hand of the king of Aram?” The rhetorical question expects the answer, “Of course, you must know!”
  4. 1 Kings 22:4 tn Heb “Like me, like you; like my people, like your people; like my horses; like your horses.”
  5. 1 Kings 22:5 sn Jehoshaphat is requesting a prophetic oracle revealing the Lord’s will in the matter and their prospects for success. For examples of such oracles, see 2 Sam 5:19, 23-24.
  6. 1 Kings 22:6 tn Heb “Should I go against Ramoth Gilead for war or should I refrain?”
  7. 1 Kings 22:6 tn Though Jehoshaphat requested an oracle from “the Lord” (יְהוָה, Yahweh), they stop short of actually using this name and substitute the title אֲדֹנָי (ʾadonay, “lord; master”). This ambiguity may explain in part Jehoshaphat’s hesitancy and caution (vv. 7-8). He seems to doubt that the four hundred are genuine prophets of the Lord.
  8. 1 Kings 22:8 tn Heb “to seek the Lord from him.”
  9. 1 Kings 22:8 tn Or “hate.”
  10. 1 Kings 22:8 tn The words “his name is” are supplied for stylistic reasons.
  11. 1 Kings 22:10 tn Heb “were sitting, a man on his throne.”
  12. 1 Kings 22:13 tn Heb “the words of the prophets are [with] one mouth good for the king.”
  13. 1 Kings 22:13 tn Heb “let your words be like the word of each of them and speak good.”
  14. 1 Kings 22:15 sn “Attack! You will succeed; the Lord will hand it over to the king.” One does not expect Micaiah, having just vowed to speak only what the Lord tells him, to agree with the other prophets and give the king an inaccurate prophecy. Micaiah’s actions became understandable later, when it is revealed that the Lord desires to deceive the king and lead him to his demise. The Lord even dispatches a lying spirit to deceive Ahab’s prophets. Micaiah can lie to the king because he realizes this lie is from the Lord. It is important to note that in v. 14 Micaiah only vows to speak the word of the Lord; he does not necessarily say he will tell the truth. In this case the Lord’s word itself is deceptive. Only when the king adjures him to tell the truth (v. 16), does Micaiah do so.
  15. 1 Kings 22:16 tn Or “swear an oath by.”
  16. 1 Kings 22:17 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Micaiah) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  17. 1 Kings 22:19 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Micaiah) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  18. 1 Kings 22:20 tn Heb “and fall.”
  19. 1 Kings 22:21 tn Heb “the spirit.” The significance of the article prefixed to רוּחַ (ruakh) is uncertain, but it could contain a clue as to this spirit’s identity, especially when interpreted in light of v. 24. It is certainly possible, and probably even likely, that the article is used in a generic or dramatic sense and should be translated, “a spirit.” In the latter case it would show that this spirit was vivid and definite in the mind of Micaiah the storyteller. However, if one insists that the article indicates a well-known or universally known spirit, the following context provides a likely referent. Verse 24 tells how Zedekiah slapped Micaiah in the face and then asked sarcastically, “Which way did the spirit from the Lord (רוּחַ־יְהוָה, [ruakh Yahweh], Heb “the spirit of the Lord”) go when he went from me to speak to you?” When the phrase “the spirit of the Lord” refers to the divine spirit (rather than the divine breath or mind, Isa 40:7, 13) elsewhere, the spirit energizes an individual or group for special tasks or moves one to prophesy. This raises the possibility that the deceiving spirit of vv. 20-23 is the same as the divine spirit mentioned by Zedekiah in v. 24. This would explain why the article is used on רוּחַ; he can be called “the spirit” because he is the well-known spirit who energizes the prophets.
  20. 1 Kings 22:22 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the Lord) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  21. 1 Kings 22:22 tn The Hebrew text has two imperfects connected by וְגַם (vegam). These verbs could be translated as specific futures, “you will deceive and also you will prevail,” in which case the Lord is assuring the spirit of success on his mission. However, in a commissioning context (note the following imperatives) such as this, it is more likely that the imperfects are injunctive, in which case one could translate, “Deceive, and also overpower.”
  22. 1 Kings 22:27 tn Heb “the bread of affliction and the water of affliction.”
  23. 1 Kings 22:27 tn Heb “come in peace.” So also in v. 28.
  24. 1 Kings 22:28 tn Heb “Listen.”
  25. 1 Kings 22:30 tn The Hebrew verbal forms could be imperatives (“Disguise yourself and enter”), but this would make no sense in light of the immediately following context. The forms are better interpreted as infinitives absolute functioning as cohortatives. See IBHS 594 §35.5.2a. Some prefer to emend the forms to imperfects.
  26. 1 Kings 22:31 tn Heb “small or great.”
  27. 1 Kings 22:34 tn Heb “now a man drew a bow in his innocence” (i.e., with no specific target in mind, or at least without realizing his target was the king of Israel).
  28. 1 Kings 22:34 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the king) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  29. 1 Kings 22:34 tn Heb “camp.”
  30. 1 Kings 22:37 tn Heb “and the king died and he came to Samaria, and they buried the king in Samaria.”
  31. 1 Kings 22:38 sn See 1 Kgs 21:19.
  32. 1 Kings 22:39 tn Heb “As for the rest of the acts of Ahab and all that he did, and the house of ivory which he built and all the cities which he built, are they not written on the scroll of the events of the days of the kings of Israel?”
  33. 1 Kings 22:40 tn Heb “lay down with his fathers.”
  34. 1 Kings 22:43 tn Heb “he walked in all the way of Asa his father and did not turn from it, doing what is right in the eyes of the Lord.”
  35. 1 Kings 22:43 sn Beginning with 22:43b, the verse numbers through 22:53 in the English Bible differ from the verse numbers in the Hebrew text (BHS), because 22:43b in the English Bible = 22:44 in the Hebrew text. The remaining verses in the chapter differ by one, with 22:44-53 ET = 22:45-54 HT.
  36. 1 Kings 22:45 tn Heb “As for the rest of the events of Jehoshaphat, and his strength that he demonstrated and how he fought, are they not written on the scroll of the events of the days of the kings of Judah?”
  37. 1 Kings 22:46 tn Heb “and the rest of the male cultic prostitutes who were left in the days of Asa his father, he burned from the land.” Some understand the verb בִּעֵר (biʿer) to mean “sweep away” here rather than “burn.” See the note at 1 Kgs 14:10.sn Despite Asa’s opposition to these male cultic prostitutes (see 1 Kgs 15:12) some of them had managed to remain in the land. Jehoshaphat finished what his father had started.
  38. 1 Kings 22:48 tn Heb “Tarshish ships.” This probably refers to large ships either made in or capable of traveling to the distant western port of Tarshish.
  39. 1 Kings 22:49 tn Heb “Let my servants go with your servants in the fleet.”
  40. 1 Kings 22:50 tn Heb “lay down with his fathers.”
  41. 1 Kings 22:50 tn Heb “with his fathers in the city of his father.”
  42. 1 Kings 22:52 tn Heb “in the eyes of.”
  43. 1 Kings 22:52 tn Or “way.”
  44. 1 Kings 22:52 tn Heb “and walked in the way of his father and in the way of his mother and in the way of Jeroboam son of Nebat who made Israel sin.”
  45. 1 Kings 22:53 tn Heb “he served Baal and bowed down to him.”
  46. 1 Kings 22:53 tn Heb “according to all which his father had done.”
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