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31 Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These were the sons of Ishmael.(A)

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10 In Saul’s time they waged war with the Hagrites, and when they had defeated them they dwelt in their tents throughout the region east of Gilead.(A)

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15 Hadad, Tema, Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah.

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They scheme with one mind,
    they have entered into a covenant against you:(A)
[a]The tents of Edom and the Ishmaelites,
    of Moab and the Hagrites,(B)

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Footnotes

  1. 83:7–9 Apart from the Assyrians, all the nations listed here were neighbors of Israel. The Hagrites are a tribe of the desert regions east of Ammon and Moab (1 Chr 5:10, 19–22). Gebal is the Phoenician city of Byblos or perhaps a mountain region south of the Dead Sea. The descendants of Lot are Moab and Edom (Gn 19:36–38 and Dt 2:9). These nations were never united against Israel in the same period; the Psalm has lumped them all together.