1 Kings 20
New English Translation
Ben Hadad Invades Israel
20 Now King Ben Hadad of Syria assembled all his army, along with thirty-two other kings with their horses and chariots. He marched against Samaria and besieged and attacked it.[a] 2 He sent messengers to King Ahab of Israel, who was in the city.[b] He said to him, “This is what Ben Hadad says: 3 ‘Your silver and your gold are mine, as well as the best of your wives and sons.’” 4 The king of Israel replied, “It is just as you say, my master, O king. I and all I own belong to you.”
5 The messengers came again and said, “This is what Ben Hadad says: ‘I sent this message to you, “You must give me your silver, gold, wives, and sons.” 6 But now at this time tomorrow I will send my servants to you and they will search through your palace and your servants’ houses. They will carry away all your valuables.’”[c] 7 The king of Israel summoned all the leaders[d] of the land and said, “Notice how this man is looking for trouble.[e] Indeed, he demanded my wives, sons, silver, and gold, and I did not resist him.” 8 All the leaders and people said to him, “Do not give in or agree to his demands.”[f] 9 So he said to the messengers of Ben Hadad, “Say this to my master, the king: ‘I will give you everything you demanded at first from your servant, but I am unable to agree to this latest demand.’”[g] So the messengers went back and gave their report.
10 Ben Hadad sent another message to him, “May the gods judge me severely[h] if there is enough dirt left in Samaria for all my soldiers to scoop up in their hands.”[i] 11 The king of Israel replied, “Tell him the one who puts on his battle gear should not boast like one who is taking it off.”[j] 12 When Ben Hadad received this reply,[k] he and the other kings were drinking in their quarters.[l] He ordered his servants, “Get ready to attack!” So they got ready to attack the city.
The Lord Delivers Israel
13 Now a prophet visited King Ahab of Israel and said, “This is what the Lord has said: ‘Do you see this huge army?[m] Look, I am going to hand it over to you this very day. Then you will know that I am the Lord.’” 14 Ahab asked, “By whom will this be accomplished?”[n] He answered, “This is what the Lord has said, ‘By the servants of the district governors.’” Ahab[o] asked, “Who will launch the attack?” He answered, “You will.”
15 So Ahab[p] assembled the 232 servants of the district governors. After that he assembled all the Israelite army, numbering 7,000. 16 They marched out at noon, while Ben Hadad and the 32 kings allied with him were drinking heavily[q] in their quarters.[r] 17 The servants of the district governors led the march. When Ben Hadad sent messengers, they reported back to him, “Men are marching out of Samaria.” 18 He ordered, “Whether they come in peace or to do battle, take them alive.”[s] 19 They marched out of the city with the servants of the district governors in the lead and the army behind them. 20 Each one struck down an enemy soldier;[t] the Syrians fled and Israel chased them. King Ben Hadad of Syria escaped on horseback with some horsemen. 21 Then the king of Israel marched out and struck down the horses and chariots; he thoroughly defeated[u] Syria.
The Lord Gives Israel Another Victory
22 The prophet[v] visited the king of Israel and instructed him, “Go, fortify your defenses.[w] Determine[x] what you must do, for in the spring[y] the king of Syria will attack[z] you.” 23 Now the advisers[aa] of the king of Syria said to him: “Their God is a god of the mountains. That’s why they overpowered us. But if we fight them in the plains, we will certainly overpower them. 24 So do this: Dismiss the kings from their command, and replace them with military commanders. 25 Muster an army like the one you lost, with the same number of horses and chariots.[ab] Then we will fight them in the plains; we will certainly overpower them.” He approved their plan and did as they advised.[ac]
26 In the spring[ad] Ben Hadad mustered the Syrian army[ae] and marched to Aphek to fight Israel.[af] 27 When the Israelites had mustered and received their supplies, they marched out to face them in battle. When the Israelites deployed opposite them, they were like two small flocks[ag] of goats, but the Syrians filled the land. 28 The prophet[ah] visited the king of Israel and said, “This is what the Lord has said: ‘Because the Syrians said, “The Lord is a god of the mountains and not a god of the valleys,” I will deliver this entire huge army into to your control. Then you will know that I am the Lord.’
29 The armies were deployed opposite each other for seven days. On the seventh day the battle began, and the Israelites killed 100,000 Syrian foot soldiers in one day. 30 The remaining 27,000 ran to Aphek and went into the city, but the wall fell on them.[ai] Now Ben Hadad ran into the city and hid in an inner room.[aj] 31 His advisers[ak] said to him, “Look, we have heard that the kings of the Israelite dynasty are kind.[al] Allow us to put sackcloth around our waists and ropes on our heads[am] and surrender[an] to the king of Israel. Maybe he will spare our lives.” 32 So they put sackcloth around their waists and ropes on their heads and went to the king of Israel. They said, “Your servant[ao] Ben Hadad says, ‘Please let me live!’” Ahab[ap] replied, “Is he still alive? He is my brother.”[aq] 33 The men took this as a good omen and quickly accepted his offer, saying, “Ben Hadad is your brother.” Ahab[ar] then said, “Go, get him.” So Ben Hadad came out to him, and Ahab pulled him up into his chariot. 34 Ben Hadad[as] said, “I will return the cities my father took from your father. You may set up markets[at] in Damascus, just as my father did in Samaria.” Ahab then said, “I want to make a treaty with you before I dismiss you.”[au] So he made a treaty with him and then dismissed him.
A Prophet Denounces Ahab’s Actions
35 One of the members of the prophetic guild[av] told his companion a message from the Lord, “Please wound me!” But the man refused to wound him. 36 So the prophet[aw] said to him, “Because you have disobeyed the Lord, as soon as you leave me a lion will kill you.” When he left him, a lion attacked and killed him. 37 He found another man and said, “Wound me!” So the man wounded him severely.[ax] 38 The prophet then went and stood by the road, waiting for the king. He also disguised himself by putting a bandage down over his eyes. 39 When the king passed by, he called out to the king, “Your servant went out into the heat[ay] of the battle, and then a man turned aside and brought me a prisoner.[az] He told me, ‘Guard this prisoner. If he ends up missing for any reason,[ba] you will pay with your life or with a talent[bb] of silver.’[bc] 40 Well, it just so happened that while your servant was doing this and that, he disappeared.” The king of Israel said to him, “Your punishment is already determined by your own testimony.”[bd] 41 The prophet[be] quickly removed the bandage from his eyes, and the king of Israel recognized he was one of the prophets. 42 The prophet[bf] then said to him, “This is what the Lord has said: ‘Because you released a man I had determined should die, you will pay with your life, and your people will suffer instead of his people.’”[bg] 43 The king of Israel went home to Samaria bitter and angry.
Footnotes
- 1 Kings 20:1 tn Heb “and he went up and besieged Samaria and fought against it.”
- 1 Kings 20:2 tn Heb “to the city.”
- 1 Kings 20:6 tn Heb “all that is desirable to your eyes they will put in their hand and take.”
- 1 Kings 20:7 tn Heb “elders.”
- 1 Kings 20:7 tn Heb “Know and see that this [man] is seeking trouble.”
- 1 Kings 20:8 tn Heb “Do not listen and do not be willing.”
- 1 Kings 20:9 tn Heb “all which you sent to your servant in the beginning I will do, but this thing I am unable to do.”
- 1 Kings 20:10 tn Heb “So may the gods do to me, and so may they add.”
- 1 Kings 20:10 tn Heb “if the dirt of Samaria suffices for the handfuls of all the people who are at my feet.”
- 1 Kings 20:11 sn The point of the saying is that someone who is still preparing for a battle should not boast as if he has already won the battle. A modern parallel would be, “Don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched.”
- 1 Kings 20:12 tn Heb “When he heard this word.”
- 1 Kings 20:12 tn Heb “in the temporary shelters.” This is probably referring to tents.
- 1 Kings 20:13 tn Heb “see all this great horde.”
- 1 Kings 20:14 tn The words “will this be accomplished” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
- 1 Kings 20:14 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Ahab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:15 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Ahab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:16 tn Heb “drinking and drunken.”
- 1 Kings 20:16 tn Heb “in the temporary shelters.” This is probably referring to tents.
- 1 Kings 20:18 tn Heb “if they come in peace, take them alive; if they come for battle, take them alive.”
- 1 Kings 20:20 tn Heb “each struck down his man.”
- 1 Kings 20:21 tn Heb “struck down Aram with a great striking down.”
- 1 Kings 20:22 tn The definite article indicates previous reference, that is, “the prophet mentioned earlier” (see v. 13).
- 1 Kings 20:22 tn Heb “strengthen yourself.”
- 1 Kings 20:22 tn Heb “know and see.”
- 1 Kings 20:22 tn Heb “at the turning of the year.”
- 1 Kings 20:22 tn Heb “go up against.”
- 1 Kings 20:23 tn Or “servants.”
- 1 Kings 20:25 tn Heb “And you, you muster an army like the one that fell from you, horse like horse and chariot like chariot.”
- 1 Kings 20:25 tn Heb “he listened to their voice and did so.”
- 1 Kings 20:26 tn Heb “at the turning of the year.”
- 1 Kings 20:26 tn Heb “mustered Aram.”
- 1 Kings 20:26 tn Heb “and went up to Aphek for battle with Israel.”
- 1 Kings 20:27 tn The noun translated “small flocks” occurs only here. The common interpretation derives the word from the verbal root חשׂף, “to strip off; to make bare.” In this case the noun refers to something “stripped off” or “made bare.” HALOT 359 s.v. II חשׂף derives the noun from a proposed homonymic verbal root (which occurs only in Ps 29:9) meaning “cause a premature birth.” In this case the derived noun could refer to goats that are undersized because they are born prematurely.
- 1 Kings 20:28 tn Heb “the man of God.”
- 1 Kings 20:30 tn Heb “and the remaining ones fled to Aphek to the city and the wall fell on 27,000 men, the ones who remained.”
- 1 Kings 20:30 tn Heb “and Ben Hadad fled and went into the city, [into] an inner room in an inner room.”
- 1 Kings 20:31 tn Or “servants.”
- 1 Kings 20:31 tn Heb “that the kings of the house of Israel, that kings of kindness [are] they.” Or “merciful” rather than “kind.” The word used here often means “devoted” or “loyal.” Perhaps the idea is that the Israelite kings are willing to make treaties with other kings.
- 1 Kings 20:31 sn Sackcloth was worn as a sign of sorrow and repentance. The precise significance of the ropes on the head is uncertain, but it probably was a sign of submission. These actions were comparable to raising a white flag on the battlefield or throwing in the towel in a boxing match.
- 1 Kings 20:31 tn Heb “go out.”
- 1 Kings 20:32 sn Your servant. By referring to Ben Hadad as Ahab’s servant, they are suggesting that Ahab make him a subject in a vassal treaty arrangement.
- 1 Kings 20:32 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Ahab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:32 sn He is my brother. Ahab’s response indicates that he wants to make a parity treaty and treat Ben Hadad as an equal partner.
- 1 Kings 20:33 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Ahab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:34 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Ben Hadad) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:34 tn Heb “streets,” but this must refer to streets set up with stalls for merchants to sell their goods. See HALOT 299 s.v. חוּץ.
- 1 Kings 20:34 tn Heb “I will send you away with a treaty.” The words “Ahab then said” are supplied in the translation. There is nothing in the Hebrew text to indicate that the speaker has changed from Ben Hadad to Ahab. Some suggest adding “and he said” before “I will send you away.” Others prefer to maintain Ben Hadad as the speaker and change the statement to, “Please send me away with a treaty.”
- 1 Kings 20:35 tn Heb “of the sons of the prophets.”
- 1 Kings 20:36 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the prophet) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:37 tn Heb “and the man wounded him, wounding and bruising.”
- 1 Kings 20:39 tn Heb “middle.”
- 1 Kings 20:39 tn Heb “man” (also a second time later in this verse).
- 1 Kings 20:39 tn Heb “if being missed, he is missed.” The emphatic infinitive absolute before the finite verbal form lends solemnity to the warning.
- 1 Kings 20:39 tn The Hebrew term כִּכָּר (kikkar, “circle”) refers generally to something that is round. When used of metals it can refer to a disk-shaped weight made of the metal or to a standard unit of weight, generally regarded as a talent. Since the accepted weight for a talent of metal is about 75 pounds, this would have amounted to about 75 pounds of silver.
- 1 Kings 20:39 tn Heb “your life will be in place of his life, or a unit of silver you will pay.”
- 1 Kings 20:40 tn Heb “so [i.e., in accordance with his testimony] is your judgment, you have determined [it].”
- 1 Kings 20:41 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the prophet) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:42 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the prophet) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- 1 Kings 20:42 tn Heb “Because you sent away the man of my destruction [i.e., that I determined should be destroyed] from [my/your?] hand, your life will be in place of his life, and your people in place of his people.”
1 Kings 20
Expanded Bible
Ben-Hadad and Ahab Go to War
20 Ben-Hadad king of Aram ·gathered together [mobilized; mustered] all his army. There were thirty-two kings with their horses and chariots who went with him and ·surrounded [besieged] Samaria and attacked it. 2 The king sent messengers into the city to Ahab king of Israel.
This was his message: “Ben-Hadad says, 3 ‘Your silver and gold ·belong to me [are mine], as well as the best of your wives and children.’”
4 Ahab king of Israel answered, “My ·master [lord] and king, ·I agree to what you say [L it is as you say/according to your word]. I and everything I have ·belong to you [are yours].”
5 Then the messengers came to Ahab again. They said, “Ben-Hadad says, ‘I told you before that you must give me your silver and gold, your wives and your children. 6 About this time tomorrow I will send my ·men [officials; servants], who will search everywhere in your ·palace [L house] and in the homes of your ·officers [officials; servants]. Whatever ·they want [or you value] they will take and carry off.’”
7 Then Ahab called a meeting of all the elders of his country. He said, “Ben-Hadad is looking for trouble. First he said I had to give him my wives, my children, my silver, and my gold, and I have not refused him.”
8 The elders and all the people said, “Don’t listen to him or ·agree to this [consent].”
9 So Ahab said to Ben-Hadad’s messengers, “Tell my ·master [lord] the king: ‘I will do what you said at first, but ·I cannot allow this second command [this thing I cannot do].’” And King Ben-Hadad’s men carried the message back to him.
10 Then Ben-Hadad sent another message to Ahab: “May the gods ·punish me terribly [deal severely with me, and worse; L do to me, and even more] if I don’t completely destroy Samaria. There won’t be enough left for each of my men to get a handful of dust!”
11 Ahab answered, “Tell Ben-Hadad, ‘·The man who puts on his armor should not brag. It’s the man who lives to take it off who has the right to brag [L Let not him who puts on boast like him who takes off; C that is, boast only after victory in battle, not before].’”
12 Ben-Hadad was drinking in his tent with the ·other rulers [kings] when the message came from Ahab. Ben-Hadad commanded his men to prepare to attack the city, and they ·moved into place for battle [took their positions].
13 At the same time a prophet came to Ahab king of Israel. The prophet said, “Ahab, ·the Lord says to you [T thus says the Lord], ‘Do you see that ·big army [L great multitude]? I will hand it over to you today so you will know I am the Lord.’ ”
14 Ahab asked, “·Who will you use to defeat them [By what means; L By whom]?”
The prophet answered, “·The Lord says [T Thus says the Lord], ‘The young officers of the ·district governors [provincial commanders] will defeat them.’”
Then the king asked, “Who will ·command the main army [or attack first; begin the battle]?”
The prophet answered, “You will.”
15 So Ahab ·gathered [summoned; mustered] the young officers of the ·district governors [provincial commanders], two hundred thirty-two of them. Then he called together the ·army [L sons] of Israel, about seven thousand people in all.
16 They marched out at noon, while Ben-Hadad and the thirty-two ·rulers [kings] helping him were getting drunk in their tents. 17 The young officers of the ·district governors [provincial commanders] attacked first. Ben-Hadad sent out scouts who told him that soldiers were coming from Samaria. 18 Ben-Hadad said, “They may be coming to fight, or they may be coming to ask for peace. In either case capture them alive.”
19 The young officers of the ·district governors [provincial commanders] ·led the attack [went out from the city], followed by the army of Israel. 20 Each officer of Israel killed the man who came against him. The men from Aram ran away as Israel chased them, but Ben-Hadad king of Aram escaped on a horse with some of his ·horsemen [cavalry; charioteers]. 21 Ahab king of Israel ·led the army [L went out] and destroyed the horses and chariots and slaughtered the Arameans.
22 Then the prophet went to Ahab king of Israel and said, “The king of Aram will attack you again ·next spring [L at the turn of the year]. So go home now and strengthen ·your army [L yourself] and see what you need to do.”
23 Meanwhile the officers of Ben-Hadad king of Aram said to him, “The gods of Israel are mountain gods, so they were stronger. Let’s fight them on the ·flat land [plain], and then we will ·win [be stronger]. 24 This is what you should do. ·Don’t allow the thirty-two rulers to command the armies, but [L Remove the kings from their place/commands, and] put other commanders in their places. 25 ·Gather [Recruit; Raise; Muster] an army like the one ·that was destroyed and as many horses and chariots as before [L you lost, horse for horse and chariot for chariot]. We will fight the Israelites on ·flat land [the plain], and then we will ·win [be stronger].” Ben-Hadad ·agreed with their advice [L heeded their voice] and did what they said.
26 ·The next spring [L At the turn of the year] Ben-Hadad ·gathered [mustered] the army of Aram and went up to Aphek to fight against Israel.
27 The ·Israelites [L sons/T children of Israel] also had ·prepared for war [mustered and gathered provisions]. They marched out to meet the Arameans and camped opposite them. The Israelites looked like two small flocks of goats, but the Arameans covered the ·area [countryside].
28 A man of God came to the king of Israel with this message: “·The Lord says [T Thus says the Lord], ‘The people of Aram say that I, the Lord, am a god of the mountains, not a god of the ·valleys [plains]. So I will ·allow you to defeat this huge army [L give this great multitude into your hands], and then you will know I am the Lord.’”
29 The armies were camped across from each other for seven days. On the seventh day the battle began. The ·Israelites [L sons of Israel] ·killed [slaughtered] one hundred thousand Aramean soldiers in one day. 30 The rest of them ran away to the city of Aphek, where a city wall fell on twenty-seven thousand of them. Ben-Hadad also ran away to the city and hid in a room.
31 His ·officers [officials; L servants] said to him, “We have heard that the kings of Israel are ·trustworthy [merciful]. Let’s dress in ·rough cloth [sackcloth; burlap; C indicating sorrow], and wear ropes on our heads. Then we will go to the king of Israel, and perhaps he will ·let you live [spare your life].”
32 So they dressed in ·rough cloth [sackcloth; burlap] and wore ropes on their heads and went to the king of Israel. They said, “Your servant Ben-Hadad says, ‘Please ·let me live [spare my life].’”
Ahab answered, “Is he still alive? He is my brother.”
33 Ben-Hadad’s men ·had wanted a sign from Ahab [took this as a good sign]. They quickly ·caught [picked up on] his word, “Yes! Ben-Hadad is your brother.”
Ahab said, “Bring him to me.” When Ben-Hadad came, Ahab asked him to join him in the chariot.
34 Ben-Hadad said to him, “Ahab, I will ·give you back [restore] the cities my father took from your father. And you may ·put shops [establish bazaars/markets/trading areas] in Damascus, as my father did in Samaria.”
Ahab said, “If you ·agree [covenant] to this, I will allow you to go free.” So the two kings made a ·peace agreement [covenant; treaty]. Then Ahab let Ben-Hadad go free.
A Prophet Speaks Against Ahab
35 One ·prophet from one of the groups of prophets [L of the sons of the prophets] told another, “Hit me!” He said this ·because the Lord had commanded it [by the word of the Lord], but the other man refused. 36 The prophet said, “You did not obey the ·Lord’s command [L voice of the Lord], so a lion will kill you as soon as you leave me.” When the man left, a lion found him and killed him.
37 The prophet went to another man and said, “Hit me, please!” So the man hit him and hurt him. 38 The prophet ·wrapped his face in a cloth [placed a bandage over his eyes; C to disguise himself]. Then he went and waited by the road for the king. 39 As Ahab king of Israel passed by, the prophet called out to him. “I went to fight in the battle,” the prophet said. “One of our men brought an ·enemy soldier [L man] to me. Our man said, ‘Guard this man. If he ·runs away [is missing], ·you will have to give your life in his place [L it will be your life for his life]. Or, you will have to pay a ·fine of seventy-five pounds [L talent] of silver.’ 40 But I was busy doing other things, so the man ran away.”
The king of Israel answered, “That is your ·sentence [judgment]. You have ·already said what the punishment is [pronounced it yourself].
41 Then the prophet quickly took the ·cloth from his face [bandage from his eyes]. When the king of Israel saw him, he knew he was one of the prophets. 42 The prophet said to the king, “·This is what the Lord says [T Thus says the Lord]: ‘You freed the man I ·said should die [L had devoted to destruction], so your life will be ·taken instead of his [for his life]. ·The lives of your people will also be taken instead of the lives of […and your people for] his people.’”
43 Then King Ahab went back to his palace in Samaria, ·angry and upset [resentful and sullen].
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