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奴婢的條例(A)

21 「你在百姓面前所要立的典章是這樣:

「你若買希伯來人作奴僕,他服事你六年,第七年他可以自由,白白地離去。 他若單身來就可以單身去;他若是有妻子的,他的妻子可以同他離去。 若他主人給他娶了妻,妻子為他生了兒子或女兒,妻子和兒女要歸主人,他要獨自離去。 倘若奴僕聲明:『我愛我的主人和我的妻子兒女,不願意自由離去。』 他的主人就要帶他到審判官[a]前,再帶他到門或門框那裏,用錐子穿他的耳朵,他就要永遠服事主人。

「人若賣女兒作婢女,婢女不可像男的奴僕那樣離去。 主人若選定她歸自己,後來看不順眼,就要允許她贖身;主人既然對她失信,就沒有權柄把她賣給外邦人。 主人若選定她給自己的兒子,就當照女兒的規矩對待她。 10 若另娶一個,她的飲食、衣服和房事不可減少。 11 若不向她行這三樣,她就可以白白離去,不必付贖金。」

懲罰暴行的條例

12 「打人致死的,必被處死。 13 他若不是出於預謀[b],而是 神交在他手中,我就設立一個地方,讓他可以逃到那裏。 14 人若蓄意用詭計殺了他的鄰舍,就是逃到我的壇那裏,也當把他捉去處死。

15 「打父母的,必被處死。

16 「誘拐人口的,無論是把人賣了,或是扣留在他手中,必被處死。

17 「咒罵父母的,必被處死。

18 「人若彼此爭吵,一個用石頭或拳頭打另一個,被打的人沒有死去,卻要躺臥在床, 19 若他還能起來扶杖行走,那打他的可免處刑,卻要賠償他不能工作的損失,並要把他完全醫好。

20 「人若用棍子打奴僕或婢女,當場死在他的手下,他必受報應。 21 若能撐過一兩天,主人就不必受懲罰,因為那是他的財產。

22 「人若彼此打鬥,傷害有孕的婦人,以致胎兒掉了出來,隨後卻無別的傷害,那傷害她的人,總要按婦人的丈夫所提出的,照審判官所裁定的賠償。 23 若有別的傷害,就要以命抵命, 24 以眼還眼,以牙還牙,以手還手,以腳還腳, 25 以灼傷還灼傷,以損傷還損傷,以鞭打還鞭打。

26 「人若打奴僕或婢女的眼睛,毀了一隻,就要因他的眼讓他自由離去。 27 若打掉了奴僕或婢女的一顆牙,就要因他的牙讓他自由離去。」

物主的責任

28 「牛若牴死男人或女人,總要用石頭打死那牛,卻不可吃牠的肉;牛的主人可免處刑。 29 倘若那牛向來是牴人的,牛的主人雖然受過警告,仍不把牠拴好,以致把男人或女人牴死,牛要用石頭打死,主人也要被處死。 30 若罰他付贖命的賠款,他就要照所罰的數目贖他的命。 31 牛若牴了男孩或女孩,也要照這條例處理。 32 牛若牴了奴僕或婢女,就要把三十舍客勒銀子給奴僕的主人,牛要用石頭打死。

33 「人若敞開井口,或挖井不蓋住它,有牛或驢掉進井裏, 34 井的主人要拿錢賠償牲畜的主人,死牲畜要歸自己。

35 「人的牛若牴死鄰舍的牛,他們就要賣了那活牛,平分價錢;也要平分死牛。 36 若這牛向來是以好牴人出名的,主人竟不把牛拴好,他必要以牛賠牛,死牛卻歸自己。」

Footnotes

  1. 21.6 「審判官」或譯「 神」;22節同。
  2. 21.13 「出於預謀」:原文直譯「埋伏」。

Otras leyes y mandamientos

(Dt 15:12-18)

21 »Estas son las otras leyes que les darás:

»Cuando compres un esclavo hebreo, él debe servirte durante seis años, pero en el séptimo año quedará libre sin tener que pagarte nada por su libertad. Si llegó soltero, se irá soltero. Si llegó casado, su esposa se irá con él. Si su amo le da una mujer y ella le da hijos, la mujer y los hijos serán de su amo y el esclavo se irá solo.

»Pero si el esclavo decide que quiere quedarse con el amo, debe declarar: “Amo a mi amo, a mi esposa y a mis hijos y no quiero mi libertad”. Entonces el amo debe traerlo ante Dios[a], lo llevará ante la puerta o el marco de la puerta y le perforará la oreja con un punzón. De esta manera será su esclavo de por vida.

»Si alguien tiene que vender a su hija como esclava para pagar una deuda, ella no saldrá libre como los esclavos varones. Si no le agrada al amo que la compró para que fuera su concubina, él debe permitir que deshagan la venta. No la puede vender a ningún extranjero debido a que no fue justo en la manera de tratarla. Si se la da a su hijo para que ella se case con él, la debe tratar como a una hija.

10 »Si además se casa con otra mujer, no debe reducirle a su primera esposa la comida, ni la ropa ni los deberes conyugales. 11 Si él no cumple cualquiera de estas tres cosas, ella quedará libre sin tener que pagar nada por su libertad.

12 »El que golpee a otro y lo mate, será condenado a muerte. 13 Sin embargo, si alguien mata a otro por accidente, fue porque Dios así lo quiso. Yo estableceré un lugar a donde esa persona pueda huir. 14 Pero si alguien con premeditación mata a otro, será condenado a muerte, aunque haya que sacarlo de mi altar.

15 »El que golpee a su papá o su mamá será condenado a muerte.

16 »El que secuestre a alguien será condenado a muerte, así haya vendido a la persona secuestrada o la tenga todavía en su poder.

17 »El que maldiga a su papá o a su mamá, será condenado a muerte.

18 »Si en una pelea un hombre golpea a otro con una piedra o con un puño y el otro no se muere pero queda enfermo en cama, 19 el que lo golpeó debe pagarle las curaciones y el tiempo perdido hasta que se recupere. Si puede levantarse y caminar con la ayuda de un bastón, el que lo golpeó será declarado inocente.

20 »Si un hombre golpea con su bastón a un esclavo y lo mata, la muerte del esclavo debe ser vengada. 21 Pero si el esclavo no muere de inmediato, la muerte del esclavo no debe ser vengada. Cuando muere el esclavo o la esclava, el dueño pierde su propio dinero porque él pagó por el esclavo o la esclava cuando los compró.

22 »Si dos hombres mientras pelean golpean a una mujer embarazada y hacen que pierda su bebé, pero la mujer no queda gravemente herida, el responsable pagará una multa. El esposo de la mujer, con la ayuda de los jueces, decidirá de cuánto es la multa. 23 Si la mujer queda herida, se debe cobrar vida por vida, 24 ojo por ojo, diente por diente, mano por mano, pie por pie, 25 quemadura por quemadura, herida por herida y golpe por golpe.

26 »Si alguien golpea a su esclavo o esclava en el ojo y queda ciego de ese ojo, lo debe dejar en libertad a cambio del ojo. 27 Si de un golpe le tumba un diente a su esclavo o esclava, debe darle libertad a cambio del diente.

28 »Si un toro embiste con sus cuernos a una persona y la mata, el toro debe morir a pedradas y nadie comerá su carne. Sin embargo, no se castigará al dueño del toro. 29 Pero, si el mismo toro ya desde antes tenía esa costumbre y el dueño ya había sido advertido, entonces el dueño es culpable. Al toro lo matarán a pedradas y el dueño será condenado a muerte. 30 Si le cambian la pena de muerte por una multa, pagará toda la multa para salvar su vida.

31 »Esta misma ley se aplica en el caso de que el toro mate al hijo o a la hija de alguien. 32 Si el toro mata a un esclavo o una esclava, el dueño del toro pagará 30 monedas de plata[b] al dueño del esclavo o de la esclava, y al toro se le dará muerte a pedradas.

33 »Si un hombre deja abierto un pozo o hace un pozo y no lo tapa, y un toro o un burro caen en él, 34 el dueño del pozo pagará por el animal; pero podrá quedarse con su cuerpo.

35 »Si un toro mata a otro toro de diferente dueño, ese toro debe ser vendido y entre los dos propietarios se repartirán el dinero. También se dividirán entre ambos el cuerpo del animal muerto. 36 Pero si ese toro ya tenía la costumbre de herir a otros toros y su dueño no lo había encerrado, entonces el dueño debe pagar toro por toro, pero el cuerpo del animal muerto le pertenece.

Footnotes

  1. 21:6 Dios o los jueces. También en 22:8-9.
  2. 21:32 30 monedas de plata El precio de un esclavo sano. Textualmente 30 siclos de plata. Ver tabla de pesas y medidas.

21 “These are the laws(A) you are to set before them:

Hebrew Servants(B)(C)

“If you buy a Hebrew servant,(D) he is to serve you for six years. But in the seventh year, he shall go free,(E) without paying anything. If he comes alone, he is to go free alone; but if he has a wife when he comes, she is to go with him. If his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the woman and her children shall belong to her master, and only the man shall go free.

“But if the servant declares, ‘I love my master and my wife and children and do not want to go free,’(F) then his master must take him before the judges.[a](G) He shall take him to the door or the doorpost and pierce(H) his ear with an awl. Then he will be his servant for life.(I)

“If a man sells his daughter as a servant, she is not to go free as male servants do. If she does not please the master who has selected her for himself,[b] he must let her be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to foreigners, because he has broken faith with her. If he selects her for his son, he must grant her the rights of a daughter. 10 If he marries another woman, he must not deprive the first one of her food, clothing and marital rights.(J) 11 If he does not provide her with these three things, she is to go free, without any payment of money.

Personal Injuries

12 “Anyone who strikes a person with a fatal blow is to be put to death.(K) 13 However, if it is not done intentionally, but God lets it happen, they are to flee to a place(L) I will designate. 14 But if anyone schemes and kills someone deliberately,(M) that person is to be taken from my altar and put to death.(N)

15 “Anyone who attacks[c] their father or mother is to be put to death.

16 “Anyone who kidnaps someone is to be put to death,(O) whether the victim has been sold(P) or is still in the kidnapper’s possession.

17 “Anyone who curses their father or mother is to be put to death.(Q)

18 “If people quarrel and one person hits another with a stone or with their fist[d] and the victim does not die but is confined to bed, 19 the one who struck the blow will not be held liable if the other can get up and walk around outside with a staff; however, the guilty party must pay the injured person for any loss of time and see that the victim is completely healed.

20 “Anyone who beats their male or female slave with a rod must be punished if the slave dies as a direct result, 21 but they are not to be punished if the slave recovers after a day or two, since the slave is their property.(R)

22 “If people are fighting and hit a pregnant woman and she gives birth prematurely[e] but there is no serious injury, the offender must be fined whatever the woman’s husband demands(S) and the court allows. 23 But if there is serious injury, you are to take life for life,(T) 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth,(U) hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise.

26 “An owner who hits a male or female slave in the eye and destroys it must let the slave go free to compensate for the eye. 27 And an owner who knocks out the tooth of a male or female slave must let the slave go free to compensate for the tooth.

28 “If a bull gores a man or woman to death, the bull is to be stoned to death,(V) and its meat must not be eaten. But the owner of the bull will not be held responsible. 29 If, however, the bull has had the habit of goring and the owner has been warned but has not kept it penned up(W) and it kills a man or woman, the bull is to be stoned and its owner also is to be put to death. 30 However, if payment is demanded, the owner may redeem his life by the payment of whatever is demanded.(X) 31 This law also applies if the bull gores a son or daughter. 32 If the bull gores a male or female slave, the owner must pay thirty shekels[f](Y) of silver to the master of the slave, and the bull is to be stoned to death.

33 “If anyone uncovers a pit(Z) or digs one and fails to cover it and an ox or a donkey falls into it, 34 the one who opened the pit must pay the owner for the loss and take the dead animal in exchange.

35 “If anyone’s bull injures someone else’s bull and it dies, the two parties are to sell the live one and divide both the money and the dead animal equally. 36 However, if it was known that the bull had the habit of goring, yet the owner did not keep it penned up,(AA) the owner must pay, animal for animal, and take the dead animal in exchange.

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 21:6 Or before God
  2. Exodus 21:8 Or master so that he does not choose her
  3. Exodus 21:15 Or kills
  4. Exodus 21:18 Or with a tool
  5. Exodus 21:22 Or she has a miscarriage
  6. Exodus 21:32 That is, about 12 ounces or about 345 grams

21 Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them.

If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.

If he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he were married, then his wife shall go out with him.

If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master's, and he shall go out by himself.

And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free:

Then his master shall bring him unto the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an aul; and he shall serve him for ever.

And if a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do.

If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her.

And if he have betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters.

10 If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish.

11 And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out free without money.

12 He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death.

13 And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee.

14 But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die.

15 And he that smiteth his father, or his mother, shall be surely put to death.

16 And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.

17 And he that curseth his father, or his mother, shall surely be put to death.

18 And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keepeth his bed:

19 If he rise again, and walk abroad upon his staff, then shall he that smote him be quit: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed.

20 And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished.

21 Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money.

22 If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman's husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine.

23 And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,

24 Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,

25 Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.

26 And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish; he shall let him go free for his eye's sake.

27 And if he smite out his manservant's tooth, or his maidservant's tooth; he shall let him go free for his tooth's sake.

28 If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die: then the ox shall be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit.

29 But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death.

30 If there be laid on him a sum of money, then he shall give for the ransom of his life whatsoever is laid upon him.

31 Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him.

32 If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned.

33 And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein;

34 The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money unto the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his.

35 And if one man's ox hurt another's, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide.

36 Or if it be known that the ox hath used to push in time past, and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and the dead shall be his own.