Israel and Oppression in Egypt

1 And these are the names of the sons of Israel who came to Egypt; with Jacob, they each came with his family:^{[a] 2} Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah; ³ Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin; ⁴ Dan and Naphtali, Gad and Asher. ⁵ And all those who descended from Jacob^[b] were seventy individuals,^[c] and Joseph was in Egypt. ⁶ And Joseph died and all of his brothers and all of that generation. ⁷ And the Israelites^[d] were fruitful and multiplied and were many and were very, very numerous, and the land was filled with them.

⁸ And a new king rose over Egypt who did not know Joseph. ⁹ And he said to his people, “Look, the people of the Israelites^[e] are greater and more numerous than us. ¹⁰ Come, we must deal shrewdly with them, lest they become many, and when war happens, they also will join our enemies and will fight against us and go up from the land.” ¹¹ And they appointed commanders of forced labor over them in order to oppress them with their forced labor,^[f] and they built storage cities for Pharaoh—Pithom and Rameses. ¹² And as he oppressed them, so they became many, and so they spread out, and the Egyptians were afraid because of the presence of the Israelites.^{[g] 13} And the Egyptians ruthlessly compelled the Israelites^[h] to work. ¹⁴ And they made their lives bitter with hard work with mortar and with bricks and with all sorts of work in the field—with all their work in which they ruthlessly enslaved them.

¹⁵ And the king of Egypt said to the Hebrew midwives—of whom the name of the one was Shiphrah and the name of the second was Puah— ¹⁶ and he said, “When you help the Hebrews give birth, you will look upon the pairs of testicles; if he is a son, you will put him to death, and if she is a daughter, she will live.” ¹⁷ But the midwives feared God, and they did not do as the king of Egypt had said to them. They let the boys live. ¹⁸ And the king of Egypt summoned the midwives, and he said to them, “Why have you done this thing and let the boys live?” ¹⁹ And the midwives said to Pharaoh, “Because the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women, because they are vigorous; before the midwife comes to them, they have given birth.” ²⁰ And God did the midwives good, and the Israelite people became many and were very numerous. ²¹ And so^[i] because the midwives feared God, he gave them families.^{[j] 22} And Pharaoh commanded all his people, saying, “Every son who is born you will throw into the Nile, and every daughter you will let live.”